视网膜静脉阻塞的预后分析

对近年来关于视网膜静脉阻塞预后的研究进展进行综述，包括影响视网膜静脉阻塞预后的相关因素，各种治疗措施对其预后的影响及判断预后的辅助检查方法。认为临床中应积极防治并发症，争取患者最佳预后视力。     

视网膜分支动脉阻塞视力预后相关因素分析

目的：研究视网膜分支动脉阻塞(branch retinal artery occlusion,BRAO)患眼视力预后的相关因素分析。

方法：选取2015-06/2017-06来我院就诊并诊断为视网膜分支动脉阻塞的患者68例。收集患者的年龄、性别、发病时间等基本信息及初诊时最佳矫正视力、眼底彩色照相、频域OCT及OCTA等眼科检查结果。OCTA检查采用RTVue XRAVANTI仪进行。选择视网膜血流成像扫描模式,扫描区域分别为黄斑区3mm×3mm。随访时间为6mo,随访时检查最佳矫正视力。

结果：患者就诊时基线视力：轻度视力损害(≥0.5)为69%,中度视力损害(0.1～0.4)为24%,重度视力损害(<0.1)为7%; 随访预后视力的轻、中、重度损害分别为75%、19%、6%。影响预后视力的相关因素分析：就诊时基线视力(r=0.776,P<0.001)、浅层视网膜毛细血管黄斑区拱环存留度(r=-0.003,P<0.001)、深层视网膜毛细血管黄斑区拱环存留度(r=-0.003,P<0.001)、黄斑区浅层毛细血管密度(r=-0.034,P=0.029)及黄斑区深层毛细血管密度(r=-0.014,P=0.012)与预后视力密切相关。性别、年龄、就诊时间、黄斑中心凹厚度、视网膜动脉受阻位置(颞上或颞下)以及是否发现明确视网膜血管动脉栓子与预后视力无相关性(r=-0.273、0.01、0、0.82、0.41、0.109,均P>0.05)。

结论：BRAO患眼黄斑拱环存留度、黄斑区毛细血管密度和发病早期视力与预后视力密切相关。     

207例视网膜静脉阻塞视力损害原因分析

目的：探讨视网膜静脉阻塞范围、分型、并发症与视力损害的关系。方法：通过眼底检查和眼底荧光血管造影将207例（210眼）视网膜静脉阻塞患者分为二类八型。结果：210眼中低视力最多的阻塞类型是缺血型视网膜分支静脉阻塞,共60眼（28.57％）,其次是非缺血型视网膜分支静脉阻塞30眼（14.29％）,损害视力最严重的并发症是黄斑囊样水肿,其次是视网膜新生血管。结论：本研究表明视网膜分支静脉阻塞（缺血和非缺血）发病率高,故对视力的损害大于总干阻塞,视网膜静脉阻塞最严重的并发症是黄斑囊样水肿。     

视网膜动脉阻塞患者视力预后分析

目的研究视网膜动脉阻塞患者视力预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析62例视网膜动脉阻塞患者的临床资料,观察就诊时间、动脉阻塞类型、是否并发高血压、糖尿病等全身疾病及年龄等因素与视力预后的关系。结果视网膜分支动脉阻塞优于中央动脉阻塞患者的视力;并发高血压等全身疾病会影响患者视力的恢复;年龄在50岁以上的患者预后明显要比年龄≤50岁的患者差。结论根据对患者上述一般情况的分析可以对其视力预后水平进行早期的估测。     

视网膜静脉阻塞的危险因素分析

目的 分析视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)和视网膜分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)的危险因素;并对CRVO和BRVO危险因素进行直接比较.方法 对46例CRVO(CRVO组)、33例BRVO(BRVO组)与79例老年性白内障或屈光不正患者(对照组)行危险因素和血脂谱分析,并对比观察.结果 多元线性回归分析结果显示:高同型半胱氨酸血症(P＜0.000 1)、高总胆固醇(P=0.003 0)、高脂蛋白a(P =0.027 0)、高血压(P =0.022 0)、短眼轴(P ＜0.000 1)与CRVO显著相关;而高同型半胱氨酸血症(P＜0.0001)、高总胆固醇(P =0.008 0)、高血压(P=0.002 0)、高体质量指数(P=0.004 0)、短眼轴(P=0.001 0)与BRVO相关.一元线性回归分析示CRVO和BRVO上述危险因素比较没有明显差别.结论 CRVO、BRVO危险因素包括系统(高血脂、高血压、高同型半胱氨酸)和眼部(短眼轴)的多种因素,但是这些危险因素在CRVO和BRVO之间没有显著差异.     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞61例临床分析

