程序性死亡蛋白配体-1/程序性死亡蛋白-1在老年胃癌患者外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞中的表达及临床意义

目的 通过分析程序性死亡蛋白配体-1/程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed death ligand-1/programmed death-1,PD-L1/PD-1)在老年胃癌患者外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞中表达情况,探讨其临床意义.方法 选择同一时期90例老年胃癌患者(具有不同临床分期)及90例老年健康体检者,分别采取新鲜外周血后经流式细胞仪检测血中CD8+T淋巴细胞表面PD-L1/PD-1表达情况,结合老年胃癌患者的临床分期,分析PD-L1/PD-1在不同胃癌分期中的表达意义.结果 PD-L1/PD-1在老年胃癌患者外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞呈高表达,相较于老年健康者差异具有统计学意义(t=7.043,P<0.05);外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞的PD-L1/PD-1阳性表达均随着临床分期的增加而增加,呈明显的正相关性(r=0.883,P<0.05);外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞的PD-1阳性表达随着临床分期的增加而增加,两者之间呈正相关性(r=0.811,P<0.05);临床分期较晚的老年胃癌患者外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞PD-L1/PD-1表达比其他相对较早的临床分期老年胃癌患者显著上升(t=4.377,P<0.05).结论 PD-L1/PD-1信号通路异常在老年胃癌患者病变的发生发展过程中发挥了重要作用,外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞PD-L1/PD-1的表达对评判患者的预后具有指导作用.     

PD-1及PD-L1与肿瘤适应性免疫抵抗的研究进展

程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed death protein 1,PD-1)与其配体程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1)属于CD28/B7家族,是近年研究比较透彻的免疫检查点分子。PD-1/PD-L1通过调节外周组织中免疫反应的持续性和效价避免组织损伤并维持对于自身抗原的耐受。肿瘤细胞主动性抑制T细胞的机制称为适应性免疫抵抗(adaptive immune resistance),即肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞企图攻击肿瘤,但肿瘤细胞发生反应性改变(诱导表达PD-L1)从而避免免疫攻击。适应性免疫抵抗过程中的关键分子即为PD-1/PD-L1。PD-1/PD-L1抗体治疗已在临床试验中显示出良好的疗效,使阻断适应性免疫抵抗有望成为重要的肿瘤免疫治疗手段。分析肿瘤活检样本的基线免疫信息能指导制定个体化的免疫治疗方案。本文就PD-1/PD-L1的生物学结构、适应性免疫抵抗机制及相关临床决策等进行综述。     

PD-L1表达调控与肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展

程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)是导致肿瘤免疫逃逸的重要免疫检查点分子,阻断PD-1/PD-L1可以重新激活细胞毒性T细胞对肿瘤的杀伤作用,是一种重要的肿瘤免疫治疗方式。肿...     

程序性死亡受体1在HIV感染和防治中的作用研究进展

程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)是细胞表面的一种免疫抑制分子,与配体PD-L1或PD-L2相互作用,负向调控细胞和体液免疫应答。人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染后,PD-1在感染者外周血淋巴细胞表面表达上调,高水平表达的...     

膀胱尿路上皮癌中PD-L1和PD-L2的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨膀胱尿路上皮癌(urothelial bladder cancer,UBC)中程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)以及程序性死亡配体-2(programmed death-ligand 2,PD-L2)的表达及临床意义.方法 采用免疫组化法检测58例UBC组织中...     

PD-1/PD-L1检测点抑制剂抵抗机制的研究进展北大核心CSCD

机体的免疫系统可以识别并摧毁肿瘤,但肿瘤为了逃避免疫攻击可以进化。当前以细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA4)或程序性死亡分子受体1(programmed death 1,PD-1)及程序性死亡分子配体1(programmed death 1 ligand,PD-L1)为靶点的免疫治疗成为了强有力的新治疗方案[1]。     

