Transverse Sinus Thrombosis After Internal Jugular Vein Ligation

Background: Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis is a rare condition with a wide range of causes and a highly variable presentation. It can lead to significant morbidity, but scant literature is available describing diagnosis and treatment when this occurs after ligation of the internal jugular vein. Objectives: To discuss potential risk factors for cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis after ligation of the internal jugular vein, and present current options for diagnosis and treatment. Case Report: A 23-year-old male construction worker was brought to the Emergency Department by Emergency Medical Services after sustaining a severe neck laceration from a hand-held grinder. He was treated with ligation of the left internal jugular vein, but subsequently developed severe headaches and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. A magnetic resonance venogram of the head revealed a left transverse sinus thrombosis requiring treatment with anticoagulation. The placement of a lumboperitoneal shunt was ultimately needed for relief of his symptoms. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and aggressive therapeutic interventions are critical to prevent further morbidity in patients who develop cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis after ligation of the internal jugular vein.     

颈内静脉扩张症的高频声象表现

本文报告20例颈内静脉扩张症的声象图表现及平静呼吸与吸气后屏气时患侧颈内静脉的前后径、横径、周长和截面积等测值的改变。同时,以患者健侧颈内静脉的各项测值作为对照,比较了正常颈内静脉和病变颈内静脉各项测值的差异。高频超声是一种结果可靠并可作为颈内静脉扩张症首选的无创性诊断方法。     

股浅静脉与股深静脉血栓形成差异的超声研究

目的 探讨股浅静脉与股深静脉在血栓形成上存在差异的血流动力学机制.方法 选择144例下肢深静脉血栓患者为研究对象,共观察下肢深静脉148条,统计分析股浅静脉血栓与股深静脉血栓在发病率及闭塞程度上是否存在差异.结果 148条下肢深静脉血栓中,股浅静脉完全闭塞及部分闭塞分别为139条及9条,股深静脉完全闭塞及部分闭塞分别为92条及47条,股浅静脉较股深静脉血栓发病率高(P<0.01),股浅静脉血栓形成导致血管闭塞程度较股深静脉重(P<0.01).结论 股浅静脉较股深静脉易患血栓且闭塞程度重与其距小腿较远,小腿肌肉收缩形成具有一定速度的血流在股浅静脉血流速度明显减低有关.     

孤立性小腿深静脉血栓的超声诊断

目的　探讨孤立性小腿深静脉血栓的声像图特点及超声诊断方法。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声检查小腿肌肉内深静脉 (比目鱼肌静脉、腓肠肌静脉 )、胫后静脉、腓静脉、胫前静脉 ,以及静脉以上近端深静脉是否有血栓形成。结果　检出的 13例孤立性小腿深静脉血栓中 ,77%为小腿肌肉内深静脉受累 ,少数为腓静脉及胫后静脉受累 ,未发现胫前静脉单独受累者 ;比目鱼肌内的单支静脉血栓为最常见的类型 ,且半数合并近端深浅静脉返流。结论　超声检查能够有效地检出孤立性小腿深静脉血栓病变 ,小腿深静脉特别是肌肉内深静脉应包括在下肢深静脉检查常规之中。     

The Effect of Rigid Cervical Collars on Internal Jugular Vein Dimensions

Objectives:  Prior research has demonstrated that rigid cervical collars cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). The mechanism for this effect is unclear and one proposed mechanism involves obstruction of venous outflow in the neck. Ultrasound (US) allows assessment of internal jugular vein dimensions and may yield information regarding the mechanism for the increase in ICP seen with rigid collar application.
Methods:  Forty-two healthy volunteers underwent US examination of the internal jugular vein before and after cervical collar application. Internal jugular vein cross-sectional areas were compared with and without the cervical collar in place.
Results:  The cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein increased significantly (p < 0.0001) after application of the cervical collar. The mean percentage increase in cross-sectional area was 37% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 20% to 53%).
Conclusions:  Internal jugular vein cross-sectional area increases after application of a rigid cervical collar. This supports the hypothesis that venous obstruction in the neck may contribute to the increase in ICP seen after rigid collar application.
ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:100–102 © 2009 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine     

The Ultrasound-guided “Peripheral IJ”: Internal Jugular Vein Catheterization using a Standard Intravenous Catheter

Background

Obtaining vascular access is difficult in certain patients. When routine peripheral venous catheterization is not possible, several alternatives may be considered, each with its own strengths and limitations.

