一年期低能量饮食对肥胖2型糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗后干预的影响研究

[摘要]目的：分析一年期低能量饮食对肥胖2型糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗后干预的影响。方法：回顾性分析236例体重指数(BMI)≥28 kg·m-2的2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,根据是否采取一年期低能量饮食进行分组;对照组占48.73%(115/236),采取普通糖尿病饮食;观察组占51.27%(121/236),采取一年期低能量饮食;对比两组患者治疗前后的体重、血压(收缩压、舒张压)、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血脂(低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白L)、血尿酸、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶,并以体重变化值、体重变化百分率、用药情况(双胍类和磺脉类降糖药用量、停药率)作为观察指标。结果：治疗前,两组体重、血压、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、血尿酸、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶水平差异不显著(P＞0.05);治疗后,观察组体重轻于对照组,收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血尿酸、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶水平均低于对照组,高密度脂蛋白水平高于对照组,差异显著(P＜0.05);观察组体重变化值、体重变化百分率、停药率均大于对照组,双胍类和磺脉类降糖药用量均少于对照组,差异显著(P＜0.05)。结论：一年期低能量饮食对肥胖2型糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗后干预的效果显著,有效减轻患者的体重,改善代谢综合征,且减少降糖药用量,值得临床推广使用。 关键词：2型糖尿病;肥胖;低能量饮食;代谢综合征     

胰岛素治疗后肥胖2型糖尿病患者1年期低能量饮食干预的效果

目的:分析胰岛素治疗后肥胖2型糖尿病患者1年期低能量饮食干预的效果。方法:回顾性分析236例体重指数(BMI)≥28 kg/m2的2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,根据是否采取1年期低能量饮食,分为对照组115例,采取普通糖尿病饮食;观察组121例,采取低能量饮食。比较2组患者治疗前与治疗1年后的体重、血压(收缩压、舒张压)、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血脂(低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白)、血尿酸、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶,并以体重变化值、体重变化百分率、用药情况(双胍类和磺脲类降糖药用量、停药率)作为观察指标。结果:治疗前,2组体重、血压、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、血尿酸、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05);治疗后,观察组体重轻于对照组,收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血尿酸、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶水平均低于对照组,高密度脂蛋白水平高于对照组(均P 0. 05);观察组体重变化值、体重变化百分率、停药率均大于对照组,双胍类和磺脲类降糖药用量均少于对照组(P 0. 05或P 0. 01)。结论:胰岛素治疗后肥胖2型糖尿病患者采取低能量饮食干预1年,能有效减轻患者的体重,改善代谢综合征,且减少降糖药用量。     

中国成人及老年人群慢性肾脏病患病率Meta分析

目的获取中国成人及老年人慢性肾脏病(CKD)患病率。方法检索Pub Med、Sino Med、CNKI、维普、万方2007~2017年有关中国成人CKD流行病学调查研究对性别、老年、蛋白尿、血尿、肾小球滤过率(e GFR)下降(<60 ml/min)及地理分区进行亚组分析,并与中国大型横断面研究比较。结果最终纳入文献28篇,总调查161 084例,Egger回归显示不存在发表偏倚(P>0.05)。中国成人CKD未标化患病率为13.39%,女性患病率为14.41%,男性10.17%,60岁及以上老年人群患病率19.25%,60岁以下人群8.71%;蛋白尿、血尿及e GFR下降未标化患病率分别为7.30%、5.79%和2.59%;与中国大型横断面研究结果一致。西南地区CKD患病率最高为15.08%,华南地区最低(10.33%)。结论中国成人CKD患病率较高,老年人群尤为显著,单组率Meta分析结果可靠,加强CKD早期诊断及有效干预十分必要。     

减重手术对男性精子质量影响的Meta分析

目的系统评价减重手术对男性精子质量的影响。 方法计算机检索医学文献数据库,包括EMBASE、PubMed、Cochrane Library、万方、中国知网等,检索时间均从建库开始至2020年12月。搜集关于男性肥胖患者减重手术前后精子质量变化的文献,并对纳入文献进行质量评估,提取数据后采用Review Manager 5.3统计软件分析。 结果共纳入6项队列研究。Meta分析结果示：减重手术对男性肥胖患者射精量、精子浓度、运动精子（%）、向前运动精子（%）及正常形态精子（%）无明显影响,甚至可引起患者的精子总数下降（MD=43.29,95%CI: 3.24~83.34,P<0.03）。 结论减重手术不能改善精子质量,这需要更大样本及更长随访时间的随机前瞻性研究来证实。     

