兰州市小学女教师职业紧张现况调查

目的探讨兰州市在职小学女教师的职业紧张状态和职业紧张主要来源。方法使用根据我国教师的实际情况修订后的国际职业紧张问卷对兰州市城关区内20所小学516名女教师进行职业紧张调查。结果女教师在工作中的职业紧张主要来源于过长的工作时间（24．8％的小学女教师周工作时间超过40h）、加班和工作任务繁重（22．0％的小学女教师经常加班）、社会责任重大；但大部分教师工作态度积极主动，对工作中人际关系表示肯定，对工作满意感较高。结论兰州市小学女教师的职业紧张问题值得重视。     

焦作市中小学教师职业紧张状况及其影响因素

目的了解焦作市中小学教师职业紧张状况并分析主要影响因素,为采取有效干预措施提供依据。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,对604名中小学教师进行职业紧张状况调查,将结果录入数据库并进行统计学分析。结果男教师职业任务、个体紧张反应和应对资源得分较女教师高。30～39岁与40～49岁教师职业任务过重,30～39岁个体紧张反应得分最高。50岁以上的教师个体应对资源较充足。学历高、职称高的教师职业任务过重,应对资源得分较高。班主任和毕业班的教师职业任务更多,紧张反应更强,应对资源相对较少。个体紧张反应问卷总分和业务紧张反应由强到弱依次为村级、乡级、区级、市级。市级学校的教师个体应对资源得分最高。个体紧张反应的影响因素主要有年级、学校级别、职业任务过重、任务界限、责任感、工作环境和理性处事。结论焦作市中小学教师存在不同程度的职业紧张问题,应通过减少教师职业任务,改善工作条件和提高个人应对资源的方法来预防和控制。     

高校教师工作压力与应对方式和社会支持的相关性

目的了解高校教师现阶段工作压力的状况,为缓解高校教师工作压力,建立符合高校教师心理需要的心理支持系统提供依据。方法采用应对方式量表、社会支持量表和工作压力量表对高校151名教师进行问卷调查,并将统计结果进行相关分析。结果高校教师工作压力来源是多元的,其中工作负担压力、职业声望压力、职业发展压力的强度居前3位,男女教师在工作负担压力维度上的差异显著（P〈0.01）;工作压力总分与应对方式总分呈显著正相关（r=0.359,P〈0.01）。工作压力各维度与应对方式各维度间（除求助外）相关密切,达到统计学上的显著水平,各压力源与应对方式均呈显著正相关,与解决问题呈负相关;工作压力总分及各维度与社会支持总分及各维度间呈显著负相关。结论高校教师普遍压力较大,学校应构建心理支持系统,力争从教师自身应对方式和社会支持上使教师减轻压力感,使教师正确认识职业压力,提高自身的承受力,以积极的姿态应对职业压力。     

An investigation into the effects of vacations on the health status in male white-collar workers

There are many stress factors in occupational settings, and the lack of vacations could be one of factors in the context of work stress. The authors have been studying the relationship between workload and employee health. This time, an investigation into the effects of leisure vacations on worker health status using male white-collar employees aged 20–60 years engaged in a manufacturing company was conducted. The subjects were questioned on work stress factors including vacations and modifiers in their occupational settings, and on psychological and physiological stress reactions; that is, how often they were able to take leisure vacations every year, their average working hours a day and work stress factors from the Demand-Control-Support model. The questions also examined other factors concerning the employees such as type-A behavior and lifestyles as modifiers, diseases of the employees, physical complaints, feelings about sleep, perceived stress, job and life satisfaction, and stress reactions as measured by physiological examination. Correlation and logistic regression analysis were conducted with the 551 eligible subjects. The results were as follows: Leisure vacation was decreasingly related to some of psychological stress reactions after adjustment was made for working hours and for modifiers. Less vacation was increasingly related to the workers’ diseases especially among the employees aged 20–34, though the association was not statistically significant. Vacations did not show obvious association with physiological measures. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness and possibility of leisure vacation in controlling fatigue and maintaining the health of workers. Vacation should always be taken into consideration as a stress factor in a survey of the health problems of white-collar workers.     

