机械取栓装置在缺血性卒中患者治疗中的应用

目前,在发病4．5h内进行静脉溶栓仍然是治疗急性缺血性卒中患者的最有效方法。对于不符合静脉溶栓治疗标准、静脉溶栓后症状无明显改善甚至恶化的患者,血管内介入治疗是一种安全的替代治疗方法。经动脉机械取栓装置能实现迅速和完全的血管再通,为急性缺血性卒中患者提供了更多的治疗选择。文章对近年来机械取栓装置相关的技术演变和临床试验进行了综述。     

急性缺血性卒中患者血管内介入治疗的循证医学证据

血管内介入治疗已成为急性缺血性卒中治疗的研究热点,主要包括动脉溶栓、动静脉联合溶栓、机械再通、血管成形和支架置入术等。文章对血管内介入治疗急性缺血性卒中患者的循证证据进行了综述。     

伴心房颤动的急性缺血性卒中的治疗

心房颤动是缺血性卒中的一种重要病因.研究表明,与无心房颤动者相比,伴有心房颤动的卒中患者会出现更严重的神经功能缺损和更高的病死率.此外,心房颤动还是静脉溶栓后血管未能再通的独立危险因素,与转归不良相关.机械取栓治疗为伴有心房颤动的急性缺血性卒中患者提供了新的治疗方案.文章就合并心房颤动的急性缺血性卒中患者的静脉溶栓和机械取栓治疗进行了综述.     

急性缺血性卒中院前延误及其影响因素

急性缺血性卒中最有效的治疗方式为静脉溶栓和血管内治疗。在中国接受静脉溶栓和血管内治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者比例较低,院前延误是其重要原因。文章对院前延误的影响因素及干预措施进行了综述。     

尿激酶动脉溶栓与重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中的疗效比较

目的 评价尿激酶动脉溶栓与重组组织纤溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rtPA)静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中的疗效和安全性.方法 发病6 h内的急性脑梗死患者43例,其中动脉溶栓组31例行超选择性动脉溶栓,静脉溶栓组12例行rtPA静脉溶栓.观察动脉溶栓组血管再通.90 d时改良Rankin量表(modified Ranlkin scale,mRS)评分评价2组转归.结果 动脉溶栓组完全再通18例(58.1%),部分再通7例(22.6%),血管再通率为80.6%,并发有症状颅内出血3例,死亡1例.尿激酶动脉溶栓组与rtPA静脉溶栓组90 d时转归良好率(74.2%对66.7%,x2=0.24,P=0.622)和有症状颅内出血发生率(9.68%对8.33%,x2=0.19,P=0.892)均无显著差异.结论 在治疗时间窗内尿激酶动脉溶栓能显著提高闭塞血管再通率,改善患者急性期临床症状和远期转归,近期疗效和远期转归均与rtPA静脉溶栓相当.     

单纯静脉溶栓与静脉溶栓联合血管内介入治疗对急性缺血性脑血管病的临床疗效比较

目的比较单纯静脉溶栓与静脉溶栓联合血管内介入治疗对急性缺血性脑血管病的临床疗效。方法纳入我院收治的老年急性缺血性脑血管病患者180例为研究对象。将患者随机分为联合组(90例)和药物组(90例),分别给予静脉溶栓联合血管内介入治疗和单纯静脉溶栓治疗。分析比较2组患者血管再通率,病变血管收缩期峰流速值和美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及不良血管事件的发生率。结果联合组血管再通成功率显著高于药物组(67.8%vs 47.8%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与治疗前比较,联合组治疗后各血管的收缩期峰流速均显著下降(P<0.05);联合组治疗后各血管的收缩期峰流速明显低于药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后2组6 h和12 h NIHSS评分显著改善,联合组治疗后各时间点NIHSS评分均明显低于药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后12个月,联合组不良血管事件发生率明显低于药物组(3.3%vs 16.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论静脉溶栓联合血管内介入治疗急性缺血性脑血管病的临床疗效明显优于单纯静脉溶栓治疗,血管再通率高,不良血管事件发生率低,值得临床推广应用。     

急性缺血性卒中患者再灌注治疗后出血性转化风险的预测

再灌注治疗(包括静脉溶栓和血管内治疗)是急性缺血性卒中的有效治疗方法。作为再灌注治疗后的常见并发症, 出血性转化与患者转归不良密切相关。早期通过临床特征、影像学和血液生物标志物进行评估可预测出血性转化风险, 从而更好地指导急性缺血性卒中患者的再灌注治疗。     

急性缺血性卒中再灌注治疗后血管再闭塞

急性缺血性卒中是最常见的卒中类型,在发病4.5 h内进行静脉溶栓仍是目前最有效的治疗方法.其他再灌注治疗,如血管内血栓切除术也显示出其安全性和有效性.然而,部分接受再灌注治疗的患者会出现血管再闭塞,且与转归不良相关.文章对再灌注后血管再闭塞的发生机制和可能防治措施进行了综述.     