Discussion

We describe a novel technique for establishing vascular access in Emergency Department (ED) patients: the placement of a standard catheter-over-needle device into the internal jugular vein using real-time ultrasound guidance. We present a series of patients for whom this procedure was performed after other attempts at vascular access were unsuccessful. In all cases, the procedure was performed quickly and without complications.

Conclusion

Although further study of this technique is required, we believe this procedure may be a valuable option for ED patients requiring rapid vascular access.     

穿刺针在颈外静脉穿刺中的一点改进

通过改进颈外静脉穿刺针，并经５０例患者应用，结果满意，提高了颈外静脉穿刺一次成功率，保证了病人的治疗，尤其为危重病人的抢救赢得了时间。     

Chondroprotective effect of salicylate and chloroquine in pyogenic septic arthritis

Introduction

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of salicylate (Aspisol®; Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) and chloroquine on preventing cartilage damage in septic arthritis.

Methods

A septic arthritis model was created by inoculating the knee joint of young rabbits (n=21) with Staphylococcus aureus. Some rabbits with inflicted septic arthritis did not undergo any treatment and served as the control group (n=7). The second group (n=7) was started on salicylate on day 2 to investigate the effects of salicylate on joint cartilage. The third group (n=7) was started on chloroquine on day 2 to investigate the effects of chloroquine on joint cartilage. All three groups underwent arthrotomy, drainage and synoviectomy on day 7 of the experiment. Animals were sacrificed on day 14 and the joint cartilages were extracted. Histopathology, determination of local prostaglandin (PGE)-like activity, and evaluation of hyaluronic acid loss were performed on all samples.

Results

The control group and the salicylate group were similar in the extent of joint damage. Salicylate did not prevent joint cartilage damage despite inhibiting PGE synthesis. Chloroquine, despite not inhibiting PGE synthesis, did prevent cartilage destruction.

Conclusion

If supported by larger-scale studies, chloroquine could be added to the antibiotic regimen in the treatment of septic arthritis to prevent cartilage damage.     

Pulmonary Vein Thrombosis Associated with a Large Hiatal Hernia

Background

Pulmonary vein thrombosis is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition. Reported cases of pulmonary vein thrombosis commonly occur as a complication of pulmonary surgery. There is a paucity of literature describing its clinical manifestations and non-operative causes.

Objective

We report the unique case of pulmonary vein thrombosis associated with a large hiatal hernia in a patient initially presenting with renal infarction.

Case Report

A 68-year-old man initially presented with increasing intensity of left lower quadrant pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen revealed left renal infarctions. Searching for an embolic source, further investigation revealed left inferior pulmonary vein thrombosis in the setting of venous compression in the lung tissue adjacent to a large hiatal hernia.

Conclusion

Large hiatal hernias may be a nidus for pulmonary vein thrombosis, a potential source of left-sided emboli.     

Sonographic Findings in Fetal Renal Vein Thrombosis

We present the sonographic findings of fetal renal vein thrombosis in a series of 6 patients. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 31.2 weeks. Four cases were unilateral, and 2 were bilateral. The most common findings were renal enlargement and intrarenal vascular calcifications, followed by increased renal parenchymal echogenicity. Inferior vena cava thrombosis was found in 4 patients and common iliac vein thrombosis in 2. Fetal renal vein thrombosis is an uncommon diagnosis with characteristic sonographic findings. The presence of these findings should prompt Doppler interrogation of the renal vein and inferior vena cava to confirm the diagnosis.     

