红细胞免疫功能的测定在恶性血液病病人中的应用及其临床意义

目的 :了解恶性血液病病人红细胞免疫功能状况。方法 :采用红细胞酵母菌花环试验检测 40例恶性血液病患者红细胞免疫功能。结果 :红细胞C3b受体花环率 (RCR)及红细胞促中性粒细胞吞噬率(ERPN)显著下降 ,红细胞免疫复合物花环率 (RICR)和C3b受体花环抑制率 (RFIR)显著升高 ,而红细胞C3b受体花环增强率 (RFER)显著降低。结论 :恶性血液病患者存在红细胞免疫功能继发性损害 ,急性白血病缓解期红细胞免疫功能有所恢复 ,但仍较对照组低 (P <0 .0 5 )。恶性淋巴瘤及多发性骨髓瘤缓解红细胞免疫功能基本恢复正常     

放疗前后食道癌患者红细胞免疫功能及T淋巴细胞亚群的变化分析

目的 研究放疗前后对食道癌患者红细胞免疫功能变化及T淋巴细胞的影响.方法 随机选择我院68例食道癌患者作为病例组,另外选取健康对照组40例.病例组接受放疗治疗（6周）,使用流式细胞仪检测病例组治疗前后及对照组血清中T细胞亚群水平,使用受体黏附法检测红细胞免疫功能.结果 治疗前红细胞免疫功能、血清T细胞亚群水平显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）,红细胞免疫复合物花环（RBC-ICR）高于对照组（P＜0.01）;治疗结束后的1周,病例组的CD4＋细胞百分率、肿瘤红细胞花环（DTER）红细胞C3b受体花环（RBC-C3bRR）进一步下降、CD8^＋细胞百分率明显升高,CD4^＋/CD8^＋比值降低;同放疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;放疗结束后3个月CD4^＋细胞百分率、DTER、RBC-C3bRR逐步升高、CD8^＋细胞百分率及RBC-ICR逐渐下降,CD4^＋/CD8^＋比值升高,同放疗前及放疗结束后1周比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;结论 食道癌患者红细胞免疫功能及T淋巴细胞亚群水平低下,在刚结束放疗时,细胞免疫抑制作用为主导,放疗结束3个月后,红细胞细胞免疫、T淋巴细胞亚群功能逐渐改善.放疗可有效减少肿瘤负荷,改善患者红细胞免疫及T淋巴细胞功能.     

原发性高血压红细胞CR1分子粘附活性和胸腺素的免疫调整作用

目的探讨原发性高血压(EH)红细胞免疫(red cell immune adherence,RCIA)病理机制和胸腺素的非特异性免疫调整作用.方法以酵母菌红细胞花环试验及PEG沉淀法测定99例EH者红细胞C3b受体(RCR)活性、红细胞粘附免疫复合物(RICR)指标及循环免疫复合物(CIC)含量.并使用小牛胸腺素随机对其中48例EH进行免疫治疗,同时与51例常规治疗EH者及30例正常人在治疗前后对照上述指标.结果各期EH均出现RCR、RICR和CIC指标的显著异常(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).免疫治疗组12周后各上述指标较对照组有显著改善(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),且对Ⅰ期EH的调整效果优于Ⅲ期组.结论RCIA功能障碍参与了EH动脉壁炎症损害的免疫病理过程.使用胸腺素对调整上述免疫异常具有一定作用.     

肾移植受肾者红细胞免疫功能的初步观察

对34例肾脏移植受者术前、术后及30例术后半年肾功能稳定受者进行红细胞C3b受体花环（RCR）、免疫复合物花环（RICR）、C3b受体花环促进率（RFER）和抑制率（RFIR）等动态测定。结果表明:慢性肾功能衰竭及移植肾功能稳定病人RCR低于正常人（P<0.05）,肾功能稳定者的红细胞免疫功能为原发性低下,而慢性肾功能衰竭者为继发性低下。自身配对研究表明,急性排斥时RCR与RICR均增高（P<0.05）,而其RFER与RFIR 明显降低（P<0.05）。提示急性排斥反应体红细胞免疫功能异常,与红细胞C3b受体数目、循环免疫复合物（CIC）及血清调节因子增减有关。认为在肾移植免疫抑制状态下,红细胞免疫调节因子一反常态可能由抑制因子起主导作用。     

高压氧、药物治疗对急性脑梗塞患者球同循环、红细胞变形及TCD改变的研究

探讨高压氧(HBO)对急性缺血性脑中风的治疗价值及机理。方法对40例脑梗塞患者予以HBO加尼莫地平治疗(HBO组)，40例脑梗塞患者予以尼莫地平加甘露醇治疗(药物组)，于治疗前后检测红细胞变形指数(DI)、球结膜微循环(BCM)、经颅多普勒超声(TCD)的改变，进行对比分析。结果HBO组治疗后BCM改善显著(P＜0.01)，DI明显增强(P＜0.01)，但TCD无明显变化(P＞0.05)。药物组治疗后BCM、DI及TCD均较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05)，BCM、TCD与HBO组比较有明显差异(P＜0.05)。DI和临床神经功能缺损疗效评价，HBO组与药物组比较无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结论HBO在治疗缺血性脑中风方面并不优越于常规药物的疗效，它具有双重性，既有有利的一面，也存在不利的影响，必须适当选择适应症，并应与扩血管药、钙离子拮抗剂联合使用以对抗其不利的影响，有利于缺血脑中风的治疗及康复。     

