小儿肾移植的临床研究(附13例报告)

目的：探讨儿童患者肾移植的术式、术后用药以及术后并发症的处理。方法：分析13例儿童患者肾移植的临床资料。结果：13例儿童患者肾移植1年人／肾存活率均为100％，急性排斥反应发生率为38．4％（5／13），肾小管坏死发生率30．7％（4／13），术后发生肾周积液2例，无其它手术并发症。结论：儿童肾移植的术式应根据受者血管情况选择移植肾动脉与髂内动脉端端或端侧吻合，也可与髂外动脉或髂总动脉端侧吻合。免疫抑制剂用量应比成人稍高。     

肾移植2508例次临床总结

目的总结肾移植的临床经验,探讨影响移植术后人／肾存活的因素,提高长期存活率。方法回顾性总结1979年1月～2008年6月2508例次肾脏移植资料,分析患者术前状况、组织配型、群体反应性抗体（PRA）、供肾的切取、灌注、热冷缺血时间、植肾技术、术后并发症的发生、不同免疫抑制剂方案、再次移植等因素对移植效果及人／肾存活率的影响。结果①移植效果：总体人／肾存活率81．4％／76．3％;近10年来,1、5、10年人／肾存活率（%）分别为：96．5／93．2、88．6／81．6和74．7／71．3;186例活体亲属供者随访均健康存活,受者1年人／肾健康存活率98．5％／95．5％;②排斥反应：超级排斥反应发生率0．7％,急性排斥反应（AR）发生率13．7％,近十年来急性排斥反应（AR）发生率7．4％;③术后并发症：发生各种感染787例,急性肾小管坏死（ATN）275例,药物毒副作用590例,肾动脉及肾破裂19例;晚期输尿管梗阻39例,恶性肿瘤28例;④死亡原因：前三位的分别是感染占47．3％,心脑血管并发症占34．8％,肝功能衰竭占10．9％。结论充分的术前准备、良好的HLA配型、加强PRA检测是提高存活率的基础;高质量的供肾和娴熟的移植技术是肾移植成功的重要保证;科学、合理、个体化的应用免疫抑制剂是移植后治疗的重点,环孢素A（CsA）或他克莫司（FK506）、霉酚酸酯（MMF）、泼尼松（Pred）三联是目前首选的免疫抑制治疗方案。加强感染的早期监测、预防性治疗是术后早期治疗的另一关键．加强患者的随访,提高患者的依从性,对指导肾移植受者长期存活具有重要价值。     

活体亲属肾移植19例报告

目的探讨活体亲属肾移植的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2002年2月～2006年5月完成的19例活体亲属肾移植的临床效果。结果19例供者术中均未输血，术后未发生严重的并发症，于术后7～10天出院。术后随访1～51个月，平均28个月，复查肝、肾功能均正常。19例受者术后随访1～51个月，平均28个月，其中16例术后3～5天肾功能恢复正常，3例于术后3周内肾功能恢复正常。2例发生急性排斥反应，其中1例经激素冲击治疗后逆转，另1例激素治疗无效，改用抗人血淋巴细胞球蛋白治疗10天后逆转。1例为同卵双生兄弟之间肾移植，术后仅用激素治疗3周，未用其他免疫抑制剂，未发生急性排斥反应。2例术后情况良好，半年后自行减量乃至停用免疫抑制剂，导致急性排斥反应，经激素冲击治疗后好转。1年人／肾存活率为100％。结论活体亲属肾移植安全可行；受者人／肾存活率高。     

尸体肾移植1 082例次报告

对同种异体肾移植１０５１例１０８２例次进行总结。术后发生超急性排斥反应１２例次，加速性排斥反应３例次，急性排斥反应２８９例次，慢性排斥反应９３例次。人／肾总存活率：１年９４．７％／８７．６％、３年８９．８％／７９．７％、５年８８．３％／７９．１％、１０年５０．０％／３８．６％。最长者存活１６年５个月。１０８２例次的临床研究表明：（１）尸体肾移植是治疗晚期肾脏疾病的有效方法。（２）适应证的选择是保证肾移植成功的关键。（３）良好的ＨＬＡ配型有利于减少移植肾的早期失功和提高肾移植的长期存活率。（４）高质量的供肾、快速的取肾和熟练的植肾手术是保证肾移植成功的重要条件之一。（５）应坚持ＡＢＯ血型、淋巴细胞毒性试验及ＰＲＡ配型工作。（６）合理的应用免疫抑制剂，将激素减到最低量及环孢素血浓度的监测甚为重要。（７）ＡＴＧ或ＯＫＴ３是当前治疗移植肾难治性排斥反应最有效的免疫抑制剂之一。（８）感染是肾移植失败的重要原因，要充分做好预防感染的工作。（９）彩色多普勒超声和ＥＣＴ测定是一种方便、快速、敏捷诊断急性排斥反应的手段。（１０）加强对肾移植患者随访，指导康复期治疗，随时调节免疫抑制剂，这对患者能否长期存活有重要意义。     