造血干细胞移植患者颈内静脉置管的护理

造血干细胞移植是治疗白血病等血液系统恶性疾病、实体瘤及某些非肿瘤性疾病的重要手段。造血干细胞移植过程中有大量化疗药物及液体进入患者体内,建立良好的血管通道是移植成功的重要保证。常规从手背或前臂静脉穿刺不仅易导致静脉炎,而且输液速度受限,反复穿刺也增加了感染和出血的风险。颈内静脉置管在造血干细胞移植中已得到广泛应用。现总结我科2007～2009年造血干细胞移植患者83例的资料,现报告如下。     

经腋静脉穿刺中央静脉置管后上肢深静脉血栓形成的临床观察

目的探讨经腋静脉穿刺中央静脉置管后上肢深静脉血栓形成情况。方法 2007年1月-2009年12月共收治60例需行中央静脉置管的患者,所有患者均通过腋静脉穿刺行中央静脉插管,并于拔除导管后行彩色多普勒超声检查了解双侧上肢深静脉血栓形成情况。将腋静脉穿刺侧上肢作为穿刺组,对侧上肢作为对照组,进行前瞻性对照研究,将两组上肢深静脉血栓发生率进行比较。结果 60例患者中央静脉置管平均时间为（14.7±7.4）d,对照组彩色多普勒超声检查无深静脉血栓形成,穿刺组2例患者出现上肢深静脉血栓形成的症状,无肺栓塞发生,28例患者（47%）拔除的导管周围可见纤维蛋白套形成,经上肢彩色多普勒超声检查,5例患者（8.3%）腋静脉不完全栓塞,2例患者（3.3%）腋静脉完全栓塞。在中央静脉置管时间≤6d的患者中,无上肢深静脉血栓形成;置管时间在7～14d的患者中,2例（3.3%）腋静脉血栓形成;5例（8.3%）腋静脉血栓形成发生在置管时间≥15d（P〈0.01）。7例腋静脉血栓形成患者,经2～3次穿刺成功,平均穿刺时间（10±2.5）min,与无腋静脉血栓形成患者的平均穿刺所需时间（14±9）min比较,无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论经腋静脉穿刺中央静脉置管后上肢深静脉血栓形成的发生率为11.6%。     

超声诊断小腿深静脉血栓及鉴别诊断

目的分析小腿深静脉血栓的超声诊断方法及其声像图特点。方法对59例67条下肢疑诊小腿深静脉血栓患者，均行超声检查。结果59例患者的67条下肢中35例患者的37条（55．2％）下肢诊为小腿深静脉血栓（8条小腿深静脉血栓伴浅静脉血栓，其中1条伴淋巴水肿；1条小腿肌间静脉血栓伴淋巴水肿），其中32条（86％）下肢为小腿肌间静脉血栓；2条（0．5％）下肢为腓静脉血栓；3条（0．8％）下肢为胫后静脉血栓，其中2条为胫后静脉血栓合并肌间静脉血栓。未见胫前静脉受累。19例患者25条（37．3％）下肢诊为淋巴水肿，5例（7．5％）诊为肌间血肿。结论超声有助于明确小腿深静脉血栓诊断，并能对类似小腿深静脉血栓疾病症状的疾病进行鉴别。     

颈外静脉穿刺置管前进行困难因素评估的效果

经外周静脉穿刺置人中心静脉导管（peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC）是一种较为安全的深静脉置管技术。目前临床上多采用经颈外静脉或肘部静脉路径进针,但经肘部静脉途径需特制长导管,其临床应用受到明显限制;     

