二氮嗪后处理对离体大鼠心功能及线粒体心磷脂的影响

目的:建立离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,观察二氮嗪(diazoxide,D)后处理对缺血/再灌注损伤离体大鼠心功能及线粒体心磷脂的影响,并探讨ATP敏感性钾通道在二氮嗪后处理心肌保护中的作用。方法:采用Langendorff装置建立离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,将SD大鼠随机分为对照组(control)、缺血再灌注模型组(I/R)、二氮嗪后处理组(I/R+D)、5-羟葵酸拮抗二氮嗪后处理组(I/R+5-HD+D),每组8只,均先灌注平衡20 min。Control组:灌注平衡后续灌70 min;I/R组:缺血前灌注4℃ST.Thomas停跳液,全心缺血40 min,再灌30 min;I/R+D组:全心缺血40 min,缺血后给予含二氮嗪(50μmol/L)的K-H液灌注5 min后,再灌25 min;I/R+5-HD+D组:二氮嗪后处理前给予含5-羟葵酸(100μmol/L)的K-H液灌注5 min,再灌20 min。观察各组续(再)灌注末心率、冠脉流出液量、心功能、心肌酶学及心肌线粒体心磷脂的变化。结果:各组续(再)灌注末比较,I/R组较control组及I/R+D组心率减慢、冠脉流出液量降低,心功能明显受损,心肌酶增加,心磷酯含量减少,但与I/R+5-HD+D无明显差异。结论:二氮嗪后处理通过增加线粒体心磷脂含量,减少心肌酶的释放,改善心脏功能,减轻心肌的再灌注损伤,产生心肌保护作用。5-羟葵酸能够完全阻断二氮嗪的心肌保护作用。     

缺血后处理对抗大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤及其作用机制

目的： 研究缺血后处理（postconditioning）对抗大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤及其作用机制。方法：采用SD大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注模型，并于再灌注一开始即给予3次全心停灌30 s，再灌30 s处理作为缺血后预处理。记录心肌收缩功能指标，以Even’s blue-TTC法监测心肌梗死范围，并对心律失常严重程度进行定量分析。结果：缺血后处理组左室峰压（LVSP）、最大左室收缩速率（+dp/dt_max）以及心率明显高于缺血对照组。缺血后处理可明显缩小心肌梗死范围（22.97%±3.96% vs 缺血对照组 44.30%±13.61%，P<0.01）。观察复灌10 min时心律失常评分发现，缺血后处理组明显低于缺血对照组。缺血后处理组和缺血预处理组具有类似的心肌保护作用。5-HD组LVSP和+dp/dt_max低于缺血后处理组，心律失常评分增高，心肌梗死范围扩大。结论: 缺血后处理对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤具有心脏保护作用，其作用机制可能是部分通过激活线粒体ATP依赖性钾离子(mitoK_ATP)通道起作用。     

线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道参与超极化停搏的心肌保护作用

目的：探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道（mitoKATP）开放在超极化停搏心肌保护中的作用机制。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为对照组（Control）、去极化停搏组（D）、超极化停搏组（H）、5-羟葵酸(5-HD) +去极化停搏组（5HD+D）、5-HD+超极化停搏组（5HD+H），每组8例。建立Langendorff灌注模型，平衡20 min，以不同方式停搏40 min，再灌注30 min，对比观察：(1)不同时间血流动力学变化；(2)再灌注末取心肌并分离、制备线粒体，电镜观察超微结构的变化。(3)平衡末、再灌注末线粒体活性氧的产生。结果: (1)各组再灌注末大鼠心脏功能明显低于平衡末, 心肌线粒体超微结构均遭受不同程度损伤，左室发展压（LVDP）、左室舒张末压（LVEDP）、率压双乘积（DP）、冠脉流量（CF）有显著差异（P<0.01）；（2）超极化停博组再灌注末心脏功能指标LVDP、LVEDP、DP、CF明显优于去极化停博组、5-HD+超极化停搏组、5-HD+去极化停搏组、对照组（P<0.01），电镜示：心肌、线粒体超微结构遭受的损伤较轻; (3)超极化停博组再灌注末心肌线粒体活性氧产生率低于对照组与其它3组（P<0.01）。结论:(1)超极化停搏能明显改善再灌注后心功能，保护心肌、线粒体超微结构，减少活性氧生成；(2)mitoKATP的早期开放参与超极化停搏，其作用可能通过保护再灌注后的线粒体呼吸功能，减轻线粒体的氧化损伤，为再灌注心肌提供较好的能量供应，从而使缺血再灌注后的心脏收缩功能得到一定恢复。     