Gender difference in working from home and psychological distress - A national survey of U.S. employees during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated broad and extensive changes in the way people live and work. While the general subject of working from home has recently drawn increased attention, few studies have assessed gender differences in vulnerability to the potential mental health effects of working from home. Using data from 1,585 workers who participated in the Health, Ethnicity, and Pandemic (HEAP) study, a national survey conducted in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020, associations of working from home with psychological distress were examined with weighted logistic regression among 1,585 workers and stratified by gender. It was found that workers who worked from home had higher odds of psychological distress (aOR and 95% CI = 2.62 [1.46, 4.70]) compared to workers who did not work from home, adjusting for demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and health behaviors. In gender-stratified analyses, this positive association between working from home and psychological distress was significant in women (aOR and 95% CI = 3.68 [1.68, 8.09]) but not in men. These results have implications for female workers’ mental health in the transition towards working from home in the COVID-19 pandemic era.     

Relationship between dieting to lose weight and the functioning of the central executive

The study investigated the impact of weight-loss dieting on the four identified functions of the central executive of working memory: dual-task performance, random generation, task switching and activation of long-term memory. Participants were 32 female current dieters and 32 female non-dieters who completed four well-established cognitive tasks designed to tap each specific function. Participants also completed tasks designed to load on the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad working memory systems, as well as self-report measures of depressed affect and preoccupying cognitions. Dieters performed more poorly than non-dieters on all central executive measures except random generation. These dieting-related differences were most evident on moderately complex trials, and were partially mediated by preoccupying thoughts about food, weight and body shape, but not by BMI or depressed affect. It was concluded that weight-loss dieting has a relatively global impact on central executive functioning and thus has wide-ranging cognitive consequences.     

Three-shift system increases job-related stress in Japanese workers

We assessed the relationship between shift work and job stress. The target subjects were 4,962 male workers (3,078 day workers and 1,884 shift workers) aged 18 to 60 yr who work in a Japanese steel company. We used the "Brief Job Stress Questionnaire", which was developed by a research group organized by the Japanese Ministry of Labour. We evaluated the effect of shift work on job stress using logistic regression analysis including age, lifestyle factors, work conditions, marital status, and living arrangements in the model. Job schedule type was significantly associated with job control, with an odds ratio of 2.22 for shift workers compared to day workers. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the odd ratios for having one or more stressor items in an unfavorable condition were significantly higher for shift workers compared to day workers. Increase in the amount of overtime and decrease in the number of holidays led to a significant deterioration in job stress. Our study reveals that the 3-shift system of employment increases work-related stress, and that job control is low among shift workers. To reduce job stress in this occupational population, a reduction in the amount of overtime and an increase in the number of holidays seem to be useful interventions.     

Health effects and psychological stress in pregnant women engaged in work outside the home

Modern society demands working conditions in which pregnant women can successfully deliver children and maintain a professional position. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of work on the health and psychological stress in working women and their newborns. We reviewed twenty-eight publications and found that health problems in working women occur at high rates. However, there is no report investigating the mechanism by which health problems occur, or describing the precise working conditions and symptoms in pregnant women who are engaged in work outside the home. In addition, the literature uses subjective evaluations, including psychological tests, to quantify stress and anxiety, but no biochemical analyses of stress-related substances were conducted. We suggest that a standard index to represent working conditions and job category, as well as an investigation of the workload of house-keeping, is needed to understand the total work effort by pregnant women in modern times. Finally, measurement of stress-related biological markers may be effective in the investigation from various perspectives of occupational stress in pregnant women.     

