脑深部电刺激对帕金森病非运动症状的疗效(附102例病例分析)

目的 探讨丘脑底核(STN)脑深部电刺激(DBS)对帕金森病(PD)非运动症状的治疗作用.方法 102例PD病人接受STN-DBS手术,手术前后分别进行非运动症状(NMS)量表评估,随访时间6个月至6年.结果 PD患者术前有NMS症状3～18项,平均7.1项.NMS评分与患者的Hoehn-Yahr分级明显相关(相关系数r=0.49,P<0.01).手术后频数明显下降的NMS症状是:疼痛、感觉异常、失眠、多梦、不安腿、体质量下降.结论 所有PD患者都具有NMS症状,出现在PD病程的各个时期.随疾病严重程度的进展,PD患者平均NMS评分明显提高.DBS手术不能改善PD患者的所有NMS症状,但可以减少疼痛、感觉异常、失眠、多梦、不安腿、体质量下降等症状.     

脑深部电刺激治疗运动障碍病276例病例分析

目的 分析276例运动障碍病(MD)的脑深部电刺激(DBS)治疗效果和经验.方法 276例MD患者接受421侧DBS植入手术治疗.其中含帕金森病(PD)232例,原发性震颤(ET)7例,肌张力障碍(DT)25例,抽动秽语综合征(TS)5例,Meige综合征等其他病例7例.结果 PD患者UPDRS运动功能评分(关状态)平均改善率45.6%.手术后非运动症状(NMS)出现频数明显下降的是:疼痛、感觉异常、失眠、多梦、不安腿、体质量下降.ET患者双上肢震颤完全停止(单侧DBS手术者除外).DT患者BFM改善率22.0%～95.8%,个体间差异较大.TS患者YGTSS综合评分改善率43.2%.强迫症状明显减轻.结论 DBS是有肯定疗效的MD治疗手段,但许多问题值得探讨.DBS可以使PD患者一部分NMS症状和TS患者强迫症状得到改善,对于情感障碍的治疗有借鉴意义.DBS对于原发性DT有较好的疗效,但对于继发性和不同分布特点的DT,缺乏预实验确定手术适应证,也没有对照研究确定最佳DBS靶点.     

丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激（DBS）对原发帕金森病（PD）的治疗作用及手术方法。方法 应用微电极导向技术和手术计划系统进行靶点定位，对20例PD病人的丘脑底核（STN）进行电极植入，术后至少6个月的评价和随访。结果 15例单侧和5例双侧STN的DBS术后病人肢体僵直、震颤和运动迟缓等症状改善明显，术前术后UPDRS运动评分和日常生活能力评分均有显著下降（P＜0.01），服药量也有不同程度的减少，无严重及永久并发症。结论 STN的DBS手术治疗PD，对症状改善非常全面，可通过参数调整达到最佳治疗效果。服药量明显减少，是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

丘脑底核脑深部电刺激对帕金森病术后药物治疗的影响(附40例分析)

目的 观察帕金森病（PD）病人丘脑底核脑深部电刺激（STN—DBS）术后药物变化情况。探讨STN—DBS对帕金森病术后药物治疗的影响。方法 对接受STN—DBS手术治疗的40例帕金森病病人手术前后的药物服用剂量、药物引起的相关并发症等情况进行回顾性分析。结果 本组经6～49个月随访。多数病人在STN-DBS作用下因症状明显改善，于开机后的1-6个月间使用抗PD药物逐渐减量。最终的选择剂量可维持2年以上。开机后5例不再服用相关药物。25例药物较术前平均减少60％。7例药物用量与术前相同，3例行单侧STN—DBS者术后药物用量增加。药物相关并发症因术后药物用量的减少而得到明显缓解。结论 STN—DBS能够减少术后抗PD药物的用量。改善药物引起的相关并发症。     

丘脑底核电刺激术治疗帕金森病的疗效观察

目的 探讨丘脑底核（STN）行脑深部电刺激术（DBS）治疗帕金森病（PD）的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年9月收治的64例PD的临床资料，均采用STN-DBS治疗。术后均随访3个月，使用统一帕金森病评定量表（UPDRS-Ⅲ）评分评估疗效。结果 64例手术顺利完成，平均用时（4.39±1.01）h。共置入128根刺激电极，术后CT计算移位距离为0~1.89 mm，平均（0.91±0.42）mm。术前检测64例改善率在37.20%~82.54%，平均（55.36±5.62）%。术后抗PD药物的左旋多巴等效剂量明显低于术前（P<0.05）；术后开机状态下UPDRS-Ⅲ评分明显低于术前（P<0.05）。术后出现颅内积气29例、颅内出血2例、延伸导线移位3例、情绪改变、构音障碍2例、异动9例，末次随访时均完全改善或症状消失。结论 STN-DBS治疗PD，能有效改善病人运动功能，减少抗PD药物的使用，但围术期并发症风险高，临床应重视操作技巧。     