目的 分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析本院1994年4月至2004年2月61例(61只眼)视网膜分支静脉阻塞的病例。结果 81．97％的病例发病年龄≥50岁,91．8％的分支静脉阻塞发生于动静脉交叉点为正交叉者,67．21％的病例发生于视网膜颞上分支静脉。视网膜分支静脉阻塞合并症的发生率与阻塞部位密切相关。结论 视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者的预后取决于其并发症的程度和范围。     

Optociliary veins and visual prognosis after central retinal vein occlusion

The effect of acquired optociliary veins on visual acuity after ischemic central retinal vein occlusion in patients 45 years of age or older was assessed retrospectively. Fundus photographs and medical records of 21 patients, 45 years of age or older, with photographically documented central retinal vein occlusion and at least six-months follow-up were analyzed. Eleven of 21 patients developed acquired optociliary veins. Patients with acquired optociliary veins were more likely to experience stable or improved visual acuity (nine of 11 patients) than were patients without them (four of ten patients) over a mean follow-up period of 30 months (P = .049).     

Branch retinal vein occlusion: pathogenesis, visual prognosis, and treatment modalities

In branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), abnormal arteriovenous crossing with vein compression, degenerative changes of the vessel wall and abnormal hematological factors constitute the primary mechanism of vessel occlusion. In general, BRVO has a good prognosis: 50-60% of eyes are reported to have a final visual acuity (VA) of 20/40 or better even without treatment. One important prognostic factor for final VA appears to be the initial VA. Grid laser photocoagulation is an established treatment for macular edema in a particular group of patients with BRVO, while promising results for this condition are shown by intravitreal application of steroids or new vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors. Vitrectomy with or without arteriovenous sheathotomy combined with removal of the internal limiting membrane may improve vision in eyes with macular edema which are unresponsive to or ineligible for laser treatment.     

Branch retinal artery occlusion: visual prognosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual prognosis in eyes with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, consecutive case series. METHODS: Retrospective medical record review of 52 consecutive eyes of 52 patients with BRAO seen at two vitreoretinal practices in Birmingham, Alabama. Only eyes with decreased central macular perfusion on fluorescein angiography (FA) were included. Eyes with anterior segment or optic nerve disease, lack of retinal whitening or a delay in arterial filling on FA, central retinal artery occlusion, and cilioretinal artery occlusion were excluded. The main outcome measure was presenting best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and its relationship to final BCVA. RESULTS: On presentation, 54% of eyes with BRAO had BCVA of 20/40 or better. At the mean 14-month visit, 60% of all eyes had visual acuity (VA) of 20/40 or better. VAs of 20/40 or better were retained by 89% of eyes with baseline BCVA of 20/40 or better. Only 14% of eyes with 20/100 or worse BCVA improved to 20/40 or better. Neither visible emboli (P >/= .244) nor the region of macular involvement (P = .142) were significant with respect to visual improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Visual prognosis after BRAO seems to be correlated to presenting VA. Eyes with initial VA of 20/40 or better usually remained at 20/40 or better. Individuals with poor VA of 20/100 or worse generally did not show the significant improvement reported in previous studies.     

Risk factors in central retinal vein occlusion

Risk factors for the occurrence of central retinal vein occlusion are to a certain extent similar to those of cardiovascular diseases (e.g. arteriosclerosis, arterial systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia). Hyperhomocysteinemia is an essential risk factor for arteriosclerosis intervening also directly in the local mechanism of causing venous and arterial occlusions. Ocular hypertension and glaucoma are risk factors significantly associated with pathogenesis of central retinal vein occlusion. Therapy with anticoagulants and platelet anti-aggregating agents exposes the patient to developing central retinal vein occlusion influencing also adversely the visual outcome without having any evidence of protective or beneficial effect.     