动脉内溶栓联合血管成形术治疗发病六小时内椎-基底动脉系统缺血性卒中患者的疗效

目的探讨动脉内溶栓联合血管成形术治疗椎-基底动脉系统缺血性卒中6 h内患者的疗效及安全性。方法收集2006年4月—2012年2月椎-基底动脉系统急性缺血性卒中（发病时间〈6 h）患者21例,根据所用治疗方式的不同分为单纯动脉内溶栓组（10例）和动脉内溶栓联合血管成形术组（联合治疗组,11例）。联合治疗组中4例行球囊扩张和支架置入术,1例行支架置入术,6例仅行球囊扩张术。根据急性心肌梗死溶栓标准（TIMI）判定血管再通情况。采用美国国立卫生院卒中评分（NIHSS）评价治疗前后的神经功能。根据改良Rankin量表（mRS）评估溶栓后3个月的疗效。结果①单纯溶栓组6例患者的血管再通,其中1例（10.0%）为完全再通,联合治疗组有7例血管再通,其中6例（54.5%）为完全再通,完全再通率差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05。②经治疗后,单纯溶栓组和联合治疗组的NIHSS评分均下降,但是两组患者的术后即刻、术后24h和术后2周的NIHSS评分比较,组间差异无统计学意义。③两组均有3例患者死亡。治疗3个月后,存活的患者中,单纯溶栓组疗效良好的有4例,疗效差的有3例;联合治疗组分别为5例和3例。两组比较,病死率及疗效差异无统计学意义。④成功施行支架置入术的5例患者,血管均得到完全再通,术后随访未见再狭窄。而动脉溶栓联合单纯球囊扩张的6例患者中,仅2例获再通（1例为完全再通）,其中1例术后3个月发生再狭窄。结论对于行单纯动脉内溶栓血管不能再通的椎-基底动脉系统急性缺血性卒中患者,联合血管内成形术可提高血管再通率;支架置入术较单纯球囊扩张术疗效可能更佳。     

动脉途径血流重建治疗急性缺血性卒中的研究进展

由于静脉溶栓受时间窗窄、血管再通率低等多种因素的影响,故治疗急性缺血性卒中的动脉途径血流重建越来越受到重视[1-2]。我们对近年来急性缺血性卒中的动脉溶栓和其他动脉途径机械血流重建的方法综述如下。1动脉局部溶栓     

No space left for intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke: PROS

Five recently published RCTs (MR CLEAN, EXTEND-IA, SWIFT PRIME, REVASCAT and ESCAPE) employing mechanical thrombectomy with modern stent retriever devices clearly demonstrated the superiority of endovascular treatment compared to thrombolysis alone, which is now considered standard first-line therapy for selected patients with acute severe ischemic stroke and large vessel in the anterior circulation. RCT results led to recommendations outlined in “Mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke by ESO-Karolinska Stroke Update 2014/2015, supported by ESO, ESMINT, ESNR and EAN”. Moreover, endovascular procedures in the 5 RCTs to date were performed at high-volume referral centers with, in some trials, rigid requirements for the interventionalist to participate, which may have contributed substantially to the excellent results, supporting the concept of centralization of intra-arterial thrombolysis resources and expertise. Therefore, patients with suspected large-artery occlusion and deemed candidates for thrombectomy, should be treated at a Comprehensive Stroke Centre with 24/7 endovascular treatment services. There seems to be limited space left for intravenous thrombolysis alone in acute stroke patients with large-vessel occlusions as thrombectomy plus thrombolysis continues to be reported as being superior with regard to outcome.     

急性缺血性卒中的血管内介入治疗：围手术期并发症及其处理

血管内介入治疗作为急性缺血性卒中的有效治疗手段日益受到重视,但大量血运重建临床试验表明其病死率和并发症发生率均高于静脉内溶栓。文章就急性缺血性卒中血管内介入治疗围手术期并发症及其处理进行了综述。     

Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke With Clot Retrieval Devices

OPINION STATEMENT: Mechanical clot retrieval is increasingly used for flow-restoration and thrombectomy in acute embolic stroke. Emerging as a treatment option in addition to intravenous or intra-arterial thrombolysis, it is currently being further developed and investigated as a potential first-line and stand-alone treatment. The ability to rapidly restore flow and effectively retrieve clots from large intracranial arteries is reflected by angiographic data and preliminary clinical results. This article reviews the principles and technical aspects of this new technique, its emergence from the spectrum of intravenous and endovascular stroke treatment, and summarizes the first clinical results for acute ischemic anterior and posterior circulation stroke. Clot retrieval devices are a very promising option for treatment of acute ischemic stroke in the setting of large vessel occlusion. However, there currently exists a reported discrepancy between excellent recanalization rates and less satisfactory clinical outcomes. This problem urgently needs to be addressed in a prospective randomized fashion and improvements of treatment be recognized and implemented before clot retrieval can be considered an established form of acute stroke treatment.     