PD-1/PD-L1参与肿瘤免疫逃逸的研究进展

程序性死亡分子1及其配体(PD-1/PD-L1)是一对负性免疫共刺激分子,正常情况下,组织细胞表面的PD-L1与淋巴细胞表面的PD-1结合后,可抑制淋巴细胞功能,诱导活化的淋巴细胞凋亡,从而在自身免疫耐受及防止自身免疫性疾病中发挥重要作用。多种肿瘤细胞表面也表达PD-L1,肿瘤细胞表达的PD-L1,可与肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞表面的PD-1分子结合,抑制淋巴细胞的功能及细胞因子的释放,并诱导淋巴细胞凋亡,从而抵抗淋巴细胞的杀伤作用,最终导致肿瘤发生免疫逃逸。     

肺腺癌中PD-1、PD-L1蛋白表达与K-RAS基因突变状态的相关性分析

目的探讨肺腺癌程序性死亡分子-1(programmed death 1,PD-1)、程序性死亡分子配体-1(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)蛋白的表达与K-RAS基因突变的相关性。方法采用免疫组化EnVision两步法检测PD-1、PD-L1蛋白的表达,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测K-RAS基因的突变类型。结果肺腺癌组织中PD-1、PD-L1的阳性率均高于良性病变肺组织(P0.01),PD-1、PD-L1蛋白表达与患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、分化程度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期均无相关性(P0.05)。36例肺腺癌样本中发生K-RAS基因突变者8例(22.2%),K-RAS基因突变与患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、分化程度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期均无关(P0.05)。相关分析显示PD-1、PD-L1蛋白表达与K-RAS突变无关(P0.05)。结论 PD-1、PD-L1蛋白在肺腺癌中的表达明显高于良性病变肺组织,但两者表达程度与肺腺癌的临床病理特征及K-RAS基因突变无关。     

胃癌组织中PD-1/PD-L1的表达与临床病理特征及预后的相关性

目的探讨胃癌组织中程序性死亡分子-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)、程序性死亡-配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)的表达与临床病理特征及预后的相关性。方法采用免疫组化法检测2011~2016年南京医科大学附属江苏盛泽医院75例未经放、化疗的胃癌组织及相应癌旁组织中PD-1、PD-L1的表达,分析胃癌组织中PD-1、PD-L1表达与临床病理特征的关系,及与患者生存时间的关系。结果 75例胃癌细胞中PD-L1的阳性率为37.3%(28/75),与患者年龄、肿瘤直径、分化程度相关。肿瘤间质淋巴细胞PD-1的阳性率为46.7%(35/75),与p TNM分期相关。肿瘤细胞PD-L1及肿瘤间质淋巴细胞PD-1表达均明显高于癌旁组织(P0.001)。Kaplan-Meier及Log-rank结果显示,患者生存时间与肿瘤直径、分化程度、浸润深度、转移、p TNM分期有关(P0.05),与肿瘤PD-1、PD-L1无关。短期随访14个月,肿瘤细胞PD-L1阳性者的预后明显比阴性者差。结论 PD-1、PD-L1在癌组织中的表达明显高于癌旁组织。肿瘤细胞PD-L1阳性有助于患者短期预后的评估,与总生存率无关。     

PD-1/PD-L在淋巴瘤中的研究进展

淋巴瘤是一组异质性的淋巴造血系统恶性肿瘤。程序性死亡受体1(programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(programmed death-ligand,PD-L)在T细胞介导的免疫应答过程中发挥重要作用。PD-1与PD-L1/PD-L2之间的相互作用可引起细胞凋亡以及T细胞耗竭,进而抑制抗肿瘤免疫应答。近年来研究发现以PD-1/PD-L1为靶点的免疫检查点抑制剂可有效地恢复T细胞功能,为肿瘤的治疗带来希望。该文就PD-1/PD-L在淋巴瘤中的免疫组化研究进展作一综述,以期为淋巴瘤的诊疗提供参考。     

Specialized pro-resolving receptors are expressed in salivary glands with Sjögren's syndrome