肾移植术后早期肾功能恢复对人肾长期存活的影响

目的 探讨肾移植术后早期肾功能恢复情况对人肾长期存活的影响。方法 总结1990-1998年652例肾移植患者资料。根据肾功能恢复情况分为3组：肾功能恢复迅速（IGF）组（A组）473例，肾功能恢复缓慢未行透析治疗（SGF）组（B组）82例，肾功能延迟恢复（DGF）组（C组）97例。对3组患者5、10年人。肾存活率及1年急性排斥反应和带肾死亡情况进行比较分析。结果 A组5、10年人／肾存活率分别为74．0％／70．2％、66．9％／60．3％，B组为64．6％／61．0％、62．2％／42．2％，C组为60．8％／43．3％、55．7％／23．0％。5年人存活率A、B组高于C组，5年。肾存活率A组高于C组，5年人／肾存活率A、B组差异无统计学意义。10年人／肾存活率A组〉B组〉C组，差异均有统计学意义。3组1年急性排斥反应发生率为20．1％、30．5％、43．2％，组间差异有统计学意义。3组1年带肾死亡率为4．7％、4．9％、12．4％，A、B组〈C组，A、B组间差异无统计学意义。急性排斥反应和带肾死亡病例排除后进行比较，3组长期存活率差异无统计学意义。结论 肾移植术后早期肾功能恢复情况对移植患者长期人肾存活有明显影响，DGF患者的影响最明显，SGF预后介于IGF和DGF间。SGF和DGF对长期存活的影响可能源于移植早期较高的急性排斥反应或并发症发生率。     

影响致敏受者肾移植术后人/肾存活的相关因素

目的：探讨影响致敏受者肾移植术后人／肾存活的相关因素。方法：对82例致敏受者尸体肾移植患者可能影响移植肾存活相关的20个因素47个水平，进行Logrank单因素分析和Cox模型多因素回归分析。结果：82例的1、2和3年的人存活率分别为98％、96％和94％；移植肾存活率分别为90％、87％和83％。总的移植肾半生存期为4．7年。单因素分析，群体反应抗体水平和动态变化、供体特异性抗体、急性排斥、慢性排斥、冷缺血时间、早期肾功能、血肌酐水平和免疫诱导剂等9个因素；多因素分析，急性排斥、供体特异性抗体和群体反应抗体类型等3个因素；单因素和多因素同时分析，急性排斥和供体特异性抗体2个因素，对致敏受者移植肾短期和长期的存活率有重要的影响(P＜0．05)。结论：高质量的供肾、群体反应抗体动态监测、尽力避免和有效处理术前和术后相关危险因素，对提高致敏受者肾移植的人／肾存活率有重要的作用。     

1 124例次肾移植回顾分析

目的　总结肾移植的经验 ,提高长期存活率。方法　总结 1978年 7月至 2 0 0 1年 10月的 112 4例次肾移植经验。分析术前准备、组织配型、供肾质量、手术操作、并发症防治、免疫抑制剂使用等方面对肾移植效果的影响。结果　 1、3、5年人 /肾存活率 ( % )分别为 :83 .1/70 .3、74.6 /6 8.6和6 2 .6 /5 6 .1。淋巴毒试验 >2 %和 <2 %的肾移植群体中 ,发生超急性排斥反应 (AR)、加速性排斥反应 (HAR)的百分率差异无显著性。 335例术前行HLA血清学分型的患者 ,与 5 5 0例单纯行淋巴毒试验比较 ,前者肾移植中HAR发生率明显减少 ;在 2 0 0 0年以后的 130例肾移植中 ,AR和HAR发生率较早期 5 5 0例均有所下降。结论　充分的术前准备、良好的组织配型、供肾质量以及手术技巧的掌握是肾移植成功的关键。减少并发症、合理应用免疫抑制剂、个体化给药和长期随访是提高肾移植长期存活率的保证。     

