Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy Presenting as an Irreducible Inguinal Hernia

An inguinal hernia that suddenly becomes irreducible may be secondary to a variety of other underlying conditions which can occasionally mislead the attending surgeon. Benign, inflammatory or neoplastic processes, as well as surgical emergencies such as intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal haemorrhage, have all been previously reported to mimic an inguinal hernia that suddenly becomes irreducible with or without clinical features of strangulation. We add an additional interesting presentation to this list in the form of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, which is the first such case reported in the literature. A swelling in the groin may be much more complicated than it seems on superficial consideration and good clinical acumen is constantly required in managing such cases if a satisfactory outcome without any morbidity is to be expected.     

Irreducible inguinal hernia due to crossed testicular ectopia in an infant

The usual presentation of crossed testicular ectopia (CTE) is that of inguinal hernia with contralateral absent testis. We report on a 10-month-old infant with CTE, which presented as irreducible inguinal hernia. Diagnosis was made during surgery, as the child underwent an emergency operation for repair of his irreducible right inguinal hernia. A normal-sized and normal-shaped testis was found in the hernial sac with its blood vessels and vas deferens. A herniotomy with fixation of the ectopic gonad to the opposite hemiscrotum was done. The child remained asymptomatic 1 year postoperatively. Crossed testicular ectopia in infancy may present as irreducible hernia, requiring urgent surgery.     

Carcinoma of the sigmoid presenting as a right inguinal hernia

We present the case of a 44-year-old man who presented with nausea, vomiting and acute pain in the right groin. On physical examination an irreducible mass was palpated in the right inguinal region. Ultrasound suggested an inguinal hernia sac with bowel contents. Subsequent right inguinal exploration revealed only unspecified necrotizing tissue, but no hernia sac or bowel contents were identified. Two days later laparotomy was required since the inguinal wound produced faecal discharge. The sigmoid appeared to be necrotic and perforated, and was subsequently resected. Histology revealed a perforated adenocarcinoma without lymph node involvement. Incarcerated inguinal hernias containing an adenocarcinoma of the colon are rare, but should be considered in patients presenting with an irreducible palpable mass in the inguinal region. Moreover, a carcinoma of the sigmoid may invade the right inguinal region. An intestinal perforation to skin-level in this population is even rarer and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates.     

Adductor longus tendon rupture mistaken for incarcerated inguinal hernia

An incarcerated inguinal hernia is a common diagnosis, since the risk of an inguinal hernia incarcerating or strangulating is around 0.3–3%. An acute rupture of the adductor longus tendon is rarely seen and mostly affects (semi-) professional sportsmen. We present a case of a patient with an assumed incarcerated inguinal hernia which turned out to be a proximal adductor longus tendon rupture. If patients without a history of inguinal hernia present themselves with acute groin pain after suddenly exorotating the upper leg, a rupture of the adductor longus tendon should be considered. Both surgical and non-surgical treatment can be performed.     

Retroperitoneal well-differentiated liposarcoma presenting as an incarcerated inguinal hernia

A 69-year-old man was admitted with a complaint of left irreducible inguinal mass. On surgical exploration no evidence of hernia was found and the inguinal floor was overwhelmed by a large lobulated mass, arising from the properitoneal fat, that involved the spermatic cord. The mass was partially removed, sparing the elements of cord. The transversalis fascia was repaired by direct suture and a polypropylene mesh was located above. The histopathological diagnosis was well differentiated-type liposarcoma with myxoid features. The liposarcoma is a malignant tumour of the adipose tissue that arises from the primitive mesenchymal cells. These neoplasms have been usually found in the soft tissues of limbs, trunk, mediastinum, retroperitoneum and occasionally in the spermatic cord. The clinical aspect is frequently a complaint of scrotal or inguinal painless mass, mimicking to an inguinal hernia and the diagnosis of tumor is performed mainly during surgery, as in our patient. In the case of a firm not reducible painless inguinal mass without signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction, an abdominal tumor with inguinal or scrotal extension should be suspected and preoperatively excluded. The US and CT scan may be helpful to plane a correct therapeutic strategy before intervention.     

Large dermoid cyst of the spermatic cord presenting as an incarcerated hernia: a rare presentation and literature review

Dermoid cyst of the spermatic cord is a very rare clinical entity with only a few cases reported in the literature so far. We herein describe an extremely rare case of a large dermoid cyst of the spermatic cord measuring 8.5 × 5 × 5 cm in a young patient who presented with clinical manifestations of an incarcerated inguinal hernia. After the cyst excision, a diffuse direct hernia became apparent and a Lichtenstein polypropylene mesh repair was performed. Direct hernia was likely the result of chronic pressure on the inguinal floor maintained by the large cyst. We conclude that although very rare, dermoid cyst of the spermatic cord should be considered as a part of the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with an irreducible inguinal mass of a long course.     

