电针结合重复经颅磁刺激对局灶性脑缺血大鼠蛋白激酶表达的影响

目的:探讨电针(EA)结合重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对局灶性脑缺血大鼠蛋白激酶A(PKA)表达的影响及其治疗缺血性脑损伤的机制。方法:Wistar大鼠75只,采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型,随机分为正常组、模型组、EA组、rTMS组和EA+rTMS组,通过Western印迹检测脑缺血后第7天、第14天与第28天三个不同时间点大鼠海马胞核内PKA表达的变化,并观测其神经功能评分。结果:脑缺血后不同时间点缺血侧海马PKA灰度值,模型组在第7天时高于正常组,第28天时低于正常组(P0.05),第14天时与正常组相比P0.05;EA组、rTMS组和EA+rTMS组3个时相均高于模型组,第7天、第14天时高于正常组,差异具有显著性意义(P0.05),第28天时与正常组相比P0.05,其中,EA+rTMS组第7天、第14天时高于EA组、rTMS组P0.05,EA组和rTMS组各时间点均无显著性差异(P0.05)。EA组、rTMS组和EA+rTMS组各时间点神经功能评分均较模型组改善(P0.01),尤以EA+rTMS组为明显。结论:EA结合rTMS对脑卒中后神经功能的恢复具有显著的促进作用,PKA蛋白的表达增强可能是其治疗缺血性脑卒中的机制之一。     

电针结合重复经颅磁刺激对局灶性脑缺血大鼠蛋白激酶A-环磷腺苷反应元件结合蛋白信号转导通路的影响

目的探讨电针结合重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对局灶性脑缺血大鼠蛋白激酶A-环磷腺苷反应元件结合蛋白（PKA-CREB）信号转导通路的影响及其治疗缺血性脑损伤的机制。 方法取雄性Wistar大鼠75只,采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型,分为正常组、模型组、电针组、rTMS组和电针+rTMS组, 每组大鼠15只,通过蛋白印迹法检测正常组入组后及其它各组脑缺血后第7,14,28天3个时间点大鼠海马胞核内蛋白激酶A（PKA）、磷酸化环磷腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(pCREB)表达的变化,并观测其神经功能评分。 结果脑缺血后不同时间点缺血侧海马PKA及pCREB灰度值比较,模型组在造模后第7天时高于正常组,造模后第28天时低于正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),造模后第14天时与正常组相比差异无统计学意义 (P&rt;0.05);电针组、rTMS组和电针+rTMS组3个时间点均高于模型组,造模后第7,14天时高于正常组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),造模后第28天时与正常组相比差异无统计学意义(P&rt;0.05),其中,电针+rTMS组第7,14天时高于电针组、rTMS组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),电针组和rTMS组各时间点差异均无统计学意义(P&rt;0.05)。电针组、rTMS组和电针+rTMS组各时间点神经功能评分均较模型组改善(P<0.01),其中以电针+rTMS组神经功能评分改善最为明显。 结论电针结合rTMS对脑卒中后神经功能的恢复具有显著的促进作用, 蛋白激酶A-环磷腺苷反应元件结合蛋白信号转导通路蛋白的表达增强可能是其治疗缺血性脑卒中的机制之一。     

电针结合经颅磁刺激对局灶性脑缺血大鼠pCREB表达的影响

目的：探讨电针结合经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对局灶性脑缺血大鼠磷酸化环腺苷酸反应元件结合蛋白（pCREB）表达的影响及其治疗缺血性脑损伤的机制。方法：Wistar大鼠75只,随机分为A、B、C、D及E组各15只,A组为正常对照,B、C、D及E组大鼠采用线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血模型,术后A、B组不实施处理,C组进行电针治疗,D组给予rTMS治疗,E组给予电针及rTMS联合治疗。通过Western blot检测脑缺血后第7、14及28d3个不同时相大鼠海马胞核内pCREB的表达,并观测神经功能缺损程度评分的变化。结果：脑缺血后不同时相点缺血侧海马pCREB阳性表达和灰度值,B组在7d时高于A组,28d时低于A组（P〈0．05）,14d时与A组比较差异无显著性意义;C、D组和E组各时相点均高于B组,7及14d时高于A组（均P〈0．05）,28d时与A组比较无差异;E组7及14d时相点均高于C及D组（P〈0．05）;C与D组各时相点均无差异。各时相点神经功能缺损评分C、D组和E组均较B组下降（P〈0．01）,尤以E组为明显。结论：电针结合rTMS对脑卒中后神经功能的恢复有显著的促进作用,pCREB的表达增强可能是其治疗缺血性脑卒中的机制之一。     