23例儿童肾移植临床分析

目的：探讨儿童肾移植的临床特点，提高肾移植效果。方法：对23例3～17岁的儿童肾移植资料进行回顾性分析。结果：术后随访5d至72个月，平均26．1个月，死亡1例，人、肾1年存活率分别为93．3％和86．6％。术后7例发生急性排斥反应，6例治疗后逆转，1例因并发移植肾静脉栓塞，切除移植肾；2例发生慢性排斥反应，1例移植肾功能丧失，恢复血液透析，另一例仍在随访治疗中；其它并发症有肺部感染4例，心力衰竭2例，肾静脉阻塞2例，肝功能损害2例，急性肾小管坏死1例。结论：儿童肾移植具有一定的特殊性，其血管较细、急性排斥反应发生率较高以及药物代谢快等都是应妥善处理的问题。     

血清肝炎病毒标志物阳性肾移植患者临床用药特点

目的 探讨血清肝炎病毒标志物阳性。肾移植患者术后临床用药特点。方法 40例同种异体。肾移植患者，男22例，女18例。年龄30～56岁。其中乙型肝炎感染29例、丙型肝炎感染9例、乙型肝炎合并丙型肝炎感染2例。患者肝功能正常，随机分为普乐可复组（n=20），环孢素A组（n=20）。观察患者术后肝、肾功能情况及人／。肾存活率。结果 40例患者术后随访2年，普乐可复组肝功能异常发生率、急性排斥反应发生率明显低于环孢素A组（分别为15％vs30％，5％vs20％），2组2年人／肾存活率均为100％。结论 血清肝炎病毒标志物阳性患者接受肾移植术后首选普乐可复作为基础免疫制剂方案，可减少排斥反应发生率，对肝脏的损害程度轻。     

尸体肾移植1210例总结分析

目的 总结尸体肾移植手术经验，提高肾移植长期存活率。方法 回顾分析1986-2003年1210例肾移植患者取肾、手术技术、免疫抑制药应用及手术并发症发生等资料。男773例，女437例，年龄6～75岁。病因主要为慢性肾炎（1047例），1210例淋巴毒细胞试验均〈10％，640例行PRA测定，340例HLA-A、B、DR配对。结果 1986-1996年免疫抑制剂采用环孢素A（CsA）、泼尼松（Pred）、硫唑嘌呤（Aza），人／肾1、3、5年存活率分别为96％／95％、85％／80％、65％／64％，主要死亡原因为心脑血管疾病（99／205，48％）。1997-2003年免疫抑制剂采用CsA、Pred、骁悉（MMF），人／肾1、3、5年存活率分别为96％／96％、87％／82％、66％／65％，主要死亡原因为感染（14／25，56％）。结论 良好的供肾和组织配型，术后合理应用免疫抑制剂，预防和及时治疗并发症是提高人／肾长期存活率的重要保证。     

HLA mismatches remain risk factors for acute kidney allograft rejection in patients receiving quadruple immunosuppression with anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibodies

BACKGROUND: New immunosuppressive drugs such as anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibodies (aIL2R) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) have reduced the incidence of acute rejection after renal transplantation. Whether matching donor and recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens is still relevant in patients receiving modern immunosuppression has been questioned. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the incidence and risk factors of acute rejection during the first posttransplant year and the impact of acute rejection on long-term graft survival in a cohort of 208 renal transplant patients treated with aIL2R (basiliximab, n=166; daclizumab, n=42), calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus, n=180; cyclosporin, n=28), mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. Graft and patient survival were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Risk factors for acute rejection were analyzed by logistic regression modeling. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were treated for acute rejection (26 biopsy-proven) during the first posttransplant year. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of first-year acute rejection was 13.2%. The number of HLA mismatches (odds ratio [OR] 1.65 per HLA mismatch) and long periods of dialysis before transplantation (OR 3.1 for more than 4 years of dialysis) were the only independent risk factors for first-year acute rejection. First-year acute rejection was associated with a significant reduction in overall and death-censored graft survival at 5 years after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Although infrequent in patients receiving modern immunosuppressive drugs, acute rejection remains an important risk factor for graft loss after renal transplantation. Our results suggest that better HLA matching and shorter periods of dialysis before transplantation could reduce acute rejection rates and further improve outcomes under current immunosuppressive regimens.     