帕金森病脑深部刺激术后FDG—PET／CT变化及临床意义

目的研究帕金森病（PD）脑深部刺激术（DBS）后全脑葡萄糖代谢（FDG）正电子发射断层扫描（PET）／计算机断层扫描（CT）功能影像学变化，探讨其评估手术疗效的临床价值。方法2011年2月至2011年7月，18例接受丘脑底核（STN）DBS治疗的PD患者分别在术前1w和术后6个月进行脑部18-F—FDG—PET／CT。结果术前大部分PD患者FDG影像学表现符合PD相关模式（PDRP）。术后异常代谢区域代谢趋向正常改变：纹状体区、中脑、感觉运动区和运动前区皮层的异常高代谢有明显下降；双侧前额叶、扣带回和辅助运动区皮层的异常低代谢有轻度升高。结论FDG影像对PD的诊断、鉴别诊断、病情评估和手术疗效有指导意义，但目前尚不能指导临床手术。     

双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病(附33例报道)

目的总结双侧脑深部电刺激术(DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)的手术方法和效果。方法对具有严重双侧症状和轴性症状的33例PD病人进行同期双侧丘脑底核DBS治疗。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后采用统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)运动评分评价刺激效果。结果术后随访3个月~4年,平均7.3个月。脉冲发生器开启时,UPDRS运动评分平均改善率在“关”状态下为62.3%,在“开”状态下为24.2%。记忆力下降2例,情绪改变7例,睁眼困难1例,肢体异动15例;无明显的致残性永久并发症和副作用。结论双侧丘脑底核DBS手术的安全性较高,可明显改善PD病人的运动功能。     

丘脑底核脑深部刺激术的参数设置及调整

目的 探讨帕金森病（PD）丘脑底核（STN）脑深部刺激术（DBS）术中、术后脉冲发生器的参数调整。方法 回顾采用STN—DBS治疗的62例帕金森病病人的病历资料．对病人术中及术后刺激参数的调整进行分析。结果 32例行单侧手术者均接受单极刺激；30例行双侧手术病人中，接受双侧双极刺激25例，双侧单极刺激2例．一侧单极刺激、另一侧双极刺激3例。7例触点调整均为上移。统一帕金森病评定量表（UPDRS）运动评分改善率双侧刺激优于单侧刺激。本组刺激参数为：电压双极14V．单极1～3．5V；脉宽60-120μs；频率180～190HZ。结论 STN—DBS术后病人采用适当刺激参数可获得安全可靠的疗效。电压调整对PD症状控制作用明显。脉宽及频率的调整相对较少；双侧刺激效果更佳。     

尾状核指数对帕金森病脑深部电刺激术疗效的影响

目的 探讨尾状核指数对帕金森病（PD）双侧苍白球内侧部（GPi）脑深部电刺激术（DBS）疗效的影响。方法 回顾性分析2018年8月至2020年12月双侧GPi-DBS治疗的36例PD的临床资料。术前应用MRI测量尾状核指数、Evans指数及第三脑室宽度。术前、术后6个月应用39项帕金森病问卷（PDQ-39）评分、统一帕金森病评定量表Ⅲ（UPDRS-Ⅲ）评分、左旋多巴等效日剂量（LEDD）评估疗效。根据术后6个月UPDRS-Ⅲ评分分为改善组（n=26）与恶化组（n=10）。结果 术后6个月,PDQ-39评分、UPDRS-Ⅲ评分、LEDD均明显降低（P<0.05）。恶化组尾状核指数、第三脑室宽度较改善组明显增大（P<0.05）,而Evans指数无明显变化（P>0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示尾状核指数≥0.16(OR=1.76;95%CI 1.09～3.18;P=0.017)是PD术后UPDRS-Ⅲ评分恶化的独立影响因素。结论 双侧GPi-DBs明显改善PD症状,尾状核指数可用于评估PD病人双侧GPi-DBS后运动功能。     

丘脑底核脑深部刺激治疗帕金森病的并发症分析和处理

目的 总结丘脑底核（STN）脑深部刺激（DBS）治疗帕金森病（PD）的并发症和防治措施。方法 对72例PD行STN—DBS治疗，术后随访3个月一5年，对发生的并发症进行分析。结果 术后发生与手术相关的并发症：电极放置不准2例．胸部皮下积液5例，耳后导线接头处头皮破溃1例，胸部皮下感染1例；刺激相关并发症：肢体异动19例，感觉异常18例，情绪改变7例，睁眼困难3例，记忆轻度减退2例；硬件故障：脉冲发生器异常关闭2例，电池耗竭1例。全组无明显的致残性永久并发症发生。结论 STN—DBS并发症较轻，处理得当可获得良好结果。     

