Perioperative urinary catheterisation in conjunction with epidural anaesthesia for hip and knee arthroplasty. Is it safe?

The place of indwelling urinary catheterisation following epidural anaesthesia to prevent acute retention of urine after hip and knee arthroplasty is controversial. Even with the use of aseptic techniques and closed sterile drainage, bacteriuria has been reported in 10-27% of catheterised patients. A prospective trial was carried out in 68 consecutive patients undergoing knee or hip joint arthroplasty with epidural anaesthesia to investigate the perioperative complications of short term urinary catheterisation. Following establishment of combined epidural and general anaesthesia, all patients underwent urinary catheterisation under aseptic technique by a member of the surgical team. Prophylactic antibiotics were given prior to insertion and continued for 24-48h postoperatively to minimise the risk of prosthetic infection. The mean indwelling urinary catheter (IDC) period was 3.6 days (range 2-14). There were three (4.4%) urinary tract infections (UTIs) all of which resolved with appropriate antibiotics. Two were detected upon removal of the urinary catheter and one was detected on the seventh postoperative day when symptoms were detected. No patient required recatheterisation. There was no other infective morbidity or wound infection. Our findings suggest the use of IDC for short periods combined with prophylactic antibiotics is safe in the perioperative phase of joint arthroplasty.     

The significance of asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients undergoing hip/knee arthroplasty

The urinary tract has received a great deal of attention as a possible source of infection following arthroplasty. The incidence and significance of asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients admitted for arthroplasty is obscure. The occurrence of bacteriuria was therefore analyzed retrospectively in 299 patients admitted for hip/knee arthroplasty to determine its incidence and relation to the age of the patient and the result of the operation. There was a high incidence of bacteriuria in patients 65 years of age or older and an abnormally high incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in younger patients of both sexes who were to undergo hip/knee arthroplasty. However, there was no correlation between bacteriuria and surgical infection in these patients. Bacteriuria is common in patients admitted to the hospital for arthroplasty and should not be considered a cause for postponement of surgical treatment in the absence of other signs of cystitis or pyelonephritis.     

初次髋膝关节置换术中不留置尿管的可行性和安全性研究

目的探讨单侧初次髋或膝关节置换术中不常规留置尿管的可行性及安全性,以减少不必要的导尿,提高患者就医舒适度和满意度。 方法本文回顾性分析中日友好医院骨关节外科2015年11月至2016年10月期间109例无明显尿潴留高危因素、无术前尿路感染、无尿路刺激征及重度肝肾功能不全、且接受单侧初次髋或膝关节置换术、术中不留置尿管(NIC)患者的资料。根据配对条件,与同期行常规术前留置尿管(IC)的单侧初次髋或膝关节置换患者按照1 ∶1进行配对研究,应用SPSS 19.0统计学软件对正态分布计量资料采用配对t检验,非正态分布计量资料采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验,计数资料采用χ²检验分析比较两组患者术后的尿潴留、二次尿潴留、尿管相关膀胱不适、尿路刺激症、尿路感染、不良事件发生率,以及术后住院时间及患者满意度,分析并评价不留置尿管在单侧初次髋、膝关节置换术中的可行性及安全性。 结果两组患者术后尿潴留、二次尿潴留、尿路感染发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),NIC组术后尿管相关膀胱不适、尿路刺激征、不良事件发生率及术后住院时间均明显低于IC组,而患者满意度高于IC组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝10.844,P<0.05),单侧初次髋或膝关节置换术中不必要的导尿高达81.7%。 结论初次髋或膝关节置换术中不常规留置尿管安全可靠,能有效减少尿管相关膀胱不适、尿路刺激征及不良事件的发生,同时可缩短术后住院时间,提高患者早期满意度。     

Postoperative urinary retention associated with total hip and total knee arthroplasties.