缺血预处理延缓大鼠心肌缺血引起的细胞间电脱耦联

目的:研究缺血预处理(IPC)延缓心肌细胞间电脱耦联现象及其可能的机制,尤其是线粒体膜ATP敏感性钾通道(mitoK_ATP)在其中的作用。方法:大鼠心脏Langendorff离体灌流,用四电极法测量心肌整体阻抗(R_t),监测R_t在心肌缺血后的变化来判断心肌细胞发生电脱耦联的时间。结果:(1)对照组心肌缺血40 min后复灌30 min,心肌细胞间电脱耦联发生平均时间为(13.29±0.95) min;(2)IPC可以明显延迟电脱耦联的发生时间、促进心肌缺血复灌后收缩功能的恢复;(3)IPC前给予mitoK_ATP特异阻断剂5-hydroxydecanoate(5-HD,100 μmol/L)取消了IPC的心脏作用;(4)MitoK_ATP特异开放剂diazoxide(60 μmol/L)预处理可以模拟IPC延迟电脱耦联、促进心肌收缩功能恢复;(5)Diazoxide的IPC模拟作用能被5-HD取消,也能被L型钙通道特异阻断剂verapamil(2.0 μmol/L)和自由基清除剂N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine(300 μmol/L)取消。结论:IPC可以通过激活mitoK_ATP延缓大鼠心肌缺血造成的细胞间电脱耦联和改善心肌收缩功能。     

缺血后处理减轻兔缺血再灌注心肌细胞损伤

目的探讨缺血后处理对在体兔心肌缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡和线粒体结构与功能的影响以及可能机制。方法80只兔随机分为假手术组(sham组)、心肌缺血再灌注组(IR组)、缺血预处理组(IP组)、缺血后处理组(PC组)以及缺血后处理加5-羟葵酸(5-HD)干预组(PC+5-HD组)。用TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡,用透射电镜观察心肌细胞的超微结构,用荧光法检测线粒体膜电位,比色法测线粒体Ca2+浓度、丙二醛(MDA)浓度、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性。结果与IR组比较,PC组和IP组兔心肌细胞凋亡减少,心肌及线粒体形态结构改变明显减轻,线粒体跨膜电位、SOD活性明显升高、线粒体Ca2+浓度、MDA浓度均下降(P<0.05),5-HD部分降低上述作用。结论PC可能通过提高线粒体跨膜电位、降低线粒体氧自由基水平、减轻线粒体钙超载而减轻心肌细胞损伤,其机制可能与线粒体功能损伤有关。     