The nondeclaration of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease to health care professionals: An international study using the nonmotor symptoms questionnaire

The nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) are less well recognised and can be more troublesome to patients and carers than classical motor features. NMS are frequently missed during routine consultations and such under‐recognition may have implications on quality of care given that many NMS are treatable. To determine the proportion of patients not declaring NMS to healthcare professional (HCP) as assessed by self completion of the NMS questionnaire (NMSQuest), a validated, self‐completing questionnaire with 30 items. Multicentre international study. The data was collected from PD patients across all age groups and stages attending outpatient clinics in specialist and care of the elderly settings. 242 patients recruited and undeclared NMS ranged from 31.8% (diplopia) to 65.2% (delusions). The most frequently nondeclared symptoms were delusions, daytime sleepiness, intense and vivid dreams, and dizziness. In many, appropriate treatments for undeclared NMS were started only after these were recognised following completion of NMSQuest. NMS of PD are frequently undeclared at routine hospital consultation and may be related to the fact that patients often do not link these symptoms with PD or may be too embarrassed to discuss these. Use of NMSQuest allows patients to flag symptoms which may be otherwise undeclared and remain untreated when potential treatments exist. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society     

原发性震颤患者的非运动症状

目的 研究原发性震颤(essential tremor,ET)患者嗅觉障碍等非运动症状的发生情况.方法 对62例ET患者应用震颤评分量表(Falm-Tolosa-Matin Tremor Rating Scale,TRS)、帕金森病非运动症状30问卷量表(Parkinson's disease non-motor symptoms questionnaire,NMS Quest)和MMSE进行评分,T&T标准嗅觉测试液检测嗅觉功能,并与60名健康体检者进行对照.结果 ET患者的嗅觉障碍发生率为51.6%(32/62),明显高于健康对照组(30.0%,18/60,x~2=12.371,P<0.05);平均每例ET患者出现5项左右不同的非运动症状,以对近期发生的事情记忆有困难或忘记做一些事情、嗅觉障碍、令人紧张或害怕的梦或生动梦境的发生率较高.嗅觉障碍等非运动症状的发生与ET患者的病程、病情严重程度、治疗与否没有明显的相关性.结论 除姿势性震颤或动作性震颤外,ET患者还会出现嗅觉障碍等非运动症状,需要全面认识和及时干预.     

Gender differences in non-motor symptoms in early, drug naïve Parkinson’s disease

Gender differences in brain structure and function may lead to differences in the clinical expression of neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Few studies reported gender-related differences in the burden of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in treated PD patients, but this matter has not been previously explored in drug-naïve PD patients. This study is to assess gender differences in the prevalence of NMS in a large sample of early, drug-naïve PD patients compared with age and sex-matched healthy controls. Two hundred early, drug-naïve PD patients and ninety-three age and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Frequency of NMS was evaluated by means of the Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire. The difference in gender distribution of NMS was evaluated with the χ ² exact test; multiple comparisons were corrected with the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Male PD patients complained of problems having sex and taste/smelling difficulties significantly more frequently than female PD patients. Furthermore, men with PD complained more frequently of dribbling, sadness/blues, loss of interest, anxiety, acting during dreams, and taste/smelling difficulties as compared to healthy control men, while female PD patients reported more frequently loss of interest and anxiety as compared with healthy control women. This study shows specific sex-related patterns of NMS in drug-naïve PD. In contrast with previous data, female PD patients did not present higher prevalence of mood symptoms as compared to male PD patients. Comparison with healthy controls showed that some NMS classically present in premotor and early stage of disease (i.e., acting out during dreams, taste/smelling difficulties) are more frequent in male than in female patients.     

Psychiatric and Cognitive Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective for Parkinson’s disease (PD), dystonia, and essential tremor (ET). While motor benefits are well documented, cognitive and psychiatric side effects from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus interna (GPi) DBS for PD are increasingly recognized. Underlying disease, medications, microlesions, and post-surgical stimulation likely all contribute to non-motor symptoms (NMS).     