老年女性中心性肥胖低升糖指数饮食的减重作用

目的探讨和评估低升糖指数饮食(LGID)对老年女性单纯中心性肥胖减轻体重和降低肥胖相关性疾病风险的干预作用。方法对台北市宏瑞社区≥60岁老年女性单纯中心性肥胖者45例进行LGID试验,随机分为3 w组(6例)、4 w组(7例)、6 w组(8例)、8 w组(4例)、12 w组(20例)。45例患者均统一执行制定的饮食计量,各组LGID试验前后观察记录体脂、体重、腰围和臀围变化。结果 45例老年女性单纯中心性肥胖者执行LGID试验3 w组与试验前比较体质指数、腰围、臀围和体重无明显变化,LGID试验4 w组、6 w组、8 w组和12 w组各项指标均不同程度下降,分别为降低体脂0.45%³.37%;减轻体重1.263.37%;减轻体重1.26⁶.11 kg;减少臀围1.296.11 kg;减少臀围1.29⁵.55 cm;减少腰围2.715.55 cm;减少腰围2.71¹0.05 cm,其中以12 w组饮食计量减重效果最佳。结论 LGID计量和执行时间具有相关性,≤3 w无明显减重作用,≥4 w对老年女性单纯中心性肥胖者具有降低体质指数,减轻体重,减少腰围及臀围的作用,LGID≥12 w减轻体重效果最佳,对降低肥胖相关性疾病风险具有良好的干预作用。     

减重手术对肥胖合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退症影响的Meta分析

目的系统评价减重手术对肥胖相关的亚临床甲状腺功能减退症（SH）的影响。 方法检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、万方、中国知网等数据库关于减重手术对肥胖合并SH影响的相关研究,检索起止时间均从建库至2019年4月。采用MINORS （methodological index for non-randomized studies）条目进行纳入文献质量评价,使用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。 结果共纳入5项队列研究。Meta分析结果示：减重手术可促使合并SH的肥胖患者血清TSH下降（SMD =1.94,95%CI：1.59～2.30,P<0.00001）,而对FT4无影响（SMD=0.15,95%CI：-0.77～1.08,P=0.74）。减重手术可改善肥胖合并SH（OR=49.75, 95%CI: 15.08～164.15, P<0.00001）。 结论减重手术可以明显改善肥胖合并SH。     

肥胖的预防——科学饮食

既然是“科学饮食”,那就不能“不吃”而是要“会吃”。首先,要控制饮食量。决定减肥的朋友最好每日摄取热量比原来日常水平减少约1／3,再配合适当的体育运动,“每周减一斤”的目标就可以轻易实现了。低能量减重膳食为女性1000～1200千卡／天;     

限时饮食干预对肥胖患者体重的影响：TREATY研究的启示

本文主要介绍了近期《新英格兰医学杂志》(N Engl J Med)刊登论文限时或不限时的能量限制干预对减重的作用的研究设计, 分析论文的主要结果, 讨论研究结果的科学意义。在限时饮食备受关注之时, 该研究为限时饮食的开展提供了新的临床证据, 以及为未来限时饮食的研究提供了新的方向。     

慢性肾脏病5期合并高钾血症饮食干预1例报告

<正>慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是指各种原因引起的肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)下降[<60 mL/(min·1.73m²)]和(或)病理损伤、血液或尿液成分及影像学检查异常超过3个月。指南推荐增加植物性蛋白摄入比例,但面临增加高钾血症的风险。本研究报道1例糖尿病肾病、慢性肾脏病5期患者,肾功能快速下降且并发重度高钾血症,经口服硅酸锆钠散紧急降钾并维持治疗基础上,实施饮食干预方案,为临床解决慢性肾脏病合并高钾血症患者的饮食干预问题提供了参考方法。     

低T3综合征对慢性肾脏病非透析患者贫血的影响

目的探讨低三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）综合征对慢性肾脏病患者贫血的影响。方法回顾性分析40例慢性肾脏病未透析患者的临床资料,比较低T3组与非低T3组患者血红蛋白及其他指标的差异,并采用多元线性回归模型探讨低L水平对血红蛋白的独立影响作用。结果低T3组患者血红蛋白水平明显低于非低T3组（P〈0．01）;相关分析显示血FT3与血红蛋白水平之间呈显著正相关（r=0．410,P〈0．01）,多因素分析表明在校正年龄、性别、糖尿病等因素后,血FT3和肾小球率过滤是血红蛋白的独立影响因素（P〈0．01）。结论低T3综合征在慢性肾脏病人群中并不少见,它是影响慢性肾脏病非透析患者血红蛋白的独立危险因素,并且可能直接参与了该人群贫血的发生。     