电针结合重复经颅磁刺激对脑缺血大鼠海马突触后致密物-95的影响

目的探讨电针结合重复经颅磁刺激对脑缺血大鼠海马突触后致密物-95（PSD-95）的影响。 方法60只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、电针组（EA组）、重复经颅磁刺激组（rTMS组）和电针结合重复经颅磁刺激组（EA+rTMS组）,每组又根据观察时间点分为7 d、14 d和28 d 3个亚组,每个亚组4只大鼠。大鼠复制大脑中动脉栓塞模型后,分别给予电针、重复经颅磁刺激和电针结合重复经颅磁刺激干预,免疫组织化学法检测缺血侧海马齿状回和CA3区的PSD-95蛋白表达变化。 结果观察第7天,模型组、EA组、rTMS组和EA+rTMS组大鼠海马的PSD-95表达均下降;治疗14 d后,各治疗组PSD-95表达上调;至28 d时各治疗组与模型组比较差异有统计学意义,尤其是EA+rTMS组PSD-95在海马CA3区表达增加更明显,与EA组和rTMS组比较差异有统计学意义。 结论电针结合重复经颅磁刺激能明显增强脑缺血大鼠海马PSD-95的表达,这可能是其改善脑缺血大鼠学习记忆功能的机制之一。     

电针神庭、百会对脑缺血再灌注大鼠学习记忆能力和海马CA1区环磷酸腺苷效应元件结合蛋白及其磷酸化水平的影响

目的探讨电针神庭、百会治疗脑卒中后认知功能障碍的机制。方法 45只Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和电针组,每组15只。后两组线栓法复制大鼠大脑中动脉缺血2 h再灌注模型。电针组于造模后24 h开始电针神庭和百会,共7 d。每天电针后行Morris水迷宫测试。治疗后,取大鼠脑组织TTC染色测量脑梗死体积,免疫组化检测海马CA1区环磷酸腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(CREB)及其磷酸化水平(p-CREB)的表达。结果从第4天开始,与模型组相比,电针组大鼠逃避潜伏期及游泳路程缩短(P0.05);穿越平台次数增多(P0.05)。电针组大鼠脑梗死体积小于模型组(P0.05);海马CA1区CREB、p-CREB表达量较模型组增加(P0.05)。结论电针神庭、百会后,脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA1区CREB、p-CREB表达量增加,从而保护神经元,改善学习记忆功能。     

脉冲磁针仪对脑缺血模型大鼠神经生长因子的影响

目的 研究脉冲磁针仪对脑缺血模型大鼠神经生长因子的影响。方法 健康Wistar大鼠70只，雌雄各半，随机分为7组：正常组、假手术组、模型组、静磁组、针刺组、电针组、脉冲磁组。线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血模型，神经功能评分评定术后各组大鼠的神经功能，运用免疫组化方法检测各组神经生长因子变化情况。结果 术后15d与术后6h组内神经功能评分比较，模型组无显著性差异(P＞0．05)，静磁组有显著性差异(P＜0．05)，其余各治疗组组内有高度显著性差异(P＜0．01)；组间15d时神经功能评分比较，脉冲磁组、电针组和针刺组疗效相仿。在第15d时神经生长因子表达比较，脉冲磁组、针刺组高于静磁组、电针组(P＜0．05)，静磁组、电针组高于模型组(P＜0．05)，针刺组与脉冲磁组无显著性差异(P＞0．05)。结论 脉冲磁针仪可促进神经生长因子产生并延长神经生长因子产生时限，促进脑缺血损伤后肢体功能恢复。     

重复经颅磁刺激结合穿梭箱训练对脑梗死恢复期大鼠认知功能的影响

目的:比较重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, rTMS)单独或与穿梭箱训练结合对短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞(transient middle cerebral artery occlusion,tMCAO)大鼠恢复期认知功能的影响。方法:60只雄性SD大鼠经tMCAO术后,根据神经功能评分分为5组:rTMS刺激组(n=7)、训练组(n=8)、rTMS结合训练组(n=7)、对照组(n=7)、假手术组(n=6),于术后7天开始进行20Hz rTMS和/或穿梭箱训练,术后第1、7、14、21、28天进行改良神经功能缺陷程度评分(mNSS),术后第28天进行Morris水迷宫实验。结果:第28天时rTMS结合训练组(P0.001)与rTMS刺激组(P0.05)的mNSS评分均低于对照组。水迷宫实验第1—5天训练组及对照组平均逃避潜伏期较假手术长(P0.05),第3天rTMS结合训练组的平均逃避潜伏期较rTMS组及训练组短(P0.05)。对照组穿越平台次数较假手术组少(P0.05),rTMS结合训练组穿越平台次数较rTMS组、训练组及对照组多(P0.05)。结论:rTMS结合穿梭箱训练可以改善脑梗死恢复期大鼠的认知功能,效果优于单一的rTMS刺激或训练。     