Urinary retention following total hip and knee arthroplasty is a common problem frequently necessitating either prolonged urethral catheter drainage or intermittent catheterization. The direct relationship of urinary tract instrumentations, procedures, and infections to deep sepsis in total hip replacements is well documented. Pharmacologic therapy to stimulate voiding or augment bladder emptying is thus theoretically preferable to the use of catheterization. Prasozin hydrochloride, an alpha blocker, relaxes the smooth musculature of the posterior urethra and prostrate and has been used to treat urinary obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hypertrophy. A prospective study in 60 male patients showed a statistically significant decrease in postoperative urinary retention with the perioperative administration of prazosin (p less than 0.01). A higher incidence of urinary tract infection was seen in patients who developed urinary retention (3% versus 20%) (p less than 0.01). Uroflowmetry parameters were not predictive of the patient at risk for retention and were unaltered with the administration of prazosin. Prazosin can be an effective adjunct in the prophylaxis of postoperative urinary tract infections and may decrease the potential risk for total joint sepsis.     

Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in knee arthroplasty patients and subsequent risk of prosthesis infection

Introduction

The risk of knee arthroplasty infection and appropriateness of antibiotic treatment are not clearly established in patients with preoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria. It has been the purpose to analyze the prevalence of preoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria in knee arthroplasty patients, as well as the incidence of prosthetic joint infection in those with asymptomatic bacteriuria treated and not with specific antibiotics.

Patients and methods

This prospective study included 215 consecutive knee arthroplasty patients (73 ± 6 years, 168 females) with neither urinary symptoms nor perioperative urethral catheterization. A “clean-catch” urinalysis was obtained from all patients before surgery and an urine culture if urinalysis was abnormal. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was diagnosed if >100,000 colony-forming units/ml were cultured. Patients were treated (Group A) or not (Group B) with additional specific antibiotics for urine bacteria according to surgeon criteria. Minimum follow-up reached 48 months. No patient was lost to follow-up.

Results

Asymptomatic bacteriuria was diagnosed in 11/215 patients (5.1 %) (11/11 females), and four of these 11 were treated with specific antibiotics (Group A). Only one patient in Group A suffered a prosthesis infection along the first 3 months (1/125, 0.5 %), but bacteria cultured from the wound were absolutely different to those in urine culture. No patient in Group B suffered a prosthesis infection.

Conclusions

Asymptomatic bacteriuria presents a low prevalence. We have not found any case of arthroplasty infection from urinary focus in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria whether they received or not specific antibiotics.

     

Febrile response after knee and hip arthroplasty.

Documentation of the normal fever response after total knee and hip replacement is important to avoid an unnecessary workup for sepsis, and to provide justification for early discharge (dictated by the current medical reimbursement climate) despite persistent postoperative fever. One hundred patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty and 100 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty were reviewed, several of whom had extensive sepsis workups for evaluation of postoperative fever. No patient in this series had a documented joint infection. All patients were treated with warfarin for deep vein thombrosis prophylaxis. All patients used incentive spirometry and were started on ambulation training on postoperative Day 1. All were given antibiotic prophylaxis for 48 hours. The maximum daily postoperative temperature occurred in most patients on postoperative Day 1 and gradually leveled off toward normal by postoperative Day 5. Only one patient had a maximum temperature on postoperative Day 4 that was greater than that on postoperative Day 3. Patients undergoing revision procedures tended to have a more pronounced febrile response, but the differences were not statistically significant. No significant differences were seen between patients who had epidural anesthesia and patients who had general anesthesia. Seventeen patients had postoperative chest radiographs for evaluation of fever. None had significant atelectasis. The presence of a positive urine culture had no effect on the fever response, with most positive results being identified after the fever had returned toward normal. Postoperative fever after total joint arthroplasty is a normal inflammatory response. A workup for sepsis is not indicated in the perioperative period unless corroborating signs or symptoms are present. Early discharge is appropriate if the febrile response is decreasing progressively.     

The relation between wound and urine cultures and joint sepsis after hip and knee arthroplasty

The relation between wound and urine cultures and joint sepsis was analysed in a prospective study with 2651 hip and 362 knee replacements. All patients received peroperative cefuroxime. In 26 patients with joint sepsis, S.aureus (42%), S.epidermidis (12%), Gram-negative bacteria (24%) and anaerobic bacteria (4%) were identified as the causative agents. Cefuroxime covered this spectrum sufficiently. Joint sepsis was preceded by wound infection in 12 out of the 26 patients. Positive peroperative joint cultures (4.2%) were not related to joint sepsis. Positive postoperative woundcultures were clearly related to joint sepsis, except in case of isolation of S.epidermidis. Drain cultures were less reliable in predicting joint sepsis. Routine peroperative and drain cultures are therefore not indicated in primary joint replacement. Postoperative urinary tract infections (UTI) occurred in 15% of the patients and were strongly related to the use of indwelling catheters. The incidence of UTI increased with time the catheter was in situ. Removal before the third day is recommended, because five patients developed septicaemia having a catheter for more than 72 h. The increased risk for joint sepsis after hip replacement, in the presence of UTI in this study, could not be explained by early postoperative haematogenous bacterial seeding. There was no relation between the indwelling urinary catheters and joint sepsis.     