Our previous studies demonstrated that resolvin D1 (RvD1) and its aspirin-trigged (AT) form AT-RvD1, are effective in decreasing inflammation while restoring saliva flow rates in a Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-like mouse model before and after disease onset. Resolvins are specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) that actively regulate inflammation. However, we only have extensive data within the salivary glands for RvD1 and AT-RvD1, both of which bind to the receptor ALX/FPR2. As such, the presence of other SPM receptors is unknown within salivary glands. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the expression of SPM receptors in non-SS and SS patients. For this purpose, six human minor salivary glands from female subjects were analyzed by H&E using the Chisholm and Mason classification to determine the degree of lymphocytic infiltration. Next, confocal immunofluorescence analysis was performed to determine the presence and distribution of different SPM receptors in mucous acini and striated ducts. We observed diffuse presence of lymphocytic infiltration and clinical data were consistent with SS diagnosis in three patients. Moreover, confocal immunofluorescence analysis indicated the presence of the receptors ALX/FPR2, BLT1 and CMKLR1 in the mucous acini and striated ducts of both non-SS and SS patients. GPR32 was absent in SS and non-SS minor salivary glands. In summary, our results showed that various SPM receptors are expressed in non-SS and SS minor salivary glands, all of which may pose as potential targets for promoting pro-epithelial and anti-inflammatory/pro-resolution signaling on SS patients.     

Prevalences of herpesviruses DNA sequences in salivary gland biopsies from primary and secondary Sj?gren's syndrome using degenerated consensus PCR primers.

BACKGROUND: Sj?gren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy associated with multiple autoantibodies, lymphocyte infiltration of various organs, and functional deficiency of T cells. Several viruses have been implicated by PCR based studies, but their contribution to the pathophysiology of SS is still controversial. OBJECTIVES: In an attempt to explore the presence of human herpesviruses DNA sequences in salivary glands biopsies from patients suffering of SS, a recently developed strategy based on PCR with consensus degenerated primers that allowed to detect known and eventually unknown herpesviruses was used. STUDY DESIGN: Salivary glands biopsies from 55 patients suffering of primary and SS syndrome were explored by herpesviruses consensus PCR primers and all the PCR products were sequenced. RESULTS: Nine out of 55 salivary glands were positive by PCR and sequence analyses allowed to identify Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 6 cases and herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 in 3 cases. We did not detect any sequences that could be related to a new herpesvirus. CONCLUSION: In view of the good sensitivity of the technique used, our study is not consistent with SS being associated with an unknown herpesvirus. However, our results suggest that EBV and HSV-1 could be implicated in a subset of SS cases and this possibility needs to be explored, to assess the potential benefit of antiviral drugs in some cases.     

Green tea polyphenols reduce autoimmune symptoms in a murine model for human Sjogren's syndrome and protect human salivary acinar cells from TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a relatively common autoimmune disorder. A key feature of SS is lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands, associated with the destruction of secretory functions of these glands. Current treatment of SS targets the symptoms but is unable to reduce or prevent the damage to the glands. We reported previously that the major green tea polyphenol (GTP) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits autoantigen expression in normal human keratinocytes and immortalized normal human salivary acinar cells (Hsu et al. 2005). However, it is not known whether GTPs have this effect in vivo, if they can reduce lymphocytic infiltration, or protect salivary acinar cells from tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced cytotoxicity. Here, we demonstrate that in the NOD mouse, a model for human SS, oral administration of green tea extract reduced the serum total autoantibody levels and the autoimmune-induced lymphocytic infiltration of the submandibular glands. Further, we show that EGCG protected normal human salivary acinar cells from TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity. This protection was associated with specific phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and inhibitors of the p38 MAPK pathway blocked the protective effect. In conclusion, GTPs may provide a degree of protection against autoimmune-induced tissue damage in SS, mediated in part through activation of MAPK elements.     