Intensive management of obesity in people with severe chronic kidney disease: A review

Obesity is highly prevalent worldwide, including among people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The presence of severe and/or end-stage kidney disease complicates the treatment of obesity for several reasons, including restrictions on protein and fluid intake and renal excretion of several medications indicated for the treatment of obesity. The aim of this review is to assess the safety of intensive obesity treatments, such as very-low-energy diets (VLEDs), obesity pharmacotherapy and/or bariatric surgery, in people with end-stage kidney disease. A literature search was conducted to identify studies reporting safety outcomes for VLEDs, liraglutide, phentermine, phentermine-topiramate, naltrexone-bupropion and bariatric surgery in people with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 30 mL/min/1.73m² or on dialysis. Limited data were insufficient to recommend VLEDs but highlighted their potential efficacy and the need for close clinical and biochemical monitoring. There were no data regarding centrally acting obesity pharmacotherapy in this population, although some glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues appear to safely induce weight loss at doses used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Some studies suggest an increased rate of complications of bariatric surgery in individuals with severe or end-stage CKD. Further prospective evaluation of intensive obesity management in the growing population with obesity and severe, end-stage and dialysis-dependent CKD is required.     

Bone loss in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether loss of bone is detectable during follow-up of diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 40 initially non-dialysed diabetic patients with CKD (isotopic glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) or albumin excretion rate > 30 mg/24 h), body composition (DEXA scan) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR determined from (51)Cr-EDTA clearance) were measured at a 2-year interval, and compared by paired t-tests. RESULTS: The 40 patients, mainly with Type 2 diabetes (n = 28), were men (n = 28), aged 65 +/- 11 years, with diabetes duration 18 +/- 11 years. GFR was initially 38.0 (range 8-89) ml/min/1.73 m(2). CKD progressed during follow-up: eight started haemodialysis and GFR declined in the 32 others (P < 0.05 vs. initial). T-scores for total body (initial -0.61 +/- 1.11, final -1.11 +/- 1.40; P < 0.001) and femoral neck (initial -1.88 +/- 0.15, final -2.07 +/- 0.15; P < 0.05) declined. Ten patients were osteopaenic at baseline (no osteoporosis), whereas most were osteopaenic (n = 21, P < 0.05) and five were osteoporotic at final assessment. The 16 patients who became osteopaenic or osteoporotic during follow-up did not differ from the others for the type of diabetes, age, GFR, albumin excretion rate, HbA(1c), GFR reduction and the requirement for dialysis during follow-up. They were all men (P < 0.01 by chi-squared test), with reduced initial total body T-score (-1.20 +/- 0.82, others -0.32 +/- 1.13; P < 0.05) and a lower body mass index (24.6 +/- 4.3; others 27.7 +/- 4.3; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Bone loss, especially in the femoral neck, is progressive in diabetic patients with CKD.     

Fat-restricted low-glycemic index diet controls weight and improves blood lipid profile: A pilot study among overweight and obese adults in Southwest China

Evidence from trials demonstrating the benefits and risks of low-glycemic index and fat-restricted diets in weight loss and blood lipid profile changes is unclear. This study aimed to assess the implemented and effects of a fat-restricted low-glycemic index diet on weight control and blood lipid profile changes in in overweight/obese Southwest Chinese individualst.This prospective pilot study enrolled overweight/obese subjects at the People''s Hospital of Sichuan Province between February and July 2019. The daily energy intake was reduced by 300 to 500 kcal according to the participant‘s weight and activity level, with low-glycemic index carbohydrate- and fat-energy ratios < 45% and 25% to 30%, respectively. Participants received guidance for 3 months by telephone follow-up, internet interaction, or WeChat. Changes in weight, body composition, and blood profile were measured.A total of 254 patients were finally analyzed, including 101 males and 153 females. After adjusting for potential confounders, weight (P < .001), body mass index (P < .001), waist circumference (P < .001), waist-hip ratio (P < .001), body fat percentage (P < .001), visceral fat area (P < .001), basal metabolism (P = .002), cholesterol (P < .001), and triglycerides (P < .001) were significantly reduced after the 3-month intervention. The above indexes showed no significant differences between men and women.Regardless of gender, fat-restricted low-glycemic index diet might be helpful for controlling weight and lowering blood cholesterol and triglycerides in overweight/obese individuals in Southwest China.     