Infection after total joint arthroplasty from distal extremity sepsis

At the UCLA Medical Center in three patients treated for hematogenous infection after total joint arthroplasty, the source was apparently an infection in the extremities at a site distal to the joint arthroplasty. In a 72-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis infection developed in the right hip after total hip arthroplasty following a Staphylococcus aureus infection at the site of a left metatarsophalangeal arthroplasty. In a 64-year-old man with osteoarthritis the staphylococcal infection that developed after right total hip arthroplasty was seeded from a pyarthrosis of the right knee. In a 61-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis the sites of bilateral knee arthroplasties were seeded from a soft tissue infection of the left foot. These cases illustrate the potential for infection from local wound sepsis distal to joint arthroplasty. Such infections, particularly in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, should be treated aggressively to avoid seeding of the more proximal total joint arthroplasty site.     

Perioperative factors associated with septic arthritis after arthroplasty. Prospective multicenter study of 362 knee and 2,651 hip operations.

Perioperative factors associated with late septic arthritis after knee and hip arthroplasties were prospectively investigated. All patients received a short course of perioperative cefuroxime. After a follow-up of 1 year, septic arthritis was diagnosed in 9/362 patients (2.5 percent) after knee arthroplasty and in 17/2651 patients (0.64 percent) after hip arthroplasty. For the knee, factors associated with septic arthritis after arthroplasty were rheumatoid arthritis, wound infection, an unhealed wound, and a painful, limited knee function at discharge from the hospital. For the hip, corresponding risk factors were diabetes, failed fracture osteosynthesis, a breakdown of sterility during operation, wound infection, postoperative urinary tract infection, and an unhealed wound at discharge from the hospital or a difficult rehabilitation course. Reoperation after knee and hip arthroplasty was also clearly associated with a higher incidence of septic arthritis.     

Impact of Perioperative Urinary Tract Infection on Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Primary Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundThe literature lacks clear consensus regarding the association between postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) and surgical site infection (SSI). Additionally, in contrast to preoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria, SSI risk in patients with preoperative UTI has been incompletely studied. Therefore, our goal was to determine the effect of perioperative UTI on SSI in patients undergoing primary hip and knee arthroplasty.MethodsUsing the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, all patients undergoing primary hip and knee arthroplasty were identified. Univariate and multivariate regressions, as well as propensity matching, were used to determine the independent risk of preoperative and postoperative UTI on SSI, reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsPostoperative UTI significantly increased the risk for superficial wound infection (OR 2.147, 95% CI 1.622-2.842), deep periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) (OR 2.288, 95% CI 1.579-3.316), and all SSIs (superficial and deep) (OR 2.193, 95% CI 1.741-2.763) (all P < .001). Preoperative UTI was not associated with a significantly increased risk of superficial infection (P = .636), PJI (P = .330), or all SSIs (P = .284). Further analysis of UTI present at the time of surgery using propensity matching showed no increased risk of superficial infection (P = 1.000), PJI (P = .624), or SSI (P = .546).ConclusionPostoperative UTI was associated with SSI, reinforcing the need to minimize factors which predispose patients to the risk of UTI after surgery. The lack of association between preoperative UTI and SSI suggests that hip and knee arthroplasty can proceed without delay, although initiating antibiotic treatment is prudent and future prospective investigations are warranted.     