5-羟基癸酸盐对慢性低氧大鼠肺动脉Kv1.5通道表达的影响

目的: 以大鼠为研究对象,研究线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(mitoK_ATP)的抑制剂5-羟基癸酸盐(5-HD)对慢性低氧肺动脉高压大鼠的影响及其潜在机制。方法: 24只SD雄性大鼠随机分成对照组、低氧组、低氧+5-羟基癸酸盐干预组,每组8只。将低氧组和5-HD干预组大鼠放入常压低氧舱内 以建立低氧肺动脉高压模型。 4周后测定平均肺动脉压(mPAP)及右心室与左心室及室间隔的重量比 ,并采用RT-PCR及Western blotting技术,分析各组肺动脉Kv1.5 mRNA及蛋白表达。结果: (1) 慢性低氧组大鼠的mPAP及RV/(LV+S)显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05),5-HD干预组mPAP及RV/(LV+S)显著低于低氧组,均P<0.05。(2) 低氧组Kv1.5通道mRNA及蛋白表达显著低于正常组,5-HD组Kv1.5通道表达显著高于低氧组, 均P<0.05。结论: mitoK_ATP通道的抑制剂5-HD通过降低mPAP及RV/(LV+S),在慢性低氧肺动脉高压中起保护作用。mitoK_ATP通道的抑制及Kv1.5通道表达的上调可能与该保护作用有关。     

二氮嗪预处理对大鼠心肌线粒体呼吸功能与呼吸酶活性的影响

目的： 探讨特异性线粒体三磷酸腺苷敏感性钾通道开放剂二氮嗪预处理对离体大鼠缺血再灌注心肌线粒体呼吸功能和酶活性的影响。方法: 采用Langendorff装置建立大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注模型，将72只SD大鼠随机分为正常组（NOR）、缺血再灌注组（IR）、二氮嗪预处理组（DIA）、5－羟葵酸拮抗二氮嗪组（5HD-DIA）。NOR组在平衡灌注20 min后续灌100 min，IR组在平衡20 min后续灌30 min，继后全心缺血40 min，复灌30 min。DIA组在缺血前给予含二氮嗪50 μmol/L的K-H液10 min后，全心缺血40 min，复灌30 min。5HD-DIA组在二氮嗪预处理之前先给予含5－羟葵酸100 μmol/L K-H液10 min，其余同二氮嗪预处理组。分别于平衡末、缺血前及再灌注末取心肌并分离、制备线粒体，测定各组线粒体的呼吸功能、呼吸酶活性。结果: 再灌注末DIA组的线粒体呼吸功能（呼吸控制率、磷氧比、3态呼吸速率）和呼吸酶活性（NADH氧化酶、琥珀酸氧化酶、细胞色素C 氧化酶）明显优于IR组和5HD-DIA组（P<0.05）但次于NOR组（P<0.01）；而IR组和5HD-DIA组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论: 线粒体钾通道开放剂二氮嗪预处理能够保护缺血/再灌注损伤心肌的线粒体，其机制与保护线粒体的呼吸功能及呼吸链的酶活性有关。     

Urocortin-I预处理对离体大鼠心肌线粒体呼吸功能及呼吸酶活性的影响

目的:探讨urocortin-I预处理对离体大鼠缺血再灌注心肌线粒体呼吸功能及酶活性的影响,观察心肌细胞ATP含量的变化。方法:(1)健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常组(Nor组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、urocortin-I预处理组(Ucn I组)、5-羟葵酸(5-HD)拮抗urocortin-I组(5-HD+Ucn I组)。采用Langendorff装置建立大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注模型。分别于平衡末(T_1)、缺血前(T_2)及再灌注末(T_3)分离、提取心肌线粒体,测定各组线粒体呼吸功能及呼吸酶活性。(2)利用MPA离体心脏灌注装置分离成年大鼠心肌细胞,将分离培养24 h后同批次的心肌细胞随机分为正常组(Nor组)、缺氧复氧组(I/R组)、urocortin-I预处理组(Ucn I组)、5-HD拮抗urocortin-I组(5-HD+Ucn I组)。建立缺氧复氧模型,于复氧末用高效液相色谱法检测各组心肌细胞ATP含量。结果:T_3时点除Nor组外,其余各组与T_1、T_2时点相比呼吸功能(3态呼吸速率、呼吸控制率)及琥珀酸氧化酶、NADH氧化酶、细胞色素C氧化酶活性均明显下降(P0.05);T_3时Ucn I组心肌线粒体的呼吸功能及呼吸酶活性明显优于5-HD+Ucn I组及IR组(P0.05),但次于Nor组(P0.05);T_3时5-HD+Ucn I组心肌线粒体的呼吸功能及呼吸酶活性(琥珀酸氧化酶、NADH氧化酶)较IR组好(P0.05),但2组间细胞色素C氧化酶活性差异无统计学显著性;T_1、T_2时点各组组内及组间呼吸功能及3种呼吸酶活性的差异无统计学显著性。心肌细胞实验结果显示,复氧末Nor组ATP含量较其余各组均高(P0.01);I/R组和5-HD+Ucn I组心肌细胞的ATP含量较Ucn I组低(P0.05);此外,5-HD+Ucn I组心肌细胞的ATP含量较I/R组高(P0.05)。结论:Ucn I预处理可减轻缺血再灌注对心肌线粒体呼吸功能及呼吸酶活性的干预,保证了缺氧/复氧后心肌ATP的含量。     

