方尾螺纹针内固定治疗锁骨完全移位骨折(附268例报告)

目的：报道临床应用方尾螺纹针内固定治疗完全移位锁骨骨折的实践经验。材料和方法：应用方尾螺纹针治疗完全移位的锁骨骨折268例，锁骨内1／3骨折18例，中1／3者142例，外1／3者108例。结果：全部病人骨折骨性愈合，肩关节得到全方位无痛性活动，无断针、滑针和感染发生。结论：完全移位的锁骨骨折选择性地手术治疗是必要的；方尾螺针内固定安全，牢固，愈合率高，是一种好方法。     

锁骨骨折治疗现状分析

锁骨骨折在临床上较为常见,占全身骨折的6％左右,可发生在各个年龄段,但以青壮年及儿童为多。间接与直接暴力均可引起锁骨骨折,但以间接暴力为多。锁骨内1／3骨折较少,即使骨折也多无明显移位。锁骨中1／3较细,无韧带和肌肉附着。中外1／3部位易于骨折,常伴有典型移位。由于切开复位可能过多破坏锁骨的骨膜和血管,反而很容易造成骨折延迟愈合,甚至骨不连接,因此以往多主张采用保守方法治疗锁骨骨折。[第一段]     

锁骨骨折切开复位克氏针钢丝内固定应用体会

随着社会经济的发展，交通日益发达，外伤骨折患者逐年增多。其中锁骨骨折是肩部最常见的骨折，也是全身最常见的骨折之一；更由于锁骨是肩胛带与躯干之间唯一的由滑膜构成关节的组织，所以有其结构的特殊性。锁骨远端1／3是扁平形态结构，而其内1／3骨段却是管型，二者交界处近中1／3处骨段最为薄弱，特别是转向负荷时最易骨折，其中中1／3处骨折约占锁骨骨折80％。     

锁骨骨折手术治疗临床观察

目的分析、观察两种手术方法治疗不稳定锁骨骨折临床效果。方法对76例不稳定锁骨骨折分别实施克氏针或钢板内固定治疗。结果随访5～18个月，平均10个月。所有患者术中均无意外发生，无1例伤口感染及骨折不愈合。愈后优良率克氏针组85．3％；钢板组88．5％。结论克氏针或钢板内固定治疗不稳定锁骨骨折安全、有效，粉碎骨折首选采用钢板内固定。     

接骨板前置桥接内固定治疗不稳定性锁骨骨折

[目的]探讨接骨板前置桥接内固定治疗不稳定性锁骨骨折的疗效。[方法]自2001年2月～2006年3月对37例不稳定性锁骨中1／3段骨折进行了切开复位接骨板前置桥接内固定手术治疗，其中男28例，女9例，年龄19～69岁，平均43岁。骨折属于锁骨中1／3段骨折，均为闭合伤。本组所有病例均为初次受伤，无同时合并神经血管损伤，X线片显示：骨折呈粉碎状，骨折端有一或多枚碎骨块，骨折断端均有移位，且都有锁骨骨折重叠。[结果]病人全部获随访，随访时间10～30月，平均13个月。切口均甲级愈合，无血管神经损伤，无血气胸。术后平均12周达骨性愈合。按所选评定标准，本组优29例，良6例，尚可2例，差0例。无螺钉松动及拔出现象，优良率94．59％。[结论]应用接骨板前置桥接内固定，可以减少接骨板的预弯难度，有利于增加接骨板的强度、螺钉的把持力，加强固定的稳定性，同时桥接固定又可以保护骨折处血供，减少骨折不愈合，是内固定治疗锁骨中1／3处不稳定性骨折的一种简易有效的方法。     

形状记忆合金锁式接骨器治疗锁骨骨折

目的探讨形状记忆合金锁式接骨器治疗锁骨骨折的疗效,以期找到一种治疗锁骨骨折的有效方法。方法采用形状记忆合金锁式接骨器治疗锁骨骨折38例,其中锁骨中段骨折21例,外1/3骨折17例(粉碎性骨折19例)。结果锁式接骨器固定者,平均随访1年,6~14周愈合,根据韩平良等的疗效标准,优29例,良6例,可3例,优良率92.1%。结论使用形状记忆合金锁式接骨器是一种较好的治疗锁骨骨折的内固定方法。     

形状记忆合金环抱器治疗锁骨骨折

目的探讨形状记忆合金环抱器(简称环抱器)治疗锁骨骨折的疗效及适应证。方法采用环抱器治疗锁骨骨折38例。结果骨折愈合时间6～12周,平均9周。根据JOA肩关节评分系统评分:优29例,良6例,差3例,优良率达92.1%。结论环抱器治疗锁骨骨折具有操作简便、固定可靠的优点,适用于锁骨中1/3骨折,对于锁骨中1/3粉碎性骨折尤为适合。但不适用于锁骨内1/3骨折、锁骨外1/3骨折和粉碎性骨折超过锁骨全长1/2者。     

重建钢板内固定治疗锁骨骨折的应用

目的探索锁骨骨折的治疗特点、手术方法和钢板内固定的疗效。方法回顾2005年4月至2007年10月45例锁骨骨折切开复位钢板内固定的患者,男性29例,女性16例;平均年龄38岁（20～51岁）。左侧20例,右侧25例。中1/3骨折32例,外1/3骨折10例,内1/3骨折3例。闭合性骨折43例,开放性骨折2例,合并臂丛神经损伤2例。锁骨骨折均采用切开复位AO或同类重建钢板内固定;粉碎骨折采用螺钉固定大蝶形骨块,或钢丝临时捆扎,将多块骨折先变成3部分骨折或2部分骨折,最后钢板固定,远端尽量能固定3枚螺钉。结果根据Neer评定标准,术后优42例,良3例,优良率100%。骨折在术后2～3个月达骨性愈合,外观正常,肩带无狭窄,局部未形成巨大骨痂,无神经血管压迫症状,患病期间生活质量高。结论切开复位钢板内固定治疗锁骨骨折临床疗效确切,并发症少,手术简便易行,可早期功能锻炼,是治疗锁骨骨折的一种较好方法。     

锁骨粉碎性骨折的治疗方法与疗效分析

目的比较3种方法治疗锁骨骨折的疗效，探讨治疗锁骨骨折的最佳方法。方法采用3种方法治疗102例锁骨骨折，其中克氏针（Ⅰ组）35例、钢板（Ⅱ组）37例、外固定支架（Ⅲ组）30例。结果随访时间8～18个月，骨折愈合优良率：Ⅰ组60．00％，Ⅱ组64．86％，Ⅲ组93．33％。Ⅲ组愈合率与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别比较，差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论针对不同的骨折选择不同的治疗方法可取的满意的效果，外固定支架治疗粉碎性锁骨骨折是一种较好的方法。     

自制锁骨骨折复位钳经皮复位穿针内固定微创治疗锁骨骨折

2004年至2007年，采用自制锁骨骨折复位钳，经皮复位穿针内固定微创治疗锁骨骨折，取得满意效果。1临床资料 1.1一般资料本组22例，均为外伤引起的锁骨中1／3骨折，男15例，女7例，年龄36～48岁。骨折类型：横形5例，斜形7例，粉碎性10例。均属新鲜闭合性骨折且未伴臂丛神经、锁骨下动静脉损伤，致伤因素均为摔伤。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.