电针结合减重步行训练对急性脊髓损伤大鼠巢蛋白和神经生长因子表达的影响

摘要 目的：通过检测脊髓损伤后运动功能恢复情况和巢蛋白（nestin）、神经生长因子（NGF）的蛋白表达来探讨电针（EA）结合减重步行训练疗法（BWSTT）干预脊髓损伤（SCI）的作用。 方法：选用健康成年清洁级雄性SD大鼠72只,随机分为假手术对照组（假手术组）、模型对照组(模型组)、电针治疗组(电针组)、电针结合减重步行训练治疗组（电针+训练组）。用美国NYU脊椎冲击损伤仪致大鼠T9—T10段脊髓急性中度损伤模型。BBB运动功能评分对大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况进行评估;免疫组织化学技术检测各时间点损伤段脊髓NGF和nestin的表达。 结果：与模型组相比,两治疗组BBB评分显著增加,电针结合减重步行训练组在术后第14天和第28天显著增加,与电针组比较具有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。两治疗组脊髓损伤术后第14天和第28天NGF和Nestin的表达显著增加,但二者没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）。 结论：①电针能够促进脊髓损伤大鼠内源性NGF和nestin的大量表达来促进神经再生。②电针结合减重步行训练对大鼠运动功能的恢复更为有效。     

脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠CREB信号通路调控及电针足三里作用机制

目的探讨脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(c AMP-response element binding protein,CREB)信号通路调控及电针足三里作用机制。方法选择100只健康雄性SPF级Wistar大鼠,随机分为假手术组、模型组、电针组、电针+阻断剂组,每组各25只。电针+阻断剂组造模前注射H-89阻断剂,模型组、电针组、电针+阻断剂组均行脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,假手术组和模型组不予电针干预,电针组、电针+阻断剂组电针足三里干预7 d。评估大鼠神经行为学评分,观察脑梗死体积,检测血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、CREB和磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)的表达水平,记录CREB和VEGF的基因表达水平。结果与假手术组比较,造模2 h、干预7 d模型组、电针组和电针+阻断剂组大鼠神经行为学评分均明显升高,脑梗死体积均明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);与本组造模2 h比较,干预7 d模型组、电针组和电针+阻断剂组神经行为学评分均明显降低,电针组干预7 d脑梗死体积减小,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);与电针组比较,模型组、电针+阻断剂组干预7 d神经行为学评分升高,脑梗死体积增大,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。与电针组比较,假手术组、模型组、电针+阻断剂组VEGF表达量均减少,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。与假手术组比较,模型组、电针组、电针+阻断剂组p-CREB和p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达水平与VEGF基因表达水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);与电针组比较,模型组、电针+阻断剂组p-CREB和p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达水平与VEGF基因表达水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论电针足三里可改善脑缺血神经行为学功能,其机制可能与激活CREB通路,刺激下游VEGF表达,进而促进神经血管再生有关。     

电针结合重复经颅磁刺激对脑缺血大鼠海马突触素的影响

目的：研究电针结合重复经颅磁刺激对脑缺血大鼠海马突触素的影响。方法：120只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、电针组、重复经颅磁刺激组和电针结合重复经颅磁刺激组, 根据不同时间点每个组又细分为7d、14d和28d组3个亚组。复制大脑中动脉栓塞模型,分别给予电针、磁刺激和电针结合磁刺激干预。免疫荧光标记方法观察缺血侧海马CA3区突触素的表达,蛋白印迹技术定量分析不同时间点、不同组别之间缺血侧海马突触素表达的差异。结果：电针、磁刺激和电针结合磁刺激都能显著上调3个时间点海马突触素的表达。从时间上看,随着治疗时间的增加,突触素的表达逐步上调;不同组间比较,第28天时电针结合磁刺激海马突触素的表达最显著。结论：三种干预方法都能促进脑缺血大鼠海马突触素的表达,其中第28天时电针结合磁刺激效果最显著。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.