A rare inguinal mass: Round ligament leiomyoma

INTRODUCTIONLeiomyoma of the round ligament is a rare condition and usually appears like an inguinal hernia.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe report a case of a 40 year-old women found to have an inguinal mass which it was finally diagnosed as leiomyoma.The patient was admitted to our hospital with a history of painless groin mass. The mass was thought to be irreducible inguinal hernia. Surgical exploration demonstrated a round ligament leiomyoma.DISCUSSIONA smooth muscle tumor in the round ligament of the uterus in the inguinal region is a rare entity and can be mistaken for an irreducible inguinal hernia. It is a rare condition occurring predominantly in premenopausal middle-aged women. Abdominal, inguinal, and vulvar locations have been described. Surgical excision is the curative treatment.CONCLUSIONLeiomyoma of the round ligament should be entertained as a possible etiology of inguinal mass.     

Amyand's hernia: case report and review of the literature

The authors report a case of gangrenous acute appendicitis in the sac of an inguinal hernia (Amyand's hernia). After a review of the literature, they emphasise the extreme rarity of the case reported, they underline how the clinical picture is highly similar to that of a strangulated inguinal hernia. They affirm that appendicectomy and hernioplasty may be performed at the same time, since the repair of the hernia should be performed without prosthesis implantation due to the contamination of the operating field.     

腔镜下腹膜外复位及TEP治疗腹股沟难复性疝临床研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨腔镜下腹膜外复位及TEP治疗腹股沟难复性疝的临床应用效果以及安全性评估。方法〓选取2012年3月~2015年11月期间于我院行腔镜下腹膜外复位及TEP治疗腹股沟难复性疝患者48例作为观察组,同时选取同期采用传统开放式的疝环填充无张力性修补术治疗腹股沟难复性疝患者50例作为本研究对照组,观察并对比两组患者的临床应用效果。结果〓两组患者的手术时间对比,对照组稍短。但是观察组患者的术中出血量、下床活动时间、疼痛的持续时间以及住院时间均明显低于对照组患者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),同时手术并发症的发生率(6.25%)也明显低于对照组发生率(22.00%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 临床中利用腔镜下腹膜外复位及TEP治疗腹股沟难复性疝是可行的,符合文献报道,即较传统开放式疝修补术具有优势。     

不同类型腹股沟疝的高频超声及CDFI特征分析

目的探究不同类型腹股沟疝患者的超声声像特征，分析高频超声及彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）在腹股沟疝诊断中的应用价值。 方法选择2017年1月至2019年8月期间万宁市人民医院超声科收治的65例腹股沟疝患者进行回顾性分析。其中，男性55例，女性10例；年龄5～78岁，平均年龄（52.35±8.24）岁。所有患者均于术前行高频超声及CDFI检查，并与手术病理检查对照。 结果65例腹股沟疝患者中，直疝5例，易复性疝50例，难复性疝3例，嵌顿性疝5例，绞窄性疝2例。超声声像图显示，直疝患者局部腹壁无明显变化，层次清晰囊内可见少量液性暗区，经CDFI可见少量血流信号；易复性疝、难复性疝患者腹股沟管扩张，内可见肠管、大网膜回声，肠壁层次清晰，无增厚，大网膜网格状囊实性相间杂乱回声或不均匀实性回声，经CDFI可见多个长条状和（或）短棒状的彩色血流信号；嵌顿性疝患者腹股沟、阴囊、大阴唇内可见实性类圆形回声团块，边界清晰，肠壁增厚，回声减低，经CDFI可见血流信号明显减少，团块内可见少许散在的点状血流信号；绞窄性疝患者疝囊内可见渗出的液性暗区，肠壁明显增厚，回声极低，经CDFI可见血流信号急剧减少或消失。以手术病理检查为"金标准"，超声诊断腹股沟疝的灵敏度为96.72%（59/61），特异度为75.00%（3/4），准确率为95.38%（62/65），误诊率为3.08%（2/65），漏诊率为1.54%（1/65）；诊断直疝、易复性疝、难复性疝、嵌顿性疝和绞窄性疝的符合率分别为80.00%（4/5）、100%（50/50）、66.67%（2/3）、80.00%（4/5）和100.00%（2/2）。超声测量直疝、易复性疝、难复性疝、嵌顿性疝、绞窄性疝的疝环内径与手术检查比较，差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.436，1.435，0.878，0.376，0.784；P>0.05）。 结论高频超声及CDFI检查对诊断不明确的腹股沟疝患者有重要的临床意义，可作为临床首选检查方法。     

