低出生体质量影响因素的病例对照研究

①目的　调查低出生体质量儿发生的危险因素。②方法　对 1 90例低出生体质量儿 (极低出生体质量儿 4 0例 ,低出生体质量儿 1 5 0例 )和 75 0例正常对照婴儿进行了相关因素调查 ,采用多项式Logistic回归分析法分析了低出生体质量发生的危险因素。③结果　与极低出生体质量儿发生有关的因素有 :母亲月经周期长 ,有人工流产史 ,早孕期病毒感染和妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 ) ,母亲孕前体质指数 >2 8,母亲孕期吸烟、饮酒 ,家庭收入低及父亲饮酒。母亲年龄大于 35岁、母亲职业为教师、分娩孕周短等因素与低出生体质量儿的发生率呈正相关 ;母亲的身高、孕前体质量和产前检查次数则与低出生体质量儿的发生率呈负相关 ;父亲职业为农民、父母亲文化水平为小学及以下也能增加低出生体质量儿发生的危险性。④结论　极低出生体质量儿及低出生体质量儿的发生是多种因素联合作用所致 ,应该采取综合措施进行防治。     

早产低出生体质量儿影响因素探讨

目的:探讨早产低出生体质量儿发生的相关影响因素。方法:对128名早产低出生体质量儿与128名正常儿的家庭、孕期及出生情况进行分析。采用logistic回归方法分析父母亲年龄、职业、文化程度,家庭结构,家庭月收入,母孕期疾病,产检次数,参加孕期保健讲座次数,孕次等与婴儿早产低出生体质量的关系。结果:父亲文化程度、父亲职业、家庭月收入、家庭结构、产检次数、母孕期疾病、参加孕期保健讲座次数和孕次均为婴儿早产低出生体质量的影响因素(P<0.05～P<0.01)。结论:采取综合措施,加强孕期保健管理,早监测早干预,以减少婴儿早产低出生体质量的发生。     

应用Logistic回归模型分析新生儿低出生体质量危险因素

目的：探讨新生儿低出生体质量的危险因素,为预防和控制低出生体质量儿的发生提供科学依据。方法：收集１９９４～１９９８年在广西医科大学第一附属医院妇产科住院分娩的３２４５例新生儿及其母亲的有关资料,采用非条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型分析与低出生体质量儿发生有关的因素。结果：在分析的３２４５例新生儿中,低出生体质量儿１８９例,发生率为５．８％;与新生儿低出生体质量发生有关的因素是：早产（ｂ＝３．４６０ｌ     

父母亲社会经济状况与低出生体质量儿的相关性探讨

①目的 探讨父母亲社会经济状况与低出生体质量儿发生的关系。②方法 采用病例对照研究方法，对190名低出生体质量儿和750名正常出生体质量儿的父母亲进行了相关因素调查，用Logistic回归分析进行了危险因素分析。③结果 母亲年龄大于35岁、母亲的职业为教师或农民、父亲吸烟、母亲孕期吸烟及年家庭收人低是发生低出生体质量儿的危险因素(OR=1．280～7．290)，母亲身高与低出生体质量儿的发生率呈负相关关系(OR=0．898)。④结论 父母亲的社会经济状况与低出生体质量儿的发生有关。     

426例早产的临床分析

早产是产科常见并发症之一 ,是新生儿发病和死亡的主要原因 ,其发生率一般在 5 %～ 1 5 % [1 ] 。早产儿即使存活 ,亦多有神经智力发育缺陷。本文着重探讨发生早产的危险因素和对母儿的影响及防治 ,以期加强对早产的认识 ,降低其发生率 ,从而降低围产儿死亡率 ,提高出生人口的素质。1　资料与方法1 .1　收集我院 1 994年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 1 2月住院分娩的产妇 865 6例 ,发生早产 42 6例 ,早产率4 92 %。按Ｍｅｉｓ[2 ] 意见将早产分为自然早产和有指征早产 ,前者指自然临产或与胎膜早破有关的早产 ,后者指因各种因素需人工终止妊娠而导致的…     

175例低出生体重儿相关因素分析及母婴结局

目的探讨低出生体重儿的相关因素及其对母婴的影响。方法对175例低出生体重儿孕妇及同期175例正常出生体重儿孕妇进行回顾性分析。结果早产、多胎、孕期营养不良、妊娠期高血压疾病、脐带因素等易导致低出生体重儿的发生,低体重儿易出现新生儿窒息。结论低出生体重儿的发生与多种因素有关,临床上应认真做好围产期保健,加强健康教育,指导科学膳食,及时诊治胎儿宫内生长受限,预防早产,有效降低低体重儿的发生,避免母婴并发症。     