视网膜静脉阻塞致黄斑水肿患者相干光断层扫描和视力预后观察

目的探讨相干光断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检测视网膜静脉阻塞致黄斑水肿患者的灵敏度(sensitivity,Sen)、特异度(specificity,Spe)及其视力预后影响因素.方法应用OCT和荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检测90例(91只眼)各型视网膜静脉阻塞患者.其中男性54例,女性36例;年龄20～74岁,平均(57.8±13.8)岁;45只右眼,46只左眼(其中1例为双眼);视网膜中央静脉阻塞54只眼,半侧静脉阻塞9只眼,分支静脉阻塞28只眼.追踪观察时间1～46个月,平均6.1个月.比较OCT和FFA的灵敏度和特异性.并检测55例另侧健眼的黄斑中心区视网膜厚度,以进行比较分析.结果 (1)在OCT扫描下观察黄斑水肿的形态,有黄斑囊样水肿71只眼(78.0%),视网膜神经上皮下积液14只眼(15.4%),黄斑板层裂孔1只眼(1.1%).黄斑囊样水肿的囊泡高度最小为94 μm,最大为1317 μm,平均(668.18±245.58)μm.54只对侧健眼黄斑中心区视网膜厚度最小为110 μm,最大为236 μm,平均(154.09 ± 21.85)μm.视网膜神经上皮下积液,最高可达1377 μm,甚至超过OCT所能检测的高度.(2)OCT检测黄斑囊样水肿的灵敏度为98.6%、特异度为100%;FFA的灵敏度为86.1% 、特异度为100.0%.(3)黄斑囊样水肿患者的视力预后随访3个月以上的黄斑囊样水肿患者60例(61只眼),分支静脉阻塞致黄斑水肿患者治疗前后视力差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),中央静脉阻塞和半侧静脉阻塞患者治疗前后视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).影响患者视力预后的因素有病程长短、黄斑中心区是否积血、病情严重程度等.病程<3个月的患者治疗前后视力差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而病程≥3个月的患者治疗前后视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论应用OCT检测视网膜静脉阻塞致黄斑水肿患者,其方法安全,诊断结果可靠,解析度高,是非侵入性、可重复操作的新技术.但黄斑囊样水肿患者视力预后差,应大力推广OCT检查技术,以便早期发现、早期治疗,以改善患者视力.     

The effect of age and initial visual acuity on the systemic and visual prognosis of central retinal vein occlusion

Papillophlebitis is the term that is often used to describe a central retinal vein occlusion with preserved visual acuity in a young, healthy patient. Among 194 patients with a diagnosis of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 19 patients were identified who were under 50 years of age and who had visual acuity of 6/12 or better in the affected eye. These patients retained good vision in the affected eye during the course of the disorder with 17 eyes returning to 6/6. All of these patients remained healthy over a mean follow-up period of about four years. This group of patients was compared to a second group of 28 patients who also were under 50 years of age, but who had initial visual acuity in the affected eye less than 6/12. These patients had a variable visual outcome. In addition, they had a higher prevalence of systemic hypertension over the follow-up period than did a group of age-matched control subjects. An additional comparison was made to a group of 26 patients with visual acuity of 6/12 or better in the affected eye but who were over 50 years of age. Forty-six per cent of these patients had final visual acuity less than 6/12, and they had a higher prevalence of systemic vascular disease than did a group of age-matched control subjects.     

The effect of age and initial visual acuity on the systemic and visual prognosis of central retinal vein occlusion

Papillophlebitis is the term that is often used to describe a central retinal vein occlusion with preserved visual acuity in a young, healthy patient. Among 194 patients with a diagnosis of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 19 patients were identified who were under 50 years of age and who had visual acuity of 6/12 or better in the affected eye. These patients retained good vision in the affected eye during the course of the disorder with 17 eyes returning to 6/6. All of these patients remained healthy over a mean follow-up period of about four years. This group of patients was compared to a second group of 28 patients who also were under 50 years of age, but who had initial visual acuity in the affected eye less than 6/12. These patients had a variable visual outcome. In addition, they had a higher prevalence of systemic hypertension over the follow-up period than did a group of age-matched control subjects. An additional comparison was made to a group of 26 patients with visual acuity of 6/12 or better in the affected eye but who were over 50 years of age. Forty-six per cent of these patients had final visual acuity less than 6/12, and they had a higher prevalence of systemic vascular disease than did a group of age-matched control subjects.