Stress,Fatigue, and Sexual Spontaneity Among Married Couples in a High-Stress Society: Evidence from Sex Diary Data from Singapore

This paper investigates the associations between stress and fatigue and sexual spontaneity among heterosexual married couples in Singapore, a high-income society with high work performance expectations and long working hours. Data on self-reported menstrual dates, sexual activity within the marriage, and stress and fatigue levels were collected from 657 married women aged 25–34 years through biweekly online diaries over 14 weeks. Using a two-way fixed effects logistic model which controlled for time-invariant individual fixed effects and menstrual cycle fixed effects, the paper tests three hypotheses: (1) sexual activity is significantly lower on weekdays compared to weekends and public holidays, (2) sexual activity is significantly lower during periods when women reported higher stress and fatigue, and (3) stress and fatigue are more predictive of sexual activity during weekdays than during weekends. Frequencies of marital sexual intercourse during the diary keeping period were 3.69 and 2.55 per 30 days among women aged 25–29 and 30–34 years, respectively, much lower than ideal frequencies of 6.40 and 5.23. Consistent with all three hypotheses, there was a strong positive weekend effect and a weak but positive public holiday effect, and strong negative effects of both stress and fatigue, especially during weekdays. There was no evidence of compensatory sex on weekends to make up for hectic workweeks. Increased support for work-life balance can contribute to more spontaneous marital sex lives and may reduce underachievement of ideals for sexual intimacy and childbearing in Singapore.

     

Epidemiology of job stress and health in Japan: review of current evidence and future direction.

With the increasing concern about job stress, there is a growing body of literature addressing psychosocial job stress and its adverse effects on health in Japan. This paper reviews research findings over the past 15 years concerning the assessment of job stress, the relationship of job stress to mental and physical health, and the effects of worksite stress reduction activities in Japan. Although studies were conducted in the past using ad-hoc job stress questionnaires, well-established job stressor scales have since been translated into Japanese, their psychometric properties tested and these scales extensively used in recent epidemiologic studies. While the impact of overtime and quantitative job overload on mental health seems moderate, job control, skill use and worksite support, as well as qualitative job demands, had greater effects on psychological distress and drinking problems in cross-sectional and prospective studies. These job stressors also indicated a strong association with psychiatric disorders, including major depression, even with a prospective study design. Long working hours were associated with a higher risk of myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. There is evidence that the job demands-control model, as well as the use of new technology at work, is associated with higher levels of blood pressure and serum lipids among Japanese working populations. Fibrinolytic activity, blood glucose levels, immune functions and medical consultation rates were also affected by job stressors. It is further suggested that Japanese workers tend to suppress expression of positive feelings, which results in apparently higher psychological distress and lower job satisfaction among Japanese workers compared with workers in the U.S. Future epidemiologic studies in Japan should focus more on a prospective study design, theoretical models of job stress, job stress among women, and cultural difference and well-designed intervention studies of various types of worksite stress reduction.     

重庆市高校教师职业压力与心理健康状况调查

目的了解重庆高校教师职业压力与心理健康状况,为研究高校教师心理健康的维护策略提供实证基础。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法对4所高校的152名专职教师进行问卷调查。结果高校教师普遍存在中等程度职业压力,有中度及严重职业压力者占全部受试的70.0%。不同学历层次的教师在职业发展、工作负荷方面感受到的职业压力呈显著差异(P0.01),硕士学历教师在这两方面的压力高于其他组;不同职称的教师在职业发展、工作负荷、工作保障这三个维度上感受到的压力有显著不同(P0.01),工作负荷方面副教授组高于其他职称组,另两个方面讲师组高于其他职称组。高校教师健康状况较差,从精神症状自评量表(SCL-90)检测结果看,重庆市高校教师的8个症状因子均明显高于全国常模(P0.01),且心理症状阳性检出率为60.5%,存在中度及以上心理卫生问题的教师比率高于国内其他地区省市的检出结果。结论重庆高校教师的职业压力主要来自学校管理及制度、工作负荷及职业发展三个方面,其根本的压力来自各高校对教师科研工作量及科研质量的要求。只有从源头上优化评价体系,才能缓解高校教师职业压力,维护他们的心理健康。     