老年人红细胞免疫功能检测及黄芪对其的调节作用

研究表明,老年人红细胞C_3b受体花环率和红细胞免疫复合物花环率均明显降低,红细胞免疫粘连抑制因子活性升高,而增强因子活性则下降,循环免疫复合物含量明显上升,C_3水平显著下降,各指标与青年人相比,差异显著(P<0.001)。服用黄芪后,老年人红细胞免疫功能得到明显的加强,上述指标均获得明显改善,与用药前相比,有显著差异(P<0.001)。     

原发性高血压红细胞CR1分子粘附活性和胸腺素的免疫调整作用

目的 :探讨原发性高血压 (EH)红细胞免疫 (redcellimmuneadherence ,RCIA)病理机制和胸腺素的非特异性免疫调整作用。方法 :以酵母菌红细胞花环试验及PEG沉淀法测定 99例EH者红细胞C3b受体 (RCR)活性、红细胞粘附免疫复合物(RICR)指标及循环免疫复合物 (CIC)含量。并使用小牛胸腺素随机对其中 4 8例EH进行免疫治疗 ,同时与 5 1例常规治疗EH者及 30例正常人在治疗前后对照上述指标。结果 :各期EH均出现RCR、RICR和CIC指标的显著异常 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 )。免疫治疗组 12周后各上述指标较对照组有显著改善 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 ) ,且对Ⅰ期EH的调整效果优于Ⅲ期组。结论 :RCIA功能障碍参与了EH动脉壁炎症损害的免疫病理过程。使用胸腺素对调整上述免疫异常具有一定作用。     

甲亢与甲减患者红细胞免疫功能与脂质过氧化关系的探讨

目的:探讨了甲亢与甲减患者红细胞免疫功能与脂质过氧化的关系.方法:应用红细胞酵母花环法测定40例甲亢患者和38例甲减患者红细胞免疫功能和化学比色法测定血浆丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)含量,并以35名正常健康人作比较.结果:甲亢和甲减患者RBC-ICR花环率和MDA水平明显升高(P＜0.01)而RBC-C3bR、SOD、GSH-PX、SOD/MDA低于正常(P＜0.01),相关分析显示,RBC-C3b花环与MDA呈显著负相关(r=-0.4316,P＜0.05),RBC-ICR与MDA呈正相关(r=0.6012,P＜0.01).结论:甲亢和甲减患者红细胞免疫黏附功能的降低与活性代谢紊乱密切相关.     

131I治疗对Graves''''病患者近期红细胞免疫功能的影响

目的观察131I治疗对Graves'病(GD)患者红细胞免疫功能(EIF)的影响.方法检测并比较56例GD患者经131I治疗前及治疗后1周、1月、3月、6月和12个月时血清TT3、TT4、TSH、FT3、FT4、TSH以及红细胞C3b受体花环率(RBC-C3bRR)、红细胞免疫复合物花环率(RBC-ICR),45例健康成人作为对照组.结果 131I治疗后3月、6月和12月,GD患者TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4、RBC-C3bRR较治疗前明显下降,TSH和RBC-ICR较治疗前明显升高;RBC-C3bRR与TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4水平呈负相关,RBC-ICR与TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4水平呈正相关.结论131I治疗能增强机体红细胞免疫功能;EIF与甲状腺激素水平之间存在显著相关性,其检测可作为GD病人免疫状态、疗效评价指标.     

高渗盐水处理对失血性休克兔红细胞免疫黏附功能及抗细菌感染的影响

目的 :探讨高渗盐水处理 ,对失血性休克兔红细胞免疫黏附功能和对大肠杆菌攻击抵抗力的影响。方法 :将 6 0只兔分为6组 ,每组 10只 ,第 1组为假休克组 :仅在局麻下插管加肝素 ;第 2、3组经颈动脉放血导致兔休克。 30min后 ,第 1、2组兔分别给予生理盐水及含 1× 10 9/kg大肠杆菌的平衡盐液 ;第 2组兔给予 75g/L盐水及含 1× 10 9/kg大肠杆菌的平衡盐液 ,然后观察 3组动物的存活率。另取兔 30只 ,分组和失血性休克模型的制作同上 ,但处理所用的平衡盐液中不含大肠杆菌。以C3b受体花环及IC花环形成实验 ,检测休克后 5h兔红细胞的免疫黏附功能。结果 :高渗盐水处理组兔红细胞C3b受体花环的形成率显著高于生理盐水治疗组 (P <0 .0 1) ;而IC花环形成率则显著低于生理盐水处理组 (P <0 .0 1)。另外 ,高渗盐水处理能显著提高失血性休克兔对大肠杆菌攻击的抵抗力。结论 :高渗盐水处理能显著增强失血性休克兔的红细胞免疫黏附功能和对大肠杆菌攻击的抵抗力     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.