Green tea polyphenols reduce autoimmune symptoms in a murine model for human Sjogren's syndrome and protect human salivary acinar cells from TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a relatively common autoimmune disorder. A key feature of SS is lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands, associated with the destruction of secretory functions of these glands. Current treatment of SS targets the symptoms but is unable to reduce or prevent the damage to the glands. We reported previously that the major green tea polyphenol (GTP) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits autoantigen expression in normal human keratinocytes and immortalized normal human salivary acinar cells (Hsu et al. 2005). However, it is not known whether GTPs have this effect in vivo, if they can reduce lymphocytic infiltration, or protect salivary acinar cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced cytotoxicity. Here, we demonstrate that in the NOD mouse, a model for human SS, oral administration of green tea extract reduced the serum total autoantibody levels and the autoimmune-induced lymphocytic infiltration of the submandibular glands. Further, we show that EGCG protected normal human salivary acinar cells from TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity. This protection was associated with specific phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and inhibitors of the p38 MAPK pathway blocked the protective effect. In conclusion, GTPs may provide a degree of protection against autoimmune-induced tissue damage in SS, mediated in part through activation of MAPK elements.     

Intrahepatic PD-1/PD-L1 Up-regulation Closely Correlates with Inflammation and Virus Replication in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection

Chronic hepatitis B was characterized by fluctuant immune response to infected hepatocytes resulting in hepatic inflammation and virus persistence. Recently, Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have been demonstrated to play an essential role in balancing antiviral immunity and inflammation in the livers of acute hepatitis B patients, significantly influencing disease outcome. PD-1 up-regulation in peripheral T cells is associated with immune dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B patients. However, the effect of PD-1/PD-L1 on hepatic damage and chronic infective status is still unknown in patients with chronic HBV infection. Here, we report up-regulation of PD-1 and PD-L1 in liver biopsies from 32 chronic HBV patients compared to 4 healthy donors. PD-1/PD-L1 up-regulation was significantly associated with hepatic inflammation and ALT elevation. Moreover, appropriate up-regulation but not overexpression of PD-L1 in the active phase of chronic hepatitis B as well as lower expression of PD-L1 in the inactive phase in liver residential antigen presenting cells (including Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells) may contribute to viral inhibition. Our data suggest that the intrahepatic interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 might play an important role in balancing the immune response to HBV and immune-mediated liver damage in chronic HBV infection.     

PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry in salivary duct carcinoma

BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors play an increasing role in oncologic care. PD-L1 expression is associated with survival and predicts response to PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in a variety of tumors. Our aim is to evaluate the frequency and prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression in salivary duct carcinoma.DesignWe retrospectively evaluated the expression of PD-L1 by two different antibodies (PD-L1 28–8 and PD-L1 22C3) in salivary duct carcinomas. PD-L1 expression in at least 1% of tumor cells was considered immunoreactive. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to determine the impact of PD-L1 expression on survival; differences between survival curves were assessed by the chi-square test, and pairwise comparisons of factors were assessed with the log-rank test.ResultsA total of 113 patients' specimens were evaluated. Seventy-six (76%) of the patients were male. Mean age at time of presentation was 61.2 (SD = 12.4) years. PD-L1 expression was found in 26% of the samples. Median follow-up time was 36.6 months (range = 1.4–249 months). Overall survival at 3, 5 and 10 years were 52.6%, 37.9% and 25.6%, respectively. There was no statistical difference in survival between patients with PD-L1-immunoreactive tumors and those without, regardless of which antibody was used (chi² result for all plots: p = 0.53; log rank test for pairwise comparison: p > 0.256).ConclusionIn our analysis, PD-L1 expression occurred in a small proportion of salivary duct carcinomas, usually at low levels, and did not correlate with survival. Its predictive value and utility in selecting patients with salivary duct carcinoma who might benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors warrants further investigation.     

Cellular-versus-humoral autoimmune responses to salivary gland in sjögren's syndrome

In Sjögren's syndrome (SS), the earliest glandular infiltration by lymphoid cells surrounds the salivary ducts, which are also the target of the organ-specific antisalivary duct (ASD) autoantibody found in some patients with this disorder. A sensitizing antigen localized in ductal epithelial cells may elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. In a study using coded specimens from twenty-five patients with SS and eight with rheumatoid arthritis, sera were tested for ASD, and lip biopsies were graded for the degree of lymphoid infiltration and destruction of labial salivary glands. Significantly less cellular infiltration was found in SS patients who had ASD compared to those who lacked this antibody. In SS, the group of ASD-negative patients had greater gland destruction and more severe xerostomia. The possible role of ASD as a blocking antibody is suggested.     