再次肾移植受者和移植肾长期预后影响因素分析

目的探究再次肾移植受者和移植肾存活情况及长期预后影响因素。 方法回顾性分析1991年1月1日至2017年12月31日于浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心接受肾移植受者临床资料。共纳入再次肾移植受者37例,首次肾移植受者5 374例。根据再次肾移植受者移植肾存活时间长短,将其分为长期存活组(19例,>5年)和短期存活组(18例,≤5年)。采用成组t检验比较长期和短期存活组供受者年龄、首次与再次肾移植间隔时间、HLA错配数和再次移植供肾冷/热缺血时间。采用卡方检验比较长期和短期存活组受者性别、再次移植供肾类型、再次移植前后群体反应性抗体阳性比例、首次移植失功移植肾切除比例、再次移植前免疫诱导比例及再次移植后移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)和急性排斥反应发生比例。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析再次和首次肾移植受者/移植肾1、5和10年存活率。采用Cox比例风险模型分析影响再次肾移植术后移植肾长期存活影响因素。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果截至2018年3月1日,37例再次肾移植受者中位随访时间为152个月(11～323个月),2例死亡,18例发生移植肾失功,17例移植肾功能稳定。5 374例首次肾移植受者中位随访时间为108.9个月(0.1～350.0个月),459例死亡,1 343例发生移植肾失功。再次移植组受者/移植肾1、5和10年存活率分别为86%/81%、86%/62%和82%/36%,首次移植组受者/移植肾1、5和10年存活率分别为99%/98%、93%/89%和88%/80%。再次移植组移植肾1、5和10年存活率均低于首次移植组(χ²＝60.816、25.110和43.900,P均<0.05);再次移植组受者1年存活率低于首次移植组,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝40.409,P<0.05)。长期和短期存活组受者再次移植后移植肾DGF和急性排斥反应发生比例差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝4.039和4.748,P均<0.05)。Cox回归分析结果示DGF和急性排斥反应是影响再次肾移植受者移植肾长期存活的独立危险因素,差异有统计学意义(RR＝4.317和4.571,P均<0.05)。 结论再次肾移植受者移植肾存活率低于首次肾移植受者,DGF和急性排斥反应是影响再次移植受者移植肾存活的独立危险因素。     

肾移植后免疫抑制用药方案与移植肾长期存活的关系

目的 分析肾移植后不同的免疫抑制用药方案对移植肾长期存活的影响。方法 根据不同用药组合将患者分为环孢素Ａ（ＣｓＡ）、硫唑嘌呤（Ａｚａ）和泼尼松（Ｐｒｅｄ）三联治疗组、ＣｓＡ和Ｐｒｅｄ二联治疗组、Ａｚａ和Ｐｒｅｄ传统二联治疗组。统计分析免疫抑制用药、排斥反应发生及人、肾存活情况;对发生排斥反应的患者追踪其发生排斥前１２个月内的药物更动情况。结果 采用三联治疗的患者人／肾５年存活率（８８％／７８％）显     

Sirolimus-based, calcineurin-inhibitor sparing immunotherapy, long-term (6-year) results

At the Albany Medical Center, we have a long-term experience, mean follow-up of 75 months, in 50 renal transplant recipients treated with maintenance sirolimus, prednisone and a calcineurin-inhibitor sparing immunosuppressive regimen. One-year patient and graft survival was 98% and six-year patient and graft survival was 82% and 72% respectively. The rate of early acute rejection (<3 months) was only 10%. Furthermore, no late (>3 months) acute rejection episodes developed despite calcineurin-inhibitor dose minimization. In addition, recipient mean serum creatinine remained stable at 1.6 mg/dl throughout the 6-year follow-up period. Sirolimus is an effective maintenance immunosuppressive agent that safely allows for a reduction in calcineurin-inhibitor dosing.     