Effects of work stress and home stress on autonomic nervous function in Japanese male workers

Autonomic imbalance is one of the important pathways through which psychological stress contributes to cardiovascular diseases/sudden death. Although previous studies have focused mainly on stress at work (work stress), the association between autonomic function and stress at home (home stress) is still poorly understood. The purpose was to clarify the effect of work/home stress on autonomic function in 1,809 Japanese male workers. We measured corrected QT (QTc) interval and QT index on the electrocardiogram along with blood pressure and heart rate. Participants provided self-reported information about the presence/absence of work/home stress and the possible confounders affecting QT indicators. Home stress was related positively to QT index (p=0.040) after adjusting for the possible confounders, though work stress did not show a significant relation to QTc interval or QT index. The odds ratio of home stress to elevated QT index (≥105) was 2.677 (95% CI, 1.050 to 6.822). Work/home stress showed no significant relation to blood pressure or heart rate. These findings suggest that autonomic imbalance, readily assessed by QT indicators, can be induced by home stress in Japanese workers. Additional research is needed to identify different types of home stress that are strongly associated with autonomic imbalance.     

Overtime and need for recovery in relation to job demands and job control

This study addressed the prevalence of working overtime in relation to psychosocial work characteristics and need for recovery. More precisely, the aim of this study was to find out (1) whether a relationship exists between working overtime and psychosocial work characteristics (job demands and job control), (2a) whether a relationship exists between working overtime and need for recovery, and finally (2b) whether such a relationship depends on job type (a specific combination of job demands and job control). The study sample (N=1,473) consisted of a national random sample of office-based municipal administration employees who worked full-time. These employees completed a questionnaire on working conditions, overtime and need for recovery, among other things. Overtime was especially common in jobs characterised by high demands. The analyses showed that working overtime is not associated with a higher need for recovery in the total study population. However, there was a positive relationship between overtime hours and need for recovery in high strain jobs (high demands, low control). Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between structural overtime and need for recovery in active jobs (high demands, high control). The relationship between overtime and need for recovery seems to be dependent upon working conditions; indicators of overtime were associated with a higher need for recovery only for employees who experienced high job demands. Longitudinal research within a heterogeneous sample will be necessary to draw firm conclusions about causality with respect to the relationship between overtime, need for recovery and working conditions.     

血液透析护理岗位工效学评价

[目的]识别和评价血液透析（血透）护理工作工效学危险因素。[方法]选取某血液净化中心35名血透执行护士,开展问卷调查、任务分析和快速暴露评估（QEC）。[结果]研究对象颈、腰、肩部工作相关肌肉与骨骼疾患年患病率较高,分别为82.4%、80.6%、77.4%;22（62.9%）人自感职业紧张程度评分大于5。执行血透任务中工效学危险因素以不良劳动姿势,长时间站立和走动为主。＂引血上机＂＂取药品器材＂＂下机回血＂三项任务QEC评分在某些评价项目上有差别：对于背部和手腕/手,在＂取药品器材＂任务中评分均高于＂引血上机＂和＂下机回血＂（P〈0.05）;对于颈部及职业紧张,＂取药品器材＂的结果均低于＂引血上机＂和＂下机回血＂（P〈0.05）;对于工作进度,＂取药品器材＂结果低于＂下机回血＂（P〈0.05）。职业紧张在被评估的三项任务中得分处于＂较高＂和＂高＂的等级人数占总人数比例都较大。[结论]血液透析工作存在工效学危险因素,护士心理和生理健康状况可能受到影响。宜采取适当措施,以提高护士职业生命质量。     