Modes of epithelial cell death and repair in Sjögren's syndrome (SS)

We evaluated possible modes of epithelial cell destruction and restoration in minor salivary gland biopsies from patients with SS. Minor salivary gland biopsies from 10 primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients and eight control individuals were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for the expression of apoptosis-related molecules, substances released by activated cytotoxic T cells, as well as proteins involved in epithelial cell repair. The results were analysed by computer screen analysis and they were expressed as average percentages. Apoptosis-promoting molecules, Fas antigen and Fas ligand were observed in ductal and acinar epithelial cells as well as in infiltrating mononuclear cells of minor salivary glands from SS patients in comparison with control biopsies. Bax protein, which acts as a death-promoter message, was expressed in the ductal and acinar epithelial cells and in mononuclear infiltrating cells of SS patients compared with control individuals, while Bcl-2, an inhibitor of apoptosis, was primarily found in the lymphocytic infiltrates. In situ DNA fragmentation assay (TUNEL) revealed that epithelial cells were apoptotic in patients with SS compared with control subjects. Immunohistochemical staining for perforin and granzyme B, released from granules of activated cytotoxic lymphocytes, revealed their presence in lymphocytic infiltrates of patients with SS compared with control biopsies. pS2, a member of the trefoil protein family which functions as promoter of epithelial cell repair and cell proliferation, was expressed in epithelial cells in biopsies from SS patients. These studies suggest that the functional epithelium of minor salivary glands in patients with SS appears to be influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of destruction, while a defensive mechanism of epithelial restoration seems to be active.     

Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) in labial salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome

COX plays an important role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. To determine the role of COX in Sjögren's syndrome (SS), we examined COX expression in the salivary glands of SS patients. We examined 15 patients with SS and two normal subjects. Labial salivary gland tissue samples were analysed immunohistochemically using anti‐COX‐1 and COX‐2 antibodies. All biopsy samples from 15 patients with SS were stained for COX‐1. In contrast, COX‐1 immunostaining was not detected in normal salivary gland tissues. Co‐expression of COX‐1 and CD68 was confirmed by mirror section technique and double antibody immunostaining. This finding indicated that COX‐1‐expressing cells in SS salivary glands were infiltrating macrophages. In contrast to COX‐1 staining, only a little COX‐2 immunostaining was observed in salivary gland tissues from SS patients. These data suggest that COX‐1 expression on infiltrating macrophages may contribute to the inflammatory process of salivary glands in SS.     

P2Y2 nucleotide receptor activation up-regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [corrected] expression and enhances lymphocyte adherence to a human submandibular gland cell line

Sj?gren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes salivary and lacrimal gland tissue destruction resulting in impaired secretory function. Although lymphocytic infiltration of salivary epithelium is associated with SS, the mechanisms involved have not been adequately elucidated. Our previous studies have shown that the G protein-coupled P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) is up-regulated in response to damage or stress of salivary gland epithelium, and in salivary glands of the NOD.B10 mouse model of SS-like autoimmune exocrinopathy. Additionally, we have shown that P2Y2R activation up-regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in endothelial cells leading to the binding of monocytes. The present study demonstrates that activation of the P2Y2R in dispersed cell aggregates from rat submandibular gland (SMG) and in human submandibular gland ductal cells (HSG) up-regulates the expression of VCAM-1. Furthermore, P2Y2R activation mediated the up-regulation of VCAM-1 expression in HSG cells leading to increased adherence of lymphocytic cells. Inhibitors of EGFR phosphorylation and metalloprotease activity abolished P2Y2R-mediated VCAM-1 expression and decreased lymphocyte binding to HSG cells. Moreover, silencing of EGFR expression abolished UTP-induced VCAM-1 up-regulation in HSG cells. These results suggest that P2Y2R activation in salivary gland cells increases the EGFR-dependent expression of VCAM-1 and the binding of lymphocytes, a pathway relevant to inflammation associated with SS.