The effect of cyclosporine on mortality and renal function in living related pediatric kidney transplant recipients

The outcome, incidence of acute rejection episodes, complications and cyclosporine (CyA) induced nephrotoxicity were studied in 10 pediatric kidney transplant recipients who were grafted from one-haplotype indentical parent with immunosuppression of CyA and prednisolone (Pred). Excellent patient and graft survival could be achieved in this population with low incidences of acute rejection or serious complications as when compared with the results of azathioprine (AZ) treated pediatric patients. With a mean follow-up of 12.9 months (range 1 to 50 months), the patient survival rate was 100 per cent and the graft survival rate was 100, 84, 84 and 84 per cent at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years post transplantation, respectively. Serum creatinine levels in the group were 0.97, 1.17, 1.14 and 1.2 mg/dl at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post transplantation, respectively. The incidence of treated acute rejection episodes was 20 per cent (2 out of 10) in the CyA-treated children, whereas it was 53 per cent (9 of 17) in the Az-treated children. Five children who had undergone transplant surgery before they were 11 years old displayed linear growth in height after their transplantation. There have been no opportunistic infections, aseptic necrosis or peptic ulcers in this group and cyclosporine nephrotoxicity has not been a serious problem in the pediatric recipients. Only 10 per cent (1 out of 10) of the recipients displayed acute nephrotoxicity and only one recipient has converted from CyA+Pred to CyA+AZ+Pred (Three drug therapy) due to persistent nephrotoxicity. Cyclosporine and prednisolone have therefore constituted a relatively safe, effective immunosuppressive regimen for pediatric renal allograft recipients. This paper was presented at the 7th international congress of pediatric nephrology.     

The influence of acute rejection on long-term renal allograft survival: a comparison of living and cadaveric donor transplantation

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether recipients of living donor grafts who suffer an acute rejection progress to graft loss because of chronic rejection at a slower rate than recipients of cadaveric grafts. METHODS: A retrospective review was made of 296 renal transplantations performed at Mount Sinai Hospital. Only grafts functioning for at least 3 months were included in this analysis. Demographic variables of donor and recipient age, race, sex, and serum creatinine at 3 months after transplantation were compared between groups. RESULTS: Among the acute rejection-free cohort, the estimated 5-year graft survival was 90% for those receiving transplants from living relatives and 88% for those receiving cadaveric transplants (P=0.76). However, in grafts with early acute rejection, the 5-year survival was 40% for cadaveric recipients compared with 73% for living related graft recipients (P<0.014). Using the proportional hazards model, cadaveric donor source, older donor age, African American recipient race, and elevated 3-month serum creatinine were independent predictors of long-term graft loss caused by chronic rejection. The severity of acute rejection and recipient age had no impact on the risk of graft loss because of chronic rejection. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the benefit of living related transplantation results from the fact that a living related graft progresses from acute to chronic rejection at a slower rate than a cadaveric graft. Furthermore, a cadaveric graft that is free of acute rejection 3 months after transplantation has an equal likelihood of functioning at 5 years as that of a graft from a living related donor.     

肾移植2 123例临床总结

目的：总结肾移植的临床经验,探讨影响肾移植存活的因素,提高长期存活率。方法：回顾性总结2123例肾移植病例的临床资料,对人和（或）肾存活率,供肾的切取,灌注,热冷缺血时间对移植的影响,植肾技术,免疫抑制剂的应用,HLA配型,群体反应抗体（PRA）检测及术后并发症的发生情况等进行了分析。结果：1978－1990年423例中发生超急性排斥反应者9例（2．1％）,急性排斥反应198例（46．8％）,1,3和5年人和（或）肾存活率为86.7%/76.3%,72.5%/67.9%和69.5%/59.3%,1991-2001年,共1700例肾移植,其中未发生超急性排斥反应,急性排斥反应252例（14.8%),1,3和5年人（或）肾存活率高达98.6%/96.7%,93.1%/87.3%和88.1%／83.6%。结论：适应证的选择,高质量的供肾是保证肾移植成功的关键;PRA的检测,良好的HLA配型有利于减少移植肾的早期失功能并提高肾移植长期存活率;加强对肾移植患者的随访,指导康复治疗,对患者能否长期存活有重要意义。     