肠系膜上静脉血栓形成诊疗应注意的问题

肠系膜上静脉血栓形成(superior mesenteric vein thrombosis,SMVT)是肠缺血疾病中的一种,临床上较为少见,然而通常是致命性的。由于SMVT发病率较低及临床表现缺乏特异性,早期诊断难度较大,病死率较高。影像学检查的进展使得SMVT早期诊断成为可能,其中CT由于具有较高的敏感性及特异性,应作为临床首选检查手段。SMVT一经诊断,应立即予以抗凝治疗,以抗凝治疗为基础的保守治疗无效时,可考虑进一步行腔内治疗及手术治疗。任何时候,一旦出现疑似肠坏死的情况,应立即予以外科手术治疗。     

Non-Invasive Thrombolysis Using Microtripsy in a Porcine Deep Vein Thrombosis Model

Histotripsy is a non-invasive therapeutic technique that uses ultrasound generated from outside the body to create controlled cavitation in targeted tissue, and fractionates it into acellular debris. We have developed a new histotripsy approach, termed microtripsy, to improve targeting accuracy and to avoid collateral tissue damage. This in vivo study evaluates the safety and efficacy of microtripsy for non-invasive thrombolysis in a porcine deep vein thrombosis model. Acute thrombi were formed in left femoral veins of pigs (～35 kg) by occluding the vessel using two balloon catheters and infusing with thrombin. Guided by real-time ultrasound imaging, microtripsy thrombolysis treatment was conducted in 14 pigs; 10 pigs were euthanized on the same day (acute) and 4 at 2 wk (subacute). To evaluate vessel damage, 30-min free-flow treatment in the right femoral vein (no thrombus) was also conducted in 8 acute pigs. Blood flow was successfully restored or significantly increased after treatment in 13 of the 14 pigs. The flow channels re-opened by microtripsy had a diameter up to 64% of the vessel diameter (～6 mm). The average treatment time was 16 min per centimeter-long thrombus. Only mild intravascular hemolysis was induced during microtripsy thrombolysis. No damage was observed on vessel walls after 2 wk of recovery, venous valves were preserved, and there was no sign of pulmonary embolism. The results of this study indicate that microtripsy has the potential to be a safe and effective treatment for deep vein thrombosis in a porcine model.     

Systematic Review of Emergency Physician–performed Ultrasonography for Lower-Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis

Objectives:  The authors performed a systematic review to evaluate published literature on diagnostic performance of emergency physician–performed ultrasonography (EPPU) for the diagnosis and exclusion of deep venous thrombosis (DVT).
Methods:  Structured search criteria were used to query MEDLINE and EMBASE, followed by a hand search of published bibliographies. Relevance and inclusion criteria required prospective investigation of emergency department (ED) outpatients with suspected DVT; diagnostic evaluations had to consist of EPPU followed by criterion standard (radiology-performed) imaging. Two authors independently extracted data from included studies; study quality was assessed utilizing a validated tool for quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS). Pooled data were analyzed using an unweighted summary receiver-operating-characteristic (SROC) curve; sensitivity and specificity were estimated using a random effects model.
Results:  The initial search yielded 1,162 publications. Relevance screening and selection yielded six articles including 936 patients. Four of the six studies reported adequate blinding but a number of other methodologic flaws were identified. A random effects model yielded an overall sensitivity of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87 to 0.99) and specificity of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.87 to 0.99).
Conclusions:  Systematic review of six studies suggests that EPPU may be accurate for the diagnosis of DVT compared with radiology-performed ultrasound (US). However, given the methodologic limitations identified among the primary studies, the estimates of diagnostic test performance may be overly optimistic. Further research into EPPU for suspected DVT is needed before it can be adopted into routine clinical practice.     

Effort Thrombosis Provoked by Saxophone Performance

Background

Internal jugular venous thrombosis (IJVT) is an uncommon condition rarely diagnosed in the outpatient setting. IJVT carries significant morbidity and mortality and must be considered in the differential diagnosis for new-onset neck pain and swelling, especially in the emergency setting. Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS), or primary thrombosis secondary to effort, is an uncommon, likely under-recognized etiology of thrombosis. We report a case of PSS extending from the right subclavian vein into the right internal jugular vein, suspected based upon patient history and physical examination and confirmed by