Amyand hernia--a rare anatomic and clinical entity diagnosed intraoperatively

The Amyand hernia is an uncommon variant of the inguinal hernia, rarely recognised before the surgical treatment because of the confusion with a strangled hernia. In spite of this, the clinical presentation seems to follow a well determined pathway, so it is possible to state that the uncorrect diagnosis is to be attributed to the ignorance of this variant of hernia. We present two consecutive case reports of acute appendicitis founded in an inguinal hernia sac. The clinical presentation depended on the inflammation extension inside the hernia sac and the presence or not of peritoneal contamination. The patients were admitted for a painful pseudotumor in the inguinal region with irreducibility, mimicking strangled inguinal hernia with acute inflammatory syndrome. Intraoperatively we have found a hernia sac with a phlegmonous/gangrenous appendix inside. Appendectomy was performed, followed by hernioplasty (retrofunicular technique) without prosthetic material). The operation followings were favorable. We conclude that amyand hernia must be considered as differential diagnosis of apparently strangled inguinal hernias. Technical precautions and antibioprophylaxy applied during surgery may prevent septic complications after hernioplasty. The hernia repair must be performed without prosthetic material and using exclusively resorbable sutures.     

A case of giant inguinal hernia with intestinal malrotation

INTRODUCTIONGiant inguinal hernia is uncommon nowadays.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 75-year-old man with schizophrenia presented with complaints of episodic abdomen pain and constipation accompanied by a huge right scrotal mass. Physical examination revealed a large, irreducible, non-tender right inguinoscrotal hernia. The hernial mass was about 30 cm and extended to the midpoint of the inner thigh. At laparotomy, the intestine from the proximal transverse colon to the terminal ileum with mesentery was found to have herniated through the right inguinal tract without evidence of ischemia or strangulation. The ascending colon showed no adherence to the retroperitoneum and the third and fourth parts of the duodenum descended vertically without Treitz's ligament. The inguinal defect was closed without complications. Ladd's procedure and appendectomy were performed simultaneously.DISCUSSIONSeveral techniques such as distending the abdominal wall progressively or debulking the abdominal contents have been reported. However, no consensus has been reached on a standard surgical procedure for the management of giant inguinoscrotal hernias.CONCLUSIONThis was the first reported case of giant inguinal hernia containing malrotated intestine.     

腹股沟难复性疝临床分析35例

目的：探讨腹股沟难复性疝的手术时机选择。方法回顾性分析2008年10月至2013年12月,无锡市第三人民医院收治难复性腹股沟疝患者35例的临床资料,分析疝环大小、疝囊内容物与手术时机的关系。结果35例患者中,10例行急诊手术,其中股疝8例,腹股沟疝2例,术中发现疝囊内容物为大网膜,疝环直径均＜1．0 cm。25例行择期手术,术中证实疝囊内容物均为大网膜,大网膜与疝囊有粘连,疝环直径1．5-3．0 cm。术后均无切口感染、肠梗阻等并发症,随访3个月至3年,均无复发。结论腹股沟难复性疝疝囊内容物大网膜多见,病情严重程度与疝环大小密切相关,疝环大小在手术时机上起决定性作用。     

Inflamed vermiform appendix within the sac of incarcerated left inguinal hernia

A 54-year-old male complained of a continuous pain together with an irreducible swelling of the left inguinal region 8 hours prior to admission to the surgical emergency department. His physical examination revealed a very painful, erythematous, irreducible swelling in the left inguinal region without abdominal peritoneal irritation. Routine blood tests disclosed mild leukocytosis. Abdominal plain X-ray film was not specific, and ultrasonography revealed a 10 cm in length inactive, edematous intestinal section within the inguinal hernia. With the diagnosis of strangulated inguinal hernia, he underwent surgical exploration through a transverse inguinal incision. By opening the hernia sac, 6-8 cc inflammatory fluid drained out, and an inflamed vermiform appendix adhered to the inner surface of the sac was seen. Appendicectomy and primary hernia repair were performed at the same time through the inguinal incision. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the histological examination of the specimen revealed an inflamed appendix.     

Schwannoma in the inguinal canal masquerading an inguinal hernia

Benign neoplasms originating from the neuronal sheath are usually found along the distribution of the cranial nerves and in the flexor surfaces of the upper and lower extremities. We herein present a case of a 65-year-old man with a schwannoma located in the inguinal canal, which presented as an irreducible hernia. This is the first reported case in the English literature of a schwannoma with such a presentation.     

