婴幼儿气管支气管异物的救治

婴幼儿呼吸道异物,主指经口误入喉、气管支气管的外来异物所致的疾病,是耳鼻喉科急重症之一。该病起病急、变化快,可致患儿突然窒息危及生命。救治中许多问题尚值得探讨,现将我院1990～1996年间60例婴幼儿气管支气管异物的救治情况报导如下。     

MSCT后处理技术在婴幼儿气管支气管异物诊断中的应用

气管支气管异物是临床中的常见病,婴幼儿好发,严重者可致死。MSCT扫描及图像后处理技术为其提供了快速、准确、无创的检查方法。搜集我院2007-2011年间经MSCT及其图像后处理技术诊断气管支气管异物、并经证实的病例进行总结分析。     

婴幼儿气管切开取呼吸道异物26例

我院1988年6月～1996年5月采用常规气管切开术加支气管镇钳出术取婴幼儿呼吸道异物26例，全部获得成功，报告如下。1临床资料1．1一般情况本组26例，年龄0．5～3岁，气管异物三7例，支气管异物9例。异物种类：花生米19例，瓜子5例，豆类1例，塑料1例。伴Ⅱ度呼吸困难16例。并发化脓性气管支气管炎4例，吸入性肺炎2例。异物存留时间为工～7d。互．2方法常规气管切泽，经气管切I-l处插入4mm口径的支气管镜取异物。全组病例均获得成功。2讨论2．正治疗原则（）凡有见度以＿卜呼吸用难者，一经诊断为呼吸道异物，应行紧急气管切并及支气管镜钳…     

小儿气管异物吸入1例

气管异物分为内生性及外生性两大类,临床上所谓气管、支气管异物,一般指外生性异物。外生性异物在婴幼儿最多见,是小儿常见的意外事故,3岁以下占绝大多数,随呛入异物的性质、大小、部位不同,临床表现各异,主要表现为异物呛入后立即呛咳、憋气及作呕,甚至出现呼吸困难、窒息死亡。     

螺旋CT图像后处理技术诊断小儿气管、支气管非金属异物的价值

目的：评价螺旋CT图像后处理技术诊断小儿气管、支气管非金属异物的价值。材料和方法：109例气管、支气管非金属异物患儿，经螺旋CT扫描后分别进行多平面重建（MPR）、CT仿真内窥镜（CTVE）、表面遮盖显示（SSD）和最小密度投影（MinP）4种图像后处理成像技术，并根椐诊断行小儿支气管内窥镜异物摘取术。结果：术中取出气管异物27例、右侧支气管异物53例、左侧支气管异物18例、双侧支气管异物1例、气管并左侧支气管异物2例、气管并双侧支气管异物2例；另有3例未见明确异物，1例异物位于Ⅲ级支气管无法取出，1例由于喉头水肿纤维支气管镜无法通过并手术，1例术前突然窒息死亡。螺旋CT4种图像后处理技术对异物的显示率分别为MPR97．2％、CTVE94．4％、SSD83．2％、MinP70．1％。结论：螺旋CT图像后处理技术结合原始轴位像对小儿气管、支气管非金属异物诊断迅速、准确，具有重要的诊断价值。     

气管支气管异物的影像学表现(附23例分析)

目的：回顾分析23例气管支气管异物的影像学表现，以提高影像学对气管支气管异物的诊断水平。方法：对23例气管支气管异物的患者均先行胸部普通透视检查，全部病例摄有正侧位平片，其中18例做了CT平扫检查。结果：23例气管支气管异物中不透X线的金属异物6例，可透X线非金属异物17例，气管异物3例，右侧主支气管异物2例，右中间支气管异物12例，右下叶支气管异物3例，右中叶支气管异物1例，左主支气管及左下叶支气管异物各1例。23例中21例经纤维支气管镜取出，2例手术治疗。结论：对不透X线的异物X线平片为最佳检查方法，对可透X线的异物行CT检查，不仅能明确异物的位置，对肺内阻塞性病变也能显示清晰，对活瓣性阻塞异物透视下观察纵隔有无摆动很有必要。     

数字化体层摄影技术在气管、支气管植物性异物诊断中的应用

目的：探讨数字化直线体层摄影技术在气管、支气管植物性异物诊断中的应用价值。方法：应用数字化X线机体层功能获得气管、支气管体层图像,再利用数字化X线机的图像处理功能改善影像细节,降低图像噪声,调整灰阶、对比度、影像放大等功能直接显示异物。结果：2例X线平片未能直接显示的气管、支气管植物性异物均显示清晰。1例证实为5.0 mm×5.0 mm大小的黄豆,1例证实为5.0 mm×6.0 mm的花生米。结论：数字化体层摄影对气管、支气管植物性异物较CT检查缺乏显示优势,但其X线辐射剂量低,仍具备一定的应用价值。     

CT在儿童气管支气管X线穿透性异物诊断中的价值

目的：探讨CT在气管及支气管X线穿透性异物的表现及应用价值。方法：回顾性分析50例气管、支气管X线穿透性异物CT表现；所有异物均经临床纤维支气管镜取出证实。结果：气管异物4例，右主支气管异物31例，左主支气管异物15例；CT表现：①异物本身；②局限性支气管阻塞、其下方支气管充气或轻度扩张；③纵隔移位及纵隔“双边”；④胸部“双边”；⑤肺气肿。结论：CT扫描不仅能定位诊断，而且能直接显示异物本身，优于普通X线检查。     

胸部冠状面CT扫描诊断气管支气管异物

作者自行设计一个可调节角度的倾斜木架，对１６例凝气管，支气管异物患儿作半坐卧式胸部冠状面ＣＴ扫描，以获取气管，支气管冠状面图象进行研究，结果，气管，主支气管、上下叶支气管及部分段支气管可呈树枝状显示在同一层面上。本组病例中６例正常，１０例气管，支气管异物患者均可直接显示异物附着在管壁上或嵌顿于管腔内。取得满意的诊断效果，对临床医师选择性纤维支气管镜取出异物有重要的指导意义。     

多排螺旋CT对小儿气管、支气管异物诊断的体会

目的：回顾性分析探讨多排螺旋CT对小儿气管、支气管异物诊断的临床应用价值。方法：搜集20例临床可疑小儿气道异物，全部经螺旋CT扫描，将原始图象数据传输至工作站进行图象后处理，获得MPR，SSD，MIP，CTVE等重建图象进行诊断分析。结果：均能显示异物及在气管肉的位置，7例位于右侧支气管（5例位于右主支气管，1例位于右上吏气管，1例位于右中间支气管），5例位于左主支气管，8例位于气管。结论：多排螺旋CT图象后处理技术结合轴位图象是小儿气管、支气管异物诊断的重要手段，并对指导纤维支气管镜取异物具有重要意义。     

Glutamine supplementation in vitro and in vivo,in exercise and in immunodepression

In situations of stress, such as clinical trauma, starvation or prolonged, strenuous exercise, the concentration of glutamine in the blood is decreased, often substantially. In endurance athletes this decrease occurs concomitantly with relatively transient immunodepression. Glutamine is used as a fuel by some cells of the immune system. Provision of glutamine or a glutamine precursor, such as branched chain amino acids, has been seen to have a beneficial effect on gut function, on morbidity and mortality, and on some aspects of immune cell function in clinical studies. It has also been seen to decrease the self-reported incidence of illness in endurance athletes. So far, there is no firm evidence as to precisely which aspect of the immune system is affected by glutamine feeding during the transient immunodepression that occurs after prolonged, strenuous exercise. However, there is increasing evidence that neutrophils may be implicated. Other aspects of glutamine and glutamine supplementation are also addressed.     

Temporal changes in the oxidation state in in vitro blood

The rates at which the paramagnetic compounds deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) and methemoglobin (MHb) form in vivo within an area of hemorrhage are unknown. The present experiment establishes the baseline concentrations and rates of change in paramagnetic hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the pH in normal heparinized and clotted human blood maintained in vitro at 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions over 30 hours. There was a moderate increase in Hb concentration in normal heparinized blood (average increase was 15.5%, rate = 0.50%/hour) and a slight increase in MHb concentration in the heparinized blood and clots (average increase was 1.4%, rate = 0.044%/hour). A second experiment was done to verify the activity of the RBC systems responsible for maintaining the hemoglobin molecule in the reduced state. Conversion of MHb to Hb in these samples proceeded at a rate of 5.6%/hour. In a third experiment, blood from 11 normal subjects maintained at 4 degrees C 25 degrees C was analyzed for MHb concentration over the course of 28 days. The level of MHb formation remained in the range of normal for at least 11 days in all subjects. The authors conclude that at basal conditions created in vitro, the blood levels of both Hb and MHb remain at relatively low levels. Therefore, if the accumulation of Hb and/or MHb occurs in acute in vivo hematomas it must be driven by intrinsic tissue factors.     

Carcinoma in situ in cryptorchid testes in post-pubertal patients]

The pathohistologic analysis of testis sections of 37 postpuberty patients with different types of cryptorchism is performed. The tissue samples were taken during orchiopehy, fixed in Bouin's solution and treated by the standard histologic techniques. The morphologic criteria are presented for identification of the presence of the so called carcinoma in situ cells found in two cases. Besides, in 13 patients rare, mainly single, atypical germinative cells were found in a smaller number of the seminiferous tubules. It has been concluded that the presence of carcinoma in situ cells in undescended testes of some patients and considering the simple way of sampling, lack of complications and high reliability of the diagnostic procedure, it is absolutely justified to take routine biopsy of testes during orchiopexy in each postpuberty and perhaps prepuberty patient.     

我国医用辐射防护研究概况

医学放射学技术的迅速发展及介入放射学在临床广泛应用，使更多的人受到电离辐射的照射，同时也促进了医疗照射防护工作的发展。文中重点综述了我国医用辐射防护工作者近年来在Ｘ射线ＣＴ的医疗照射防护、对介入放射学工作者的剂量监测以及应用医疗照射防护体系，降低医疗照射剂量等方面所作出的成绩和研究进展     

新时期军医学院人才培养的思考

在新的历史条件下 ,军医学院迎接未来高技术局部战争的挑战 ,适应部队武器装备的不断更新以及医学科技、社会发展对人才素质提出的新要求 ,必须在更为广阔的时空背景下找准人才培养的着眼点 ,科学确立人才培养方向 ,提高人才培养质量。现就人才培养思考如下 :1　改变教育观念 ,     

成批煤气爆燃烧伤的救治体会

报道治疗因煤气泄漏爆炸烧伤病员7例，经应用MEBT技术积极救治，其中6例于伤后17天痊愈出院，另一例特重伤员也于伤后30天康复出院。作者认为：应严格按照MEBT／MEBO要求进行规范治疗，正确处理生命体征、休克、感染、脏器功能和创面的辨证关系。同时，不能忽视外科营养在过程中的重要作用，它是创面修复的物质保证。