环孢素A和他克莫司在高危肾移植患者中的应用比较

目的　比较高危肾移植患者术后应用环孢素 A(CsA)和他克莫司(FK506)的疗效和安全性。方法　将58例高危肾移植患者随机分为CsA组(30例)和FK506组(28 例),观察肾移植后 1年内两组的急性排斥发生率和药物逆转率、药物毒副作用及感染发生情况。结果　 FK506组和 CsA组的人/肾存活率分别为100%/100%和93.3%/86.7%;急性排斥反应发生率分别为14.3%和16.7%;抗排斥治疗的逆转率分别为100%和60%。FK506组药物毒副作用也较 CsA组小。结论　在高危肾移植患者的免疫抑制治疗中FK506应为首选。     

Pediatric renal transplantation under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression

BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus has been used as a primary immunosuppressive agent in adult and pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable outcomes. Methods. Between December 14, 1989 and December 31, 1996, 82 pediatric renal transplantations alone were performed under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression without induction anti-lymphocyte antibody therapy. Patients undergoing concomitant or prior liver and/or intestinal transplantation were not included in the analysis. The mean recipient age was 10.6+/-5.2 years (range: 0.7-17.9). Eighteen (22%) cases were repeat transplantations, and 6 (7%) were in patients with panel-reactive antibody levels over 40%. Thirty-four (41%) cases were with living donors, and 48 (59%) were with cadaveric donors. The mean donor age was 27.3+/-14.6 years (range: 0.7-50), and the mean cold ischemia time in the cadaveric cases was 26.5+/-8.8 hr. The mean number of HLA matches and mismatches was 2.8+/-1.2 and 2.9+/-1.3; there were five (6%) O-Ag mismatches. The mean follow-up was 4.0+/-0.2 years. RESULTS: The 1- and 4-year actuarial patient survival was 99% and 94%. The 1- and 4-year actuarial graft survival was 98% and 84%. The mean serum creatinine was 1.1+/-0.5 mg/dl, and the corresponding calculated creatinine clearance was 88+/-25 ml/min/1.73 m2. A total of 66% of successfully transplanted patients were withdrawn from prednisone. In children who were withdrawn from steroids, the mean standard deviation height scores (Z-score) at the time of transplantation and at 1 and 4 years were -2.3+/-2.0, -1.7+/-1.0, and +0.36+/-1.5. Eighty-six percent of successfully transplanted patients were not taking anti-hypertensive medications. The incidence of acute rejection was 44%; between December 1989 and December 1993, it was 63%, and between January 1994 and December 1996, it was 23% (P=0.0003). The incidence of steroid-resistant rejection was 5%. The incidence of delayed graft function was 5%, and 2% of patients required dialysis within 1 week of transplantation. The incidence of cytomegalovirus was 13%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 12%. The incidence of early Epstein-Barr virus-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) was 9%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 4%. All of the early PTLD cases were treated successfully with temporary cessation of immunosuppression and institution of antiviral therapy, without patient or graft loss. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the short- and medium-term efficacy of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable patient and graft survival, routine achievement of steroid and anti-hypertensive medication withdrawal, gratifying increases in growth, and, with further experience, a decreasing incidence of both rejection and PTLD.     

Elderly donor kidney transplant: factors involved in graft survival

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether control of risk factors associated with worse results has improved graft survival, with respect of renal function quality and other factors influencing graft survival: recipient age, immunosuppressive therapy, cold ischemia time, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute rejection episodes (ARE) and 1-month creatinine levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 147 patients who underwent kidney transplant between 1995 and 2001. Inclusion criteria were donor and recipient age older than 60 years, first renal transplant, follow-up period longer than 12 months, donor creatinine clearance higher than 75 mL/min, and less than 20% glomerulosclerosis observed in donor renal biopsy. RESULTS: Graft survivals were 87%, 83%, 78%, and 70% at first, second, third, and fifth year after transplantation, respectively. Mean serum creatinine levels were 2.3 mg/dL and mean follow-up time, 46 months. Multivariate analysis using a Cox regression model identified donor age, ARE, and serum creatinine levels 1 month after surgery as independent variables affecting graft survival. Recipient age, immunosuppressive therapy, and serum creatinine levels at 1 month after surgery were predictive variables of recipient survival. DISCUSSION: Renal transplantation is an accepted therapeutic option in elderly patients with chronic renal insufficiency, if both donor and recipient are carefully selected.