Acute therapy and prevention of stroke in spontaneous carotid dissection

No randomized and controlled study has evaluated acute stroke therapy and antithrombotic agents for stroke prevention in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection (CAD). CAD was not a contraindication for including cases with acute ischemic stroke in trials evaluating systemic fibrinolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Small case series have reported successful systemic and local intra-arterial thrombolysis without clinical signs of rupture of the dissected vessel. Thus, thrombolysis seems to be a therapeutic option in acute CAD causing ischemic stroke, although it remains unclear whether rt-PA increases the obstruction of the dissected vessel by enlarging the wall hematoma or diminishes the obstruction by enhancing the recanalization of the thrombus adhering to the dissection. Meta-analyses have shown no benefit of anticoagulation compared to aspirin in stroke prevention of patients with CAD. It is also unclear, whether long-term antithrombotic therapy is necessary. Many centers and ours maintain the antithrombotic therapy for 3 to 6 months. Dissections of the internal carotid artery (ICAD) have a benign long-term prognosis with low stroke rates that are not related to the persistence of severe carotid stenosis or occlusion. These results suggest that surgical or endovascular therapy of ICA stenosis or occlusion related to ICAD should only be taken into consideration in the very rare patients with stroke recurrence in spite of an optimal medical treatment. Cervical aneurysms caused by CAD have an excellent long-term outcome with a low stroke risk, and no vessel rupture has been reported. Thus, surgical or endovascular therapy should be restricted to the very rare cases developing ischemic symptoms in the vascular territory supplied by the dissected aneurysm in spite of antithrombotic therapy.     

Acute Stroke Intervention

Ischemic strokes will make up most (>80%) of the three-quarters of a million strokes that will occur in Americans this year. Reperfusion therapy is the fundamental strategy for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Reperfusion therapy may be accomplished noninvasively (intravenous thrombolysis) or invasively with catheter-based treatments (intra-arterial thrombolysis, thrombectomy, or angioplasty). Currently, a large majority of patients with acute ischemic stroke do not receive any form of reperfusion therapy owing to their delayed presentation (>3 hours) and lack of skilled man power for on-demand endovascular treatment. Paradoxically, improved success rates for reperfusion have been reported with the newer thrombectomy catheters, called “stentreivers.” An option for broadening access for patients who need endovascular therapy would be to use interventional cardiologists with carotid stent experience who can help to provide 24×7×365 coverage.     

No space left for intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke: CONS

Recent successful clinical trials of endovascular thrombectomy for large artery ischaemic stroke have established the value of this treatment modality as an adjunct to intravenous thrombolysis, not as an alternative: thrombectomy delivery was undertaken in the context of highly efficient networks for acute thrombolysis delivery and the great majority of patients received IV thrombolytic drug treatment. Even for the minority of acute stroke patients for whom thrombectomy is potentially relevant, access will be limited by geography and service infrastructure. Developments in intravenous thrombolysis in the near future will likely produce safer and more effective intravenous treatments. Intravenous thrombolysis will remain the first line of treatment for the great majority of acute stroke patients.     

Acute spinal cord ischemia during aortography treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy

Acute anterior spinal cord ischemia is a rare but disastrous complication of endovascular aortic procedures. Although intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is an effective treatment for acute brain ischemia, its use for the treatment of spinal cord ischemia has not previously been reported. We report the case of a patient who developed anterior spinal cord ischemia during diagnostic aortography He was treated with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours after the onset of symptoms. The patient had a rapid neurologic improvement and was discharged from the hospital 3 days after thrombolysis, regaining his ability to walk unassisted. We propose that acute spinal cord ischemia can be treated with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours after the onset of symptoms, as can any other case of acute ischemic stroke.     

Reperfusion strategies for acute ischemic stroke

Stroke remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite preventive measures, effective management strategies are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this devastating condition. While the management of hemorrhagic stroke is mostly limited to supportive care, reperfusion strategies in ischemic stroke have been developed and continue to evolve. Conceptually, the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke is similar to that of acute myocardial infarction and the objective of management is similar (ie, to rapidly restore normal flow to reduce permanent damage). It is, therefore, not surprising that the management of acute ischemic stroke includes intravenous (IV) thrombolysis, the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved strategy at this point. In addition, there are a myriad of emerging endovascular interventional techniques. We review the current literature and discuss some of the technical aspects of endovascular therapy in the setting of acute ischemic stroke.