早产低出生体质量儿早期微量喂养的临床观察

目的探讨早期微量喂养对早产低出生体质量儿生长发育及其并发症发生的影响。方法将46例早产低出生体质量儿随机分成两组,其中对照组22例采用常规管饲和（或）完全静脉营养。观察组24例在常规处理、对症支持治疗、静脉营养的基础上加用早期微量喂养,观察体质量变化、达全量肠内喂养时间、住院时间、喂养不耐受、呼吸暂停、低血糖、吸入性肺炎及坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率。结果在低血糖及吸入性肺炎等方面,观察组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,在恢复至出生体质量时间、达全量肠内喂养时间、喂养不耐受、住院时间及呼吸暂停等方面,观察组与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,两组均未发生坏死性小肠结肠炎。结论早期微量喂养可以有效促进早产低出生体质量儿的胃肠发育及功能成熟,能减少并发症的发生。     

低出生体重儿发生的相关危险因素分析

目的:探讨低出生体重儿发生的危险因素,为预防低出生体重儿的发生提供参考.方法:对436例新生儿及产妇进行调查,对低出生体重儿发生的相关危险因索进行Logistic同归分析,筛选低出生体重儿发生的相关危险因素.结果:单因素分析结果显示,异常孕产史、流产≥2次、早产史、孕周、妊娠高血压与低出生体重儿发生有关;多因素Logistic回归法分析表明,有异常孕产史和孕周＜37周是低出生体重儿发生的危险因素.结论:有异常孕产史和孕周＜37周是低出生体重儿发生的危险因素,对这些危险因素加以重点评估和合理控制,可以低出生体重儿的发生.     

围生期新生儿低血糖症30例报告

目的探讨新生儿低血糖症发生的危险因素,为临床防治提供依据。方法对30例围生期新生儿低血糖的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果早产低体重儿5例,足月小样儿6例,羊水少、胎膜早破及Ⅱ混浊11例,巨大儿8例。合并窒息的有10例。结论对凡存在早产、低出生体重、巨大、窒息等低血糖危险因素的新生儿,均应严密监测血糖,并尽早喂养或鼻饲。在治疗过程中早产儿、低出生体重儿血糖恢复正常后应减慢葡萄糖输注速度或给5%葡萄糖液,以避免发生高血糖。     

涪陵区儿童脑性瘫痪现况调查分析

目的了解本地区0～6岁儿童脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)患病状况及相关因素。方法调查2个乡镇0～6岁儿童3 360名。调查内容、方法、筛查标准和诊断标准均按"全国小儿脑瘫流行病学及病因学研究"方案进行。结果本区0～6岁儿童脑瘫患病率为5.06‰(17/3 360)。男童患病率高于女童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);异常出生孕周及异常出生体质量儿脑瘫发生率高于正常出生孕周及体质量儿脑瘫发生率,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);脑瘫患儿中新生儿窒息、新生儿黄疸及早产低出生体质量构成比较高。结论新生儿窒息、新生儿黄疸、早产低出生体质量可能是本地区儿童脑瘫的危险因素。     

Pattern of change of weight following birth in the early neonatal period

Birth weight of new born will vary according to gestational age, maternal, Placental and foetal intrauterine conditions. Postnatal weight change in the first few days of life (early neonatal period) may vary according to gestational age and birth weight. This may create problem in management of these babies. Birth weight and their pattern of change were followed on 105 newborns. Questionnaire and observation charts were the research Instruments and statistical analysis were done by using manual calculator. It was observed that full term newborns had better control on initial weight change following birth than preterm and low birth weight babies. Majority of term newborns loss their weight up to 5 days of life and regained their initial weight by 10 days. Maximum weight loss for longer duration occurred in preterm and very low birth weight babies who regained their initial weight by 10 - 14 days and some required more than 21 days.     

富阳市早产发生现状及早产儿结局的调查分析

目的探讨富阳市早产发生现状、危险因素及早产儿的结局。方法对243例早产产妇临床资料和早产儿结局进行分析。结果本次调查早产发生率为7.33%(243/3 316),以晚期早产占比最高(P<0.05),早期早产以自发性早产为主要原因,中期早产和晚期早产均以医源性早产为主要原因,晚期早产胎儿出生体重最大(P<0.05)。胎膜早破、胎盘位置异常、孕期产妇/丈夫吸烟、孕期阴道流血是早产发生的危险因素,孕期体重增加是早产发生的保护因素(P<0.05)。早期早产的早产儿治愈率较中期早产、晚期早产低,放弃治疗和死亡率均较中期早产、晚期早产高(P<0.05),医源性早产死亡率高于自发性早产、PPROM(P<0.05)。结论早期早产的新生儿死亡率更高,应减少医源性早产,积极预防PPROM、胎膜早破、胎盘位置异常,避免孕期吸烟、孕期阴道流血及低体重是降低早产发生率的重要措施。     