Urinary vanin‐1 associated with chronic kidney disease in hypertensive patients: A pilot study

Hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are serious interrelated public health problems. Despite the monitoring and control of high blood pressure, symptoms of CKD are not usually apparent in its early stages. Previously, we reported the utility of urinary vanin‐1 as an early biomarker of kidney injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats, but it remains unknown whether urinary vanin‐1 is associated with CKD in humans. In this study, we estimated associations between urinary vanin‐1 and parameters of kidney function in a cross‐sectional study of hypertensive patients. We measured concentrations of vanin‐1 using spot urine from 147 adult hypertensive patients (mean age, 72.8 years; 39.5% women). Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the median of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The group with eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m² showed significantly higher levels of urinary vanin‐1 than those with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min per 1.73 m². On univariate analysis, urinary vanin‐1 as well as neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) showed significant negative correlations with eGFR; however, multivariate analysis revealed that urinary vanin‐1, but not NGAL, significantly correlated with eGFR. In addition, urinary vanin‐1 had a significant positive correlation with the urinary protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (UPCR) (r = 0.21; P = .021) and albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) (r = 0.61; P < .01). In conclusion, urinary vanin‐1 is associated with lower eGFR and higher UPCR and UACR, and might be a potential marker of decreased kidney function in hypertensive patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.     

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients with chronic hepatitis B: A cross‐sectional survey

Renal safety is a major concern during long‐term antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with CHB that had been treated with antiviral therapy. This was a single‐centre, cross‐sectional study in a real‐life cohort in which all patients received antiviral treatment. Serum creatinine‐based equations from the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) were used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² or a urinary albumin to creatinine ratio ≥ 3 mg/mmol (defined as albuminuria). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the risk factors of CKD. A total of 1985 patients were included in the analysis from February 2015 to December 2015. The mean age and median duration of antiviral treatment was 42.20 years and 17.05 months, respectively. The overall prevalence of CKD was 7.9% (157/1985), with 44 patients experiencing decreased renal function (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m²) and 129 patients with albuminuria. Patients with cirrhosis had a higher prevalence of a decreased GFR (4.3% vs 1.6%, P<.001) and albuminuria (11.1% vs 5.2%, P<.001) than those without cirrhosis. In the multivariate analysis, hypertension (Odds Ratio [OR] 4.564, P<.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.688, P<.001) and cirrhosis (OR 1.918, P<.001) were independent factors associated with the presence of CKD. CKD was a clinically significant comorbidity in patients with CHB. Special attention should be paid to cirrhotic patients and patients with the metabolic syndrome.     

慢性肾脏病患者血管钙化相关生物学标志物

血管钙化是慢性肾脏病患者心血管死亡的主要原因,是患者死亡率强有力的预测因子。随着慢性肾脏病的进展,血管钙化发生率不断增加。因此需要找到预测血管钙化的生物标志物,用来预测未来心血管事件发生率和致死率,进行相应干预,改善患者预后。现已有不少关于慢性肾脏病患者血管钙化生物标志物的相关研究,文章就这些生物标志物进行了简要的综述。     

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with chronic kidney disease: A narrative review

Severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 is currently causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, placing extreme strain on the global health system. Vaccination is the main measure for preventing the COVID-19 epidemic, especially for high-risk groups including patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, CKD patients receiving dialysis or kidney transplant may be characterized by decreased renal function and immune disorders, which may have uncertainties in their health. This overview aims to introduce the possible impact of the COVID-19 vaccine on kidney disease and its application in patients with CKD to provide evidence for the COVID-19 vaccine in patients with CKD. The data for this study were collected from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI). The following keywords were used: “COVID-19”, “COVID-19 vaccine,” and “CKD”. The publication time of the papers was set from the establishment of the databases to September 2021. A total of 47 studies were included, and patients with CKD are a high-risk group for COVID-19 infection and severe illness. Vaccination is a powerful tool for preventing CKD patients from COVID-19. Because of possible side effects, the recurrence or deterioration of kidney disease may occur in CKD patients after vaccination. Although vaccination for patients with CKD remains a problem, with the advantages outweighing the disadvantages, stable CKD patients should complete a vaccination plan, and doctors should be aware of the recurrence or deterioration of kidney disease and close monitoring.Data access statement:Research data supporting this publication are available from the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI).     

Contrast-induced nephropathy after a second percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease

Background Data are limited regarding the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) for patients after the second contrast exposure. Objective To examine the risk of CIN after the second contrast exposure in patients of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods Patients of ACS scheduled for a second elective PCI. Patients were required to have an estimated creatinine clearance (CrCl) between 15 and 60 ml/min. The value of serum creatinin (sCr) prior to the second contrast exp...