乌鲁木齐中小学教师心理健康及工作能力调查

目的通过对中小学教师心理健康与工作能力的调查,分析中小学教师工作能力的影响因素。方法采用整群抽样方法,对新疆乌鲁木齐市1 500名中小学教师进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)问卷、情感问卷和综合性工作能力指数(CWAI)量表调查。结果(1)汉族和回族教师的心理健康状况差于其他民族;教龄短教师好于教龄长教师;高学历教师的心理健康状况和心理满意度均好于低学历教师。(2)男教师的工作能力指数高于女教师;不同民族教师的工作能力指数不同;教龄长教师的工作能力指数高于教龄短教师;高学历教师的工作能力指数高于低学历教师。(3)工作能力指数与SCL-90总分呈负相关,与心理满意度呈正相关。(4)影响教师工作能力的主要因素是性别、教龄、心理健康状态、心理满意度。结论不同民族、教龄、学历的教师心理健康状态有差异;不同性别、民族、教龄、学历的教师工作能力有差异。心理健康状态是影响教师工作能力的主要因素。     

Educación para la salud en la escuela primaria: opinión del profesorado de la ciudad de Alicante

ObjectiveThis study explores the opinions of primary school teachers about health activities carried out in schools in Alicante city (Spain).MethodsAn exploratory study was conducted through qualitative content analysis. Three focus groups were conducted with 25 primary school teachers (14 women and 11 men) working in 14 public and 7 private schools in the city of Alicante. Participants were asked about the health activities carried on in their schools.ResultsTeachers distinguished between health education activities promoted by the school and those included in external programmes promoted by public and private institutions. External programmes were considered as impositions, lacking continuity and chosen according to passing fads. Although teachers demonstrated a more positive attitude towards activities arising from their own initiative, they identified health education as a secondary task. Teachers considered that improving their own health education training and promoting the involvement of parents, health professionals and public institutions were the most appropriate ways to promote health education in the school.ConclusionTeachers showed a more positive opinion and greater commitment towards health activities that complement and facilitate their teaching tasks. Their didactic programme and opinion should be taken into account to maximise the efficiency of the health promotion and education activities promoted by external organisations.     

Longitudinal relationship of work hours, mandatory overtime, and on-call to musculoskeletal problems in nurses

BACKGROUND: Nurses are at very high risk for work-related musculoskeletal injury/disorders (MSD) with low back pain/injury being the most frequently occurring MSD. Nurses are also likely to work extended schedules (long hours, on-call, mandatory overtime, working on days off). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of extended work schedules in nurses to MSD. METHODS: Using a longitudinal, three wave survey of 2,617 registered nurses, Wave 1 work schedule data were related to neck, shoulder, and back (MSD) cases occurring in Waves 2 or 3. RESULTS: Schedule characteristics increasing MSD risk included 13+ hour/days, off-shifts, weekend work, work during time off (while sick, on days off, without breaks), and overtime/on-call. These increases in risk were not explained by psychological demands, but were largely explained by physical demands. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse schedules are significantly related to nurse MSD. Healthier schedules, less overtime, and reducing work on days off would minimize risk and recovery time.     

Factors of working conditions and prolonged fatigue among teachers at public elementary and junior high schools

Prolonged fatigue among elementary and junior high school teachers not only damages their health but also affects the quality of education. The aim of this study was to determine the factors of working conditions associated with prolonged fatigue among teachers at public elementary and junior high schools. We distributed a self-reported, anonymous questionnaire to 3,154 teachers (1,983 in elementary schools, 1,171 in junior high schools) working in public schools in a city in Japan. They were asked to assess 18 aspects of their working conditions using a seven-point Likert scale. Prolonged fatigue was measured using the Japanese version of the checklist individual strength questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association between working conditions and prolonged fatigue. Gender, age, and school type were introduced as confounders. In all, 2,167 teachers participated in this study. Results showed that qualitative and quantitative workload (time pressure due to heavy workload, interruptions, physically demanding job, extra work at home), communication with colleagues (poor communication, lack of support), and career factors (underestimation of performance by the board of education or supervisors, occupational position not reflecting training, lack of prospects for work, job insecurity) were associated with prolonged fatigue.