Social adversity, low birth weight, and preterm delivery

A prospective study of 483 pregnant women was undertaken to examine possible associations of social and psychiatric factors with both low birth weight (less than 2500 g) and preterm delivery (less than 37 weeks' gestation). As few babies were born before term (n = 14) or with a low birth weight (n = 14) further analyses were conducted to investigate predictors of absolute birth weight and gestational age. Low income was found to be an independent predictor of birth weight when birth weight was treated both as a dichotomous and as a continuous variable. Unemployment was found to be associated with absolute birth weight. Although this effect was statistically accounted for by low income, a low income was frequently caused by unemployment. Smoking independently predicted absolute birth weight and tended to be associated with preterm delivery. None of the factors investigated was associated with gestational age. In contrast with previous findings, factors such as social class, adverse life events, and psychiatric state were not associated with birth outcome. The mechanism underlying the association between low income and low birth weight requires further investigation.     

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES : INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS

In a prospective hospital based study, during the period from Jan 95 to Dec 96, 3100 consecutively delivered live newborns were studied for the incidence of low birth weight neonates and to evaluate the associated risk factors. One thousand fourteen newborns were classified as low birth weight babies. The incidence expressed per 1000 live births was 327 (32.7%). Of these, 815 (80.4%) were small for gestational age neonates and 199 (19.6%) were preterm neonates. Five hundred seventy small for gestational age neonates (70%) were weighing between 2001 to 2500 gms. Mothers belonging to the age group of 19-25 years delivered the maximum number of low birth weight babies (618/1014) and of these 82.8% were small for gestational age neonates. There were 48 neonates with low birth weight born to mothers below the age of 18 years. Primiparous mothers were found to contribute higher number of low birth weight neonates (414/1014). Spacing as a factor did not show any major difference. Two hundred sixty two low birth weight neonates were born to mothers with significant obstetrical problems such as pregnancy induced hypertension, bad obstetrical history and premature rupture of membranes. The incidence of 32.7% of low birth weight babies is high enough to ring alarm bells.     

小于胎龄早产儿及其发生因素分析

分析４５１例产妇分娩的５００例活产早产儿，其中小于胎龄的早产儿９２例，适于胎龄的早产儿３９０例（对照组）。二组对比，ＰＳＧＡ的合并症发生率及病死率均高于ＰＡＧＡ。孕母有六种因素可导致ＰＳＧＡ的发生：妊娠高血压综合征、疾病、双胎、有早产或自然流产史、文化程度低及重体力劳动者。     

Umbilical cord blood plasma vitamin A levels in low birth weight (LBW) babies

Background

Role of vitamin A in reducing the mortality in infants more than six months of age is well known. Supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A within 48 hours of birth reduces infant mortality by almost a quarter, with the greatest benefit to those of low birth weight (LBW). Studies that could highlight deficiency states in neonates, particularly LBW babies by objective measurement of vitamin A levels would help in formulating the recommendations to supplement these babies with vitamin A.

Methods

Cord blood plasma vitamin A levels of 154 LBW babies with birth weight in the range of 1505-2455 were analysed for plasma vitamin A (retinol) levels by HPLC method. Samples of 55 babies with normal birth weight were also analysed. LBW babies were divided into two subgroups of preterm LBW and LBW-term small for gestational age (SGA).

Results

Of the 154 babies with LBW, 92 were preterm LBW and 52 were LBW-term SGA. Mean cord blood plasma vitamin A levels were significantly lower in the preterm LBW group (n = 92) compared to levels observed in babies with normal birth weight (n = 55) and LBW-term SGA subgroups (n = 62). There was no significant difference in the mean vitamin A values between the normal birth weight babies and LBW-term SGA group. There was significant positive correlation of cord blood vitamin A levels with birth weight in the entire set of (n = 154) LBW babies (r = 0.37, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

This study revealed significantly lower cord blood vitamin A levels in the preterm LBW babies. The level of vitamin A in LBW babies also correlated with their birth weight. There are enough evidence to support causative association between vitamin A deficiency state and neonatal morbidity. Simple interventions like vitamin A supplementation during a crucial stage of an infant's life may be beneficial in the long run. There is a need to establish norms for vitamin A levels and seriously examine the role of vitamin A supplementation for LBW babies during the immediate postnatal period.     