Total joint arthroplasty and incidence of postoperative bacteriuria with an indwelling catheter or intermittent catheterization with one-dose antibiotic prophylaxis: a prospective randomized trial

This study examined the difference in postoperative bacteriuria in total joint arthroplasty after use of either an indwelling catheter or intermittent catheterization. Previous studies showed a preference for an indwelling catheter over intermittent catheterization to resolve postoperative urinary retention in total joint arthroplasty, but these studies generally used 48 hours of antibiotic prophylaxis. Increasing awareness of costs and bacterial resistance to antibiotics have prompted many centers to reduce prophylaxis to only 1 preoperative dose A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in primary total hip and primary total knee arthroplasty patients. One dose of cefazolin, 1 g, was administered intravenously immediately preoperatively. Five of 13 (38%) men in the indwelling catheter group and 0 of 14 (0%) men in the intermittent catheterization group developed postoperative bacteriuria (P =.016), and 6 of 33 (18%) women in the indwelling catheter group and 3 of 39 (8%) women in the intermittent catheterization group developed postoperative bacteriuria (not significant). A total of 11 (24%) patients in the indwelling catheter group (n = 46) and 3 (6%) patients in the intermittent catheterization group (n = 53) developed postoperative bacteriuria (P =.018). In this setting with 1-dose antibiotic prophylaxis, intermittent catheterization resulted in a lower incidence of postoperative bacteriuria compared with an indwelling catheter. For men, this difference is significant.     

Total joint arthroplasty for steroid-induced osteonecrosis in cardiac transplant patients

Ten cardiac transplant patients have had bilateral total hip or knee surgery for treatment of osteonecrosis secondary to corticosteroid immunosuppression. Nine had bilateral total hip arthroplasty and one had bilateral total knee arthroplasty for osteonecrosis of the tibial plateaus. The only immediate postoperative complication was in a single hip patient who had a nonfatal pulmonary embolism. Two patients died from cardiovascular causes; the remaining eight had excellent results from arthroplasty, with an average Harris hip rating of 95 at a mean follow-up period of 34 months. No patient had required revision surgery and radiographic follow-up examination has revealed no evidence of loosening of any of these cemented arthroplasties. One patient developed a late hematogeneous sepsis of one hip seven years after replacement from atypical mycobacterium three months following renal transplantation, which was done 11 years after cardiac transplantation. Total joint arthroplasty has resulted in excellent clinical and radiologic results in this patient population. Despite the increased risks of major surgery in these immunocompromised transplant recipients, total joint arthroplasty appears to be a safe and effective method of treatment of osteonecrosis of the hip.     

Arthroplasty in the octogenarian: quantifying the risks

The objective of this study was to determine the risk of complications after primary total hip and knee arthroplasties in octogenarians. Using administrative data, we compared the rate of complications for octogenarians vs patients aged 65 to 79 years who underwent total hip or knee arthroplasty in Ontario between 1993 and 1997. Octogenarians were 3.4 times more likely to die, 2.7 times more likely to sustain a myocardial infarction, and 3.5 times more likely to develop pneumonia. Postoperative confusion and urinary tract infections were also significantly more common in octogenarians. Octogenarians are at higher risk for death and serious complications after primary joint arthroplasty. However, the overall event rate remains low and total joint arthroplasty surgery should continue to be offered to these individuals provided that the complication rates are acceptable to the patients and their families.     

Lower urinary tract symptoms in older adults undergoing hip arthroplasty: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: We undertook a feasibility study to explore the prevalence of preoperative and postoperative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older adults undergoing elective hip arthroplasty and to determine whether a larger prospective study was warranted. METHOD: Subjects awaiting elective hip arthroplasty were recruited preoperatively from an orthopedic office and preadmission clinic at 1 university-affiliated hospital. LUTS and related quality of life were measured prehospitalization and 6 weeks postoperatively using the American Urological Association Symptom Index and quality-of-life score. Postvoid residual urine and the 24-hour pad test were used to assess bladder emptying and continence status. RESULTS: Sixteen participants (9 males, 7 females, mean age 74 years) completed the study. Preoperatively, 15 participants reported at least 1 symptom and none had discussed these with a healthcare professional. The most common LUTS were nocturia, frequency, and urgency. Postoperatively, all reported symptoms, with 8 (53%) experiencing increased symptoms with a negative impact on quality of life for 3. Recruitment was a major barrier in conducting the study and would need to be taken into account in further studies of the topic. CONCLUSION: Despite recruitment issues, we suggest larger studies of LUTS in older adults undergoing surgery are warranted to further understand potential problems and risks in transition from hospital to home. Future studies should include identification of potential reasons for increased LUTS, including urinary tract infection.     