高频超声在不同类型腹股沟疝患者中的鉴别及与精索腹壁下动脉的关系研究

目的探讨高频超声在不同类型腹股沟疝患者中的鉴别价值及与精索腹壁下动脉的关系。 方法选择2018年5月至2021年6月武汉大学中南医院收治疑似腹股沟疝患者116例为对象，均采用高频超声检查，以手术为腹股沟疝确诊及分类分型的"金标准"，分析高频超声在腹股沟疝中的检出率、鉴别效能及不同类型腹股沟疝超声特点，比较不同类型腹股沟疝疝环直径及与精索腹壁下动脉的关系。 结果116例疑似腹股沟疝患者经手术检查确诊67例，确诊率为57.76%。腹股沟疝患者中排在前两位的分别为：易复性疝或难复性疝与直疝；高频超声检查确诊62例，检查准确度为82.63%（P>0.05）；诊断灵敏度为82.09%、特异度为85.71%；高频超声在直疝、易复性疝或难复性疝、嵌顿性疝及绞窄性疝中的检出率与手术检查结果差异无统计意义（P>0.05）；高频超声下直疝、易复性疝、绞窄性疝疝环直径略高于手术检查，而难复性疝及嵌顿性疝疝环直径略低于手术检查，差异均无统计意义（P>0.05）。 结论高频超声用于腹股沟疝患者中具有较高的检出率，能实现不同类型腹股沟疝鉴别，且与精索腹壁下动脉关系密切。     

Bilateral congenital inguinal hernia with right-sided Amyand's hernia in a premature twin: Case report and a summary of clinical presentations,management and outcomes in neonates and infants with Amyand's hernia

Introduction and importanceCongenital hernias occur 70% on the right side, 25% on the left side, and approximately 5% bilaterally. The finding of a congenital Amyand's hernia is of interest, especially in patients who do not present risk factors associated with connective tissue disorders, ascitic conditions, fetal developmental disorders or any condition that increases abdominal pressure.Case presentationMale patient, 6 months old, was brought to the pediatric surgery department due to a visible mass in the bilateral inguinal region, which protruded with crying. The parents report that he was a 36-week preterm, low birth weight, monochorionic monoamniotic twin with bilateral congenital inguinal hernia. An open herniorrhaphy was performed, showing a left communicating hydrocele with an indirect left inguinal hernia and right communicating hydrocele with indirect inguinal hernia containing cecal appendix with no signs of inflammation.Clinical discussionThe most common clinical presentation is the presence of a reducible or irreducible mass, erythema and/or inguino-scrotal edema, irritability manifested by crying and recurrent pain in older infants. This condition may be associated with cryptorchidism, intrauterine structural developmental disorder, and the presence of fistulas. Appendectomy and traditional hernia reduction are the most common surgical approach. The evolution of this condition is favorable with extremely low complication rates.ConclusionAmyand's hernia in the neonate is a rare presenting condition, which frequently involves nearby structures with risk of inflammation, incarceration and perforation, so repair should be performed early.     

Elective laparoscopic surgery for sigmoid colon carcinoma incarcerated within an inguinal hernia: report of a case

Primary colon carcinoma within an inguinal hernia sac is very rare and most reported cases were found at emergency open surgery for an incarcerated hernia. We report a case of incarcerated sigmoid colon carcinoma diagnosed preoperatively and treated with elective laparoscopic surgery. A 67-year-old man with a 2-year history of swelling of the scrotum and a breast lump was referred to us for surgical treatment of an irreducible left inguinal hernia and a right breast tumor. Blood examination results showed severe anemia. Computed tomography scan and endoscopic biopsy confirmed sigmoid colon carcinoma incarcerated in the left inguinal hernia. Thus, we performed definitive laparoscopic sigmoidectomy and conventional hernia repair for preoperatively diagnosed sigmoid colon carcinoma within an inguinal hernia.     

Amyand’s hernia in premature neonates: report of two cases

The finding of a normal or inflamed vermiform appendix within an inguinal hernia is termed Amyand’s hernia. It is extremely rare in children, especially in infants and neonates. When it occurs, it is usually misdiagnosed as an irreducible or strangulated inguinal hernia, and the accurate diagnosis is made intraoperatively. We report two cases of Amyand’s hernia in premature neonates. Both patients presented on admission with signs and symptoms indicating a strangulated right inguinal hernia, and the accurate diagnosis was made intraoperatively. One of them had progressed to local peritonitis. Appendicectomy and hernia repair were made at the same time through an inguinal transverse incision, and the postoperative course was uneventful in both. We point out the need to consider acute appendicitis in the differential diagnosis of strangulated right inguinal hernia.     

Isolated terminal ileum perforation after a kick blow to an inguinal hernia

Small bowel perforation caused by direct blunt trauma to an inguinal hernia has rarely been reported. In this report, we present a patient with terminal ileum perforation after direct blunt trauma to an inguinal hernia region. Both perforation and hernia repair were managed surgically in the same stage. This case demonstrates that leaving an inguinal hernia unrepaired may lead to dangerous outcomes, such as intestinal strangulation and perforation. Inguinal hernias with intestinal perforation need urgent surgical intervention. It is possible to repair the intestinal perforation and inguinal hernia in the same operation.