486例极低及超低出生体质量儿产科因素分析

 目的探讨极低及超低出生体质量儿的相关产科因素,以降低极低及超低出生体质量儿的出生率。方法回顾性分析于我院分娩的486例极低及超低出生体质量儿和427例孕妇的临床资料。结果早产儿占极低及超低出生体质量儿总数的89.51%,胎龄主要集中在28~32周（62.35%）。极低出生体质量儿的比例（84.16%）远远大于超低出生体质量儿（15.84%）。孕妇剖宫产率为68.15%,初产妇占孕妇总数的77.75%。造成极低及超低出生体质量儿的常见产科因素为子痫前期重度、胎膜早破、胎盘早剥、宫颈机能不全、羊水量异常等。结论28~32周的极低出生体质量儿是产儿科医师工作的重点对象。存在子痫前期重度、胎膜早破、胎盘早剥、宫颈机能不全、羊水量异常等产科因素的初产妇生产极低及超低出生体质量儿的风险较高。     

Mortality patterns in low birth weight babies in ICDS urban slum area

There were 920 live-births over the period of one year in urban slums (covering 40 anganwadi centres) of Gorakhpur city. Incidence of low birth weight (LBW) babies weighing 2.5 kg or less and those weighing 2 kg or less were 40.7% (19.8% preterm LBW and 80.2% term LBW) and 24% (25.3% preterm LBW and 74.7% term LBW) respectively. Incidence of preterm babies was 8.5%. Infections and respiratory distress were found to be the major killers of LBW babies. The neonatal mortality rate was observed to be significantly high in LBW and preterm babies. Again, babies weighing 2 kg or less and preterm were at greater risk and should be referred to specialised neonatal centres while those weighing 2.001-2.5 kg could be looked after at home by trained personnel in domiciliary newborn care.     

叶酸代谢基因多态性及Hcy水平与新生儿早产、出生体重的关系

目的探究叶酸代谢基因多态性及同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与新生儿早产、出生体重的关系。方法选取我院2018年11月~2019年3月收治的80例孕妇进行研究,于孕早期采集口腔黏膜标本予以检测,以检测结果为标准,将叶酸代谢障碍遗传风险分为无/低风险(39例)和中/高风险(41例);同时检测孕妇的Hcy水平,并详细记录。分析不同基因型及Hcy水平与新生儿早产、出生体重的相关性。结果Hcy水平与新生儿出生体重呈正相关(r=0.168,P=0.002),MTRR A66G基因型与新生儿早产呈正相关(r=0.174,P=0.001),基因型总风险与新生儿早产呈正相关(r=0.159,P=0.004)。中/高风险孕妇早产率为20.51%(8/39),无/低风险孕妇早产率为4.88%(2/41),中/高风险孕妇早产率高于无/低风险组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。分娩巨大儿孕妇Hcy水平为(5.76±0.73)μmol/L,分娩正常体重儿孕妇Hcy水平为(4.23±0.59)μmol/L,分娩极低体重儿孕妇Hcy水平为(4.01±0.56)μmol/L,分娩巨大儿孕妇Hcy水平高于分娩正常体重儿孕妇和分娩极低体重儿孕妇HCY水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。叶酸代谢障碍不同风险程度出生体重分布相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论叶酸代谢能力与早产具有相关性,叶酸代谢障碍越严重,早产儿的发生率越高;孕妇Hcy水平与新出生儿体重具有相关性,孕妇Hcy水平越高,新生儿出生体重越重。     

A preliminary study on neonatal septicaemia in a tertiary referral hospital paediatric unit

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of neonatal septicaemia, and to identify risk factors, clinical presentations and causal organisms. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Neonatal Care Unit, University Paediatric Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital. SUBJECTS: Neonates admitted from January to December 1996 with clinical evidence of septicaemia. METHOD: Gestational age, birth weight and mode of delivery were evaluated as risk factors for septicaemia. Although diagnosis of septicaemia was made on clinical grounds, blood cultures were performed in all babies. Data was analysed by using Epi Info version 6. RESULTS: 98 babies had septicaemia. Incidence of septicaemia was 24.4 per 1000 live births and case fatality rate was 11.2%. Incidence was significantly higher in preterm babies, babies with low birth weight (LBW) and those born following instrumental delivery. 21.4% developed septicaemia on the first day of life, 74.5% between 2 and 7 days and 4.1% after the first week. Common presenting features were fever 61.2%, jaundice 52%, lethargy 37.8% refusal of feeds 25.5%, coffee grounds vomiting 22.4%, and fits 12.2%. Common bacteria identified were Klebsiella 26.5%, Staphylococcus aureus 15.3%, coliform bacilli 9.2% and spore forming bacilli 9.2%. Common sensitive antibiotics were amikacin 88.9%, amoxycillin + clavulanic acid 83%, ceftriaxone 78.1% and netilmicin 63.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Septicaemia is an important cause of morbidity, particularly in preterm babies, in babies with LBW and those with instrumentation at birth. The high incidence of late onset septicaemia together with the findings of Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus as common and resistant pathogens for septicaemia indicate that the majority were nosocomial infections.