肾功能不全患者关节置换围手术期处理

目的探讨合并慢性肾功能不全患者行全髋或全膝关节置换术的围手术期处理。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年6月合并慢性肾功能不全患者行全髋或全膝关节置换病例资料,对围手术期处理以及合并症、并发症进行分析总结。结果共17例患者纳入本次研究,其中男性10例,女性7例,平均年龄56岁,肾功能不全代偿期9例,氮质血症期8例。术前合并干燥综合征2例,房室传导阻滞3例,抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关性血管炎1例,肾结石5例,尿路感染4例,高血压8例,Ⅱ型糖尿病10例,痛风2例,贫血13例,冠状动脉狭窄支架植入术后1例。术前准备平均8d,平均住院18d,肾功能不全代偿期和氮质血症期患者术后各时间点血肌酐与术前相比无明显差异。术后并发症包括2例出现肺部感染,4例切口渗液,6例切口周围大片皮下瘀斑。无肾功能恶化、切口感染等病例发生,无死亡病例。结论肾功能不全患者行关节置换围手术期并发症发生率较高,但是经过缜密的围手术期处理,选择好手术时机,这类患者完全可以安全度过手术期。     

Urinary tract infection in oliguric patients with chronic renal failure

We studied 182 patients with chronic renal failure by urinalysis and urine cultures. Of the patients 27 per cent had significant bacteriuria (more than 10(5) per ml.), 38 per cent had significant pyuria (more than 10 white blood cells per high power field), 19 per cent had urinary tract infection and 7 per cent had symptomatic urinary tract infection. All 12 patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection had significant bacteriuria and 11 had significant pyuria, while 1 had 5 to 10 white blood cells per high power field. Incidences of urinary tract infection differed depending on the primary renal disease (12, 13, 41 and 67 per cent for chronic glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney and chronic pyelonephritis, respectively). Among the patients with chronic glomerulonephritis no significant differences were seen in frequencies of bacteriuria and urinary tract infection between male and female patients or between those who did and did not undergo hemodialysis. Also, no significant correlation was seen between bacteriuria and daily urine output but pyuria was significantly more frequent in oliguric patients or those on hemodialysis.     

Clinically Asymptomatic Patients Show a High Bacterial Colonization Rate of Osteosynthetic Implants Around the Knee but Not the Hip

BackgroundPatients with osteosynthetic implants around the hip and knee show higher infection rates after joint arthroplasty. Our aim was to evaluate the bacterial colonization of any osteosynthetic implants around the hip and knee in patients without clinical signs of infection.MethodsConsecutive patients with osteosynthetic implant removal because of related soft tissue irritations or before elective total joint arthroplasty of the hip and knee were prospectively included. Patients with signs of infection were excluded. Based on sonication fluid cultures, implants were classified according to microbial growth as negative (no growth), contaminated (nonsignificant growth), or colonized (significant growth).ResultsSonication cultures were positive in 54 of 203 implants (27%), including 8 of 34 (24%) after orthopedic and 46 of 169 (27%) after traumatological surgery. Of 203 sonication cultures, 22 (11%) grew significant bacterial counts. Most common microorganisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (46%). Implants around the knee showed a significantly higher rate of positive sonication cultures compared with those around the hip (14% vs 2%, P = .017).ConclusionsWe detected high bacterial implant colonization rates regardless of the initial type of surgery. Predominant pathogens were staphylococci, the most common causative agents of periprosthetic joint infections. Positive sonication results do not necessarily lead to postoperative surgical complications and thus do not equal infection. It remains unclear if patients with evidence of bacterial implant colonization show a higher risk of periprosthetic joint infection after adjacent subsequent total joint arthroplasty. Nevertheless, surgeons should be aware of a significantly higher colonization rate of implants around the knee and take this into consideration when total knee arthroplasty is scheduled in patients with osteosynthetic devices.     

Nonsurgical complications after total hip and knee arthroplasty

Postoperative medical complications after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may occur in patients of any age. However, percentage of adverse events increases with increasing patient age and can cause significant morbidity and even mortality. It is important that the orthopedist identify risk factors and symptoms and be knowledgeable in the treatment of nonsurgical postoperative complications. Nonsurgical complications after THA and TKA include pulmonary embolism, fat embolism syndrome, pneumonia, myocardial infarction, postoperative delirium, cerebrovascular accident, urinary retention, urinary tract infections, and deep vein thrombosis.