帕金森病非运动症状及其治疗的流行病学调查

目的 调查帕金森病(Parkinson’s Disease, PD)非运动症状(Non-motor symptom, NMS)的发生率、严重程度、持续时间、治疗情况及其对生活质量的影响。方法 2014年1月～2016年4月对139例PD患者和87例健康成人(对照组)运用非运动症状评分(Non-Motor Symptoms Scale,NMSS)调查NMS,运用帕金森病生活质量问卷39项(39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire,PDQ-39)评估生活质量,运用Hoehn& Yahr(H-Y)分级评定PD患者运动症状的严重程度,并记录研究对象的一般情况和治疗情况,分析PD患者生活质量的影响因素。结果 98.6%的PD患者存在NMS,平均NMSS总分[(61.46±41.92),(0～208)]。在PD患者中发生率超过50%的NMS依次如下:夜尿、便秘、不宁腿、性欲下降、性功能障碍、失眠、乏力; 平均NMSS≥3分的NMS依次如下:便秘、性欲下降、性功能障碍、乏力、失眠、不宁腿、尿频、夜尿; 平均持续时间≥2年的NMS依次如下:便秘、性欲改变、夜尿、勃起障碍、快速动眼睡眠行为异常(REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire,RBD)、嗅觉障碍。PD患者中通便药、安眠药、抗抑郁药和排尿困难药的使用率分别为47.8%(43/90)、19.7%(13/66)、2.7%(2/74)、2.6%(2/76)。PD患者中通便药使用率显著多于正常人群(P<0.0001),2组安眠药使用率比较无明显差异(P=0.736),对照组无人使用改善情绪和排尿困难的药物。多重线性回归分析发现,调查时年龄、H-Y分级和NMS总分是PD患者日常生活质量的预测因素。结论 NMS几乎见于每例PD患者,自主神经功能紊乱、嗅觉障碍和RBD等NMS可用于辅助PD早期诊断,NMS降低PD患者的生活质量,需要加强对NMS的关注。     

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (parkinsonism–hyperpyrexia syndrome) after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), also called parkinsonism–hyperpyrexia syndrome (PHS), is a severe, general, sometimes fatal, physical reaction, induced by sudden and strong blockade of dopamine receptors. When subthalamic nucleus (STN)–deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used on patients with Parkinson disease (PD), dopaminergic medications are transiently stopped prior to the procedure, and a reduction in the use of drugs is routinely attempted after the procedure. Although a sudden stop or abrupt reduction of dopaminergic medications may set the stage for NMS/PHS, only three cases have been reported after STN–DBS surgery. Here, we describe a 75-year-old woman with PD who experienced delayed onset, yet fatal, PHS after STN–DBS. Although STN–DBS might prevent or suppress PHS, its protective effect is not always complete. We must be aware that fatal PHS can occur when the use of medication for PD is reduced or altered, even when patients are under continuous STN stimulation.     

Link between non-motor symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions in de novo, drug-naive PD patients

Little is known about the relationship between cognitive dysfunctions and the non-motor complex in subjects with newly diagnosed untreated Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to explore the association between non-motor symptoms (NMS) and cognitive dysfunctions in an incident cohort of de novo, drug-naive, PD patients. Sixty-six non-demented, early, untreated PD patients completed a semi-structured interview on NMS and a battery of neuropsychological tests that assess verbal memory, visuospatial abilities, and attention/executive functions. Scores were age- and education-corrected. Patients who failed at least two tests for each cognitive domain were diagnosed as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI). All but three (95.4%) PD patients complained of at least one NMS. A total of 37.8% was diagnosed with MCI. There was a relationship between sleep-NMS and cognitive dysfunctions. Specifically, both REM behavioral sleep disorders (RBD) and insomnia were associated with lower scores on several cognitive tests. Moreover, RBD was closely related to MCI. NMS and MCI are very common even in the early phase of PD, before patients are treated. Given the correlation between sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment, it is possible that sleep symptoms in PD patients might be considered as an early marker of dementia.     

International multicenter pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson's disease: the NMSQuest study.

Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not well recognized in clinical practice, either in primary or in secondary care, and are frequently missed during routine consultations. There is no single instrument (questionnaire or scale) that enables a comprehensive assessment of the range of NMS in PD both for the identification of problems and for the measurement of outcome. Against this background, a multidisciplinary group of experts, including patient group representatives, has developed an NMS screening questionnaire comprising 30 items. This instrument does not provide an overall score of disability and is not a graded or rating instrument. Instead, it is a screening tool designed to draw attention to the presence of NMS and initiate further investigation. In this article, we present the results from an international pilot study assessing feasibility, validity, and acceptability of a nonmotor questionnaire (NMSQuest). Data from 123 PD patients and 96 controls were analyzed. NMS were highly significantly more prevalent in PD compared to controls (PD NMS, median = 9.0, mean = 9.5 vs. control NMS, median = 5.5, mean = 4.0; Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and t test, P < 0.0001), with PD patients reporting at least 10 different NMS on average per patient. In PD, NMS were highly significantly more prevalent across all disease stages and the number of symptoms correlated significantly with advancing disease and duration of disease. Furthermore, frequently, problems such as diplopia, dribbling, apathy, blues, taste and smell problems were never previously disclosed to the health professionals.