酸后处理对脑缺血再灌注后神经元ROS生成的抑制作用

目的：研究酸后处理对小鼠脑缺血和大鼠原代皮层神经元缺糖缺氧（OGD）再灌后活性氧（ROS）产生的影响,并初步探讨其机制是否与调节线粒体通透性转换孔（MPTP）开放及谷胱甘肽氧化还原态有关。方法：将24只8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机平均分为缺血组和酸后处理组。给予小鼠60 min大脑中动脉栓塞,酸后处理组小鼠于再灌5 min后吸入20%CO25 min,利用DCFH-DA探针测定脑内ROS含量,TTC(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride)法测定脑梗死体积。将大鼠原代皮层神经元随机分为对照组、OGD组、酸后处理组、atractyloside+酸后处理组及cyclosporin A组,各实验组均给予OGD 2 h。经不同处理后,分别测定细胞线粒体膜电位、ROS、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和氧化型谷胱甘肽含量等指标。结果：酸后处理可减少再灌30 min时缺血中心区及周边区ROS含量（P<0.01）,并减少再灌24 h的脑梗死体积（P<0.01）。在细胞模型上,再灌5 min后给予15 min酸后处理可抑制再灌20 min时线粒体膜电位的下降及再...     

模拟缺血-再灌注对窦房结细胞自发性动作电位的影响及吡那地尔的干预作用

目的:探讨模拟缺血-再灌注对窦房结细胞动作电位的影响及K_ATP通道开放剂的干预效果。方法:取培养2d的乳鼠窦房结细胞进行实验,随机分为对照组、模拟缺血-再灌注组(I/R)、K_ATP通道开放剂pinacidil干预组(P+I/R)及K_ATP通道阻断剂5-HD干预组(5-HD+P+I/R及5-HD+I/R)。采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录窦房结细胞动作电位,测定最大舒张电位(MDP)、0期去极化速度(UV)、超射值(APO)、动作电位周期(IBI)及50%复极时程(APD₅₀)的变化。结果:①I/R组MDP(-55.2±4.5)mV明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),APD₅₀(64.3±3.8)ms明显短于对照组(P＜0.01),而UV(3.8±0.5)V/s及APO(14.2±2.0)mV则明显小于对照组(P＜0.01),但IBI无明显改变。②P+I/R组的MDP及APO明显大于I/R组,IBI明显长于、UV显著快于I/R组,但APD₅₀进一步缩短。③5-HD不能阻断pinacidil对模拟缺血-再灌注窦房结细胞MDP、IBI和APD₅₀的影响,但能使pinacidil引起的UV及APO改变发生逆转。结论:Pinacidil可能通过开放不同种类K_ATP通道对模拟缺血-再灌注窦房结细胞动作电位产生影响。     

Role of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel-mediated PKC-ε in delayed protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts of sevoflurane-preconditioned rats

This study aimed to determine the role of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (mitoK_ATP) channels and protein kinase C (PKC)-ε in the delayed protective effects of sevoflurane preconditioning using Langendorff isolated heart perfusion models. Fifty-four isolated perfused rat hearts were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=9). The rats were exposed for 60 min to 2.5% sevoflurane (the second window of protection group, SWOP group) or 33% oxygen inhalation (I/R group) 24 h before coronary occlusion. The control group (CON) and the sevoflurane group (SEVO) group were exposed to 33% oxygen and 2.5% sevoflurane for 60 min, respectively, without coronary occlusion. The mitoK_ATP channel inhibitor 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) was given 30 min before sevoflurane preconditioning (5-HD+SWOP group). Cardiac function indices, infarct sizes, serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations, and the expression levels of phosphorylated PKC-ε (p-PKC-ε) and caspase-8 were measured. Cardiac function was unchanged, p-PKC-ε expression was upregulated, caspase-8 expression was downregulated, cTnI concentrations were decreased, and the infarcts were significantly smaller (P<0.05) in the SWOP group compared with the I/R group. Cardiac function was worse, p-PKC-ε expression was downregulated, caspase-8 expression was upregulated, cTnI concentration was increased and infarcts were larger in the 5-HD+SWOP group (P<0.05) compared with the SWOP group. The results suggest that mitoK_ATP channels are involved in the myocardial protective effects of sevoflurane in preconditioning against I/R injury, by regulating PKC-ε phosphorylation before ischemia, and by downregulating caspase-8 during reperfusion.     

Anti-arrhythmic effect of diosgenin in reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in a rat model: activation of nitric oxide system and mitochondrial KATP channel

This study was designed to investigate the anti-arrhythmic effect of diosgenin preconditioning in myocardial reperfusion injury in rat, focusing on the involvement of the nitric oxide (NO) system and mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium (mitoK_ATP) channels in this scenario. After isolation of the hearts of male Wister rats, the study was conducted in an isolated buffer-perfused heart model. Global ischemia (for 30 min) was induced by interruption of the aortic supply, which was followed by 90-min reperfusion. Throughout the experiment, the electrocardiograms of hearts were monitored using three golden surface electrodes connected to a data acquisition system. Arrhythmias were assessed based on the Lambeth convention and were categorized as number, duration and incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), and premature ventricular complexes (PVC), and arrhythmic score. Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in coronary effluent were estimated colorimetrically. Diosgenin pre-administration for 20 min before ischemia reduced the LDH release into the coronary effluent, as compared with control hearts (P < 0.05). In addition, the diosgenin-receiving group showed a lower number of PVC, VT and VF, a reduced duration and incidence of VT and VF, and less severe arrhythmia at reperfusion phase, in comparison with controls. Blocking the mitoK_ATP channels using 5-hydroxydecanoate as well as inhibiting the NO system through prior administration of l-NAME significantly reduced the positive effects of diosgenin. Our finding showed that pre-administration of diosgenin could provide cardioprotection through anti-arrhythmic effects against ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts. In addition, mitoK_ATP channels and NO system may be the key players in diosgenin-induced cardioprotective mechanisms.     

Catestatin reduces myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: involvement of PI3K/Akt, PKCs, mitochondrial KATP channels and ROS signalling

Catestatin (CST) limits myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with unknown mechanisms. Clearly phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, including intra-mitochondrial PKCε, mitochondrial K_ATP (mitoK_ATP) channels and subsequent reactive oxygen species (ROS)-signalling play important roles in postconditioning cardioprotection, preventing mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Therefore, we studied the role of these extra- and intra-mitochondrial factors in CST-induced protection. Isolated rat hearts and H9c2 cells underwent I/R and oxidative stress, respectively. In isolated hearts CST (75nM, CST-Post) given in early-reperfusion significantly reduced infarct size, limited post-ischaemic contracture, and improved recovery of developed left ventricular pressure. PI3K inhibitor, LY-294002 (LY), large spectrum PKC inhibitor, Chelerythrine (CHE), specific PKCε inhibitor (εV1-2), mitoK_ATP channel blocker, 5-Hydroxydecanoate (5HD) or ROS scavenger, 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG) abolished the infarct-sparing effect of CST. Notably the CST-induced contracture limitation was maintained during co-infusion of 5HD, MPG or εV1-2, but it was lost during co-infusion of LY or CHE. In H9c2 cells challenged with H₂O₂, mitochondrial depolarization (an index of mPTP opening studied with JC1-probe) was drastically limited by CST (75nM). Our results suggest that the protective signalling pathway activated by CST includes mitoK_ATP channels, ROS signalling and prevention of mPTP opening, with a central role for upstream PI3K/Akt and PKCs. In fact, all inhibitors completely abolished CST-infarct-sparing effect. Since CST-anti-contracture effect cannot be explained by intra-mitochondrial mechanisms (PKCε activation and mitoK_ATP channel opening) or ROS signalling, it is proposed that these downstream signals are part of a reverberant loop which re-activates upstream PKCs, which therefore play a pivotal role in CST-induced protection.     

小鼠脑皮质p-Akt、p53在缺血再灌后处理脑保护机制中的作用

目的 观察p-Akt、p53在小鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注(I/R)及缺血后处理(IPO)后在脑皮质区的表达规律,探讨p-Akt、p53与IPO保护作用的关系.方法 采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉栓塞的局灶性脑缺血模型,将272只小鼠随机分为假手术(Sham)组、缺血再灌(I/R)组、PI-3K/Akt抑制剂LY294002(LY)组和缺血后处理(IPO)组.I/R组、LY组与IPO组均实施缺血90min之后再灌注,IPO组在持续再灌前采取再灌15s、缺血15s、再灌15s的循环,共3个循环.于再灌后30min、1h、3h、6h、24h、48h分别取材,2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色法测定脑梗死体积;免疫组织化学法观察p-Akt,p53蛋白的表达及分布;免疫印迹法检测皮质区p-Akt和p53蛋白表达量.结果 Sham组、I/R组和IPO组的非缺血脑半球皮质p-Akt有微量表达.与Sham组相比,I/R组再灌后30min缺血区皮质p-Akt增加,1h达高峰,6h逐渐降低,24h降至Sham组水平并持续;p53再灌后6h增加,24h达高峰,48h回落.各相应时间点IPO组较I/R组p-Akt增高(P＜0.05),p53降低(P＜0.05).LY组p-Akt低于I/R组(P＜0.05),p53高于I/R组(P＜0.05).顶叶脑组织的免疫印迹分析结果与免疫组织化学结果规律一致.结论缺血后处理对缺血再灌注性脑损伤有保护作用,其机制与降低p53表达及增强p-Akt表达有关.     

缺血后处理拮抗鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的机制研究

目的： 研究后处理对离体大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响并分析其可能的作用机制。方法: 建立离体大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤模型。18只SD大鼠随机分为3组,每组6只。对照组（Con）缺血2 h后以Krebs-Henseleit buffer(KHB)液再灌注1 h;预处理（IPreC）组于缺血2 h前给予重复1次的5 min灌注和5 min缺血的处理,余同Con组;后处理（IPostC）组于缺血2 h后给予重复1次的5 min灌注和5 min缺血的后处理,即以KHB液行再灌注1 h。持续监测及记录肺动脉压（PAP）,缺血前及再灌注末分别留取3 mL灌流液,缺血前、再灌注始及再灌注末分别切取约20 mg肺组织制作10%的组织匀浆,灌流液及肺组织匀浆用于测定白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、IL-10、丙二醛（MDA）及谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量,再灌注结束测定肺湿／干重比（W/D）。结果: IPostC组和IPreC组的IL-8、MDA及W/D较Con组明显降低（P<0.05）,IPostC组和IPreC组的IL-10较Con组明显升高（P<0.05）。结论: 缺血后处理能明显拮抗离体大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤。