新型农村合作医疗中医疗服务供方管理与费用控制

加强对医疗服务供方的管理与控制医疗费用的不合理增长是确保新型农村合作医疗试点工作稳步发展的重要措施.因此,湖北省积极采取措施,通过强化行政部门的管理职能、落实监督审核制度和强化定点医疗机构的管理等措施,严格规范医疗服务供方的行为,控制医疗费用的不合理增长,降低了例均住院费用,切实维护了参合农民的利益.     

医疗保险制度对医疗服务供方的影响及应对策略

医疗保险制度起源于 18世纪产业革命时代。 19世纪 30年代以来 ,尤其是第二次世界大战之后 ,医疗保险制度在世界各国得到了广泛而迅速的发展。随着医疗保险制度的不断发展 ,人们对其在社会经济发展中的作用与影响 ,各类医疗保险制度的长处与不足有了更清晰的认识。当今世界许多国家正在进行广泛而深刻的医疗保险制度改革 ,作为一个国家和地区卫生资源配置的主要手段 ,医疗保险制度改革给卫生服务系统带来了巨大的影响。回顾和分析世界各国不同医疗保险模式对医疗服务供方的影响 ,对研究我国医疗保险制度对医疗服务供方的影响及应对策略 ,具…     

医疗费用供方支付方式比较研究

本文通过比较预算支付、按人头支付、按服务项目支付和按病种补偿的优缺点,得出:任何支付方式都有正负两方面的作用,将几种支付方式结合起来的支付方式可能抵消各自的缺点,从而可以构造出较好的支付方式。     

医疗意外险的医疗风险分担效用探讨

作者将法理研究与现况调查相结合,通过调查分析江苏某三甲医院住院手术患者对于医疗风险的认知、医疗意外的知晓程度以及对医疗意外风险分担的期望,提出医疗意外险在完善风险分担机制、减少医患争议、保护医患合法权益三个方面可以发挥积极效用.     

医疗费用供方支付方式概述

建立科学的医疗费用供方支付方式不仅是合理控制医疗费用的关键,而且可以对医疗保障制度的完善、公立医院改革、社区卫生服务等基层卫生组织的建设及发展等多个方面产生积极影响,因此是新一轮医药卫生体制改革的重点与突破口。本文对国内外医疗费用供方支付方式的研究进展进行综述,并在分析研究现状的基础上,提出了今后我国医疗费用供方支付方式的发展趋势。     

医疗风险分担制度建设

本文重点对医疗风险分担现状与问题进行分析研究,在此基础上,利用损失分散、损失减少和损失承受原则进行了经济学分析,提出了加强医疗风险分担制度建设必须理论联系实际,通过树立对医疗风险的正确认识,依靠制度、法律和政策层面对医疗风险进行科学的、合理地、及时分散,以实现化解医疗纠纷、维护医疗秩序和促进医学事业健康发展的目的。     

利益相关主体医疗风险分担机制的探讨

随着科技的快速发展和信息的扁平化，人类社会的各种风险在不断扩大，个体承担风险的程度是有限的，利益相关主体的合理化分担是保证风险化解的基础。医学作为一门不精确的科学，接近真理和无法穷尽真理是客观事实，作为探索医学真理的利益相关主体的患者、医疗工作者、医院和政府，单一分担医疗风险是不合理的，只有按照相关的规则共同分担，才能保证医学科学的进步和发展。     

供方道德风险与不合理医疗费用增长控制

在社会医疗保险中,供方道德风险导致的不合理医疗费用快速增长问题是管理者最为头痛的.在医疗费用的控制上,德国、加拿大和美国在采用需方成本分担制度的同时,注重对供方的约束,取得了不少成功经验,特别是在医药分离、药品价格控制、医疗设施数量控制和医疗保险付费方式改革等方面,对我国有着借鉴意义.     

加纳恢复费用分担政策对医疗活动的影响

这项研究是调查从１９８５年－１９９２年在加纳开展的费用分担政策对医疗活动的影响。应用定笥的研究技术调查在采用这些政策以后病人就医的变化。研究显示了费用政策导致公众治疗和为节省费用的其它活动增加。     

“Out of Our Crisis”: The Lack of Long-Term Relationships in the Provision of Managed Care

During the thirty-year period between 1965 and 1995, national healthcare expenditures rose significantly to a point where it became an untenable situation for any payer class: patient, employer, or government. Although managed care was offered as a conceptual framework for providing an opportunity for improving the health of the population while limiting the growth in expenditures, significant concern remained regarding the perceived quality of care and the underlying incentive structures. The author examines current healthcare incentive structures and proposes a structural model associated with long-term contracting to allow managed care to attain its intended objectives of enhanced quality and cost containment.     

The costs of decedents in the Medicare program: implications for payments to Medicare + Choice plans

OBJECTIVE: To discuss and quantify the incentives that Medicare managed care plans have to avoid (through selective enrollment or disenrollment) people who are at risk for very high costs, focusing on Medicare beneficiaries in the last year of life-a group that accounts for more than one-quarter of Medicare's annual expenditures. DATA SOURCE: Medicare administrative claims for 1994 and 1995. STUDY DESIGN: We calculated the payment a plan would have received under three risk-adjustment systems for each beneficiary in our 1995 sample based on his or her age, gender, county of residence, original reason for Medicare entitlement, and principal inpatient diagnoses received during any hospital stays in 1994. We compared these amounts to the actual costs incurred by those beneficiaries. We then looked for clinical categories that were predictive of costs, including costs in a beneficiary's last year of life, not accounted for by the risk adjusters. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS: The analyses were conducted using claims for a 5 percent random sample of Medicare beneficiaries who died in 1995 and a matched group of survivors. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medicare is currently implementing the Principal Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Groups (PIP-DCG) risk adjustment payment system to address the problem of risk selection in the Medicare+Choice program. We quantify the strong financial disincentives to enroll terminally ill beneficiaries that plans still have under this risk adjustment system. We also show that up to one-third of the selection observed between Medicare HMOs and the traditional fee-for-service system could be due to differential enrollment of decedents. A risk adjustment system that incorporated more of the available diagnostic information would attenuate this disincentive; however, plans could still use clinical information (not included in the risk adjustment scheme) to identify beneficiaries whose expected costs exceed expected payments. CONCLUSIONS: More disaggregated prospective risk adjustment methods and alternative payment systems that compensate plans for delivering care to certain classes of patients should be considered to ensure access to high-quality managed care for all beneficiaries.     

Evaluation of the Effect of a Consumer-Driven Health Plan on Medical Care Expenditures and Utilization

Objective. To compare medical care costs and utilization in a consumer-driven health plan (CDHP) to other health insurance plans.
Study Design. We examine claims and employee demographic data from one large employer that adopted a CDHP in 2001. A quasi-experimental pre–post design is used to assign employees to three cohorts: (1) enrolled in a health maintenance organization (HMO) from 2000 to 2002, (2) enrolled in a preferred provider organization (PPO) from 2000 to 2002, or (3) enrolled in a CDHP in 2001 and 2002, after previously enrolling in either an HMO or PPO in 2000. Using this approach we estimate a difference-in-difference regression model for expenditure and utilization measures to identify the impact of CDHP.
Principal Findings. By 2002, the CDHP cohort experienced lower total expenditures than the PPO cohort but higher expenditures than the HMO cohort. Physician visits and pharmaceutical use and costs were lower in the CDHP cohort compared to the other groups. Hospital costs and admission rates for CDHP enrollees, as well as total physician expenditures, were significantly higher than for enrollees in the HMO and PPO plans.
Conclusions. An early evaluation of CDHP expenditures and utilization reveals that the new health plan is a viable alternative to existing health plan designs. Enrollees in the CDHP have lower total expenditures than PPO enrollees, but higher utilization of resource-intensive hospital admissions after an initially favorable selection.     

Expenditures on health care in the last year of life.

18-26% of public expenditure on health care is devoted to care of patients in their last year of life. 60% of this expenditure is on patients in somatic nursing homes. The figures do not tell directly whether too much or too little money in Norwegian health care is spent on people in the end stage of life. In order to answer this question, one must look at the quality of terminal care and assess the share of patients having a reasonable benefit of the care they receive.     

新型农村合作医疗框架下医疗服务质量费用及二者关系的研究进展

医疗服务质量和费用是卫生保健系统相互竞争的关键要素.新型农村合作医疗框架下,不断攀升的医疗费用是否同时带来质量的改善,二者呈现何种关系,亟待回答.通过对新型农村合作医疗框架下有关医疗服务质量、费用及二者关系的研究进行梳理,明确研究进展,回答上述问题,为未来研究提供借鉴.     

An Episode-Based Framework for Analyzing Health Care Expenditures: An Application of Reward Renewal Models

Objective. To illustrate an episode-based framework for analyzing health care expenditures based on reward renewal models, a stochastic process used in engineering for describing processes that cycle on and off with "rewards" (or costs) occurring at the end of each cycle.
Data Sources/Study Setting. Data used in the illustration were collected as part of an evaluation of a national initiative to improve mental health services for children and youth. Participants were enrolled in a longitudinal study at a demonstration site and in a comparison community between 1997 and 1999. The illustration involves analyses of mental health expenditures at the two sites and of the dynamics of service use behind those expenditures.
Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Services data were derived from management information systems as well as patient records at inpatient facilities in the two communities. These data cover services received between 1997 and 2003. The analysis focuses on the year following study entry.
Principal Findings. Between-site differences in expenditures reflect complex between-site differences in the timing of service use. In particular, children at the demonstration stayed in treatment longer but were less likely to return for treatment later. In contrast, children at the comparison site experienced substantially less continuity of care. Costs per day of treatment within an episode were comparable at the two sites.
Conclusions. Reward renewal models offer a promising means for integrating research on service episodes and the dynamics of service use with that on health care expenditures.     

The lifetime distribution of health care costs

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the magnitude and age distribution of lifetime health care expenditures. DATA SOURCES: Claims data on 3.75 million Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan members, and data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the Michigan Mortality Database, and Michigan nursing home patient counts. DATA COLLECTION: Data were aggregated and summarized in year 2000 dollars by service, age, and gender. STUDY DESIGN: We use life table models to simulate a typical lifetime's distribution of expenditures, employing cross-sectional data on age- and sex-specific health care costs and the mortality experience of the population. We determine remaining lifetime expenditures at each age for all initial members of a birth cohort. Separately, we calculate remaining expenditures for survivors at all ages. Using cross-sectional data, the analysis holds disease incidence, medical technology, and health care prices constant, thus permitting an exclusive focus on the role of age in health care costs. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Per capita lifetime expenditure is USD $316,600, a third higher for females (USD $361,200) than males (USD $268,700). Two-fifths of this difference owes to women's longer life expectancy. Nearly one-third of lifetime expenditures is incurred during middle age, and nearly half during the senior years. For survivors to age 85, more than one-third of their lifetime expenditures will accrue in their remaining years. CONCLUSIONS: Given the essential demographic phenomenon of our time, the rapid aging of the population, our findings lend increased urgency to understanding and addressing the interaction between aging and health care spending.     

Good Research Practices for Measuring Drug Costs in Cost-Effectiveness Analyses: A Managed Care Perspective: The ISPOR Drug Cost Task Force Report—Part III

Objectives:  The objective of this report is to provide guidance and recommendations on how drug costs should be measured for cost-effectiveness analyses conducted from the perspective of a managed care organization (MCO).
Methods:  The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Task Force on Good Research Practices—Use of Drug Costs for Cost Effectiveness Analysis (DCTF) was appointed by the ISPOR Board of Directors. Members were experienced developers or users of CEA models. The DCTF met to develop core assumptions and an outline before preparing a draft report. They solicited comments on drafts from external reviewers and from the ISPOR membership at ISPOR meetings and via the ISPOR Web site.
Results:  The cost of a drug to an MCO equals the amount it pays to the dispenser for the drug's ingredient cost and dispensing fee minus the patient copay and any rebates paid by the drug's manufacturer. The amount that an MCO reimburses for each of these components can differ substantially across a number of factors that include type of drug (single vs. multisource), dispensing site (retail vs. mail order), and site of administration (self-administered vs. physician's office). Accurately estimating the value of cost components is difficult because they are determined by proprietary and confidential contracts.
Conclusion:  Estimates of drug cost from the MCO perspective should include amounts paid for medication ingredients and dispensing fees, and net out copays, rebates, and other drug price reductions. Because of the evolving nature of drug pricing, ISPOR should publish a Web site where current DCTF costing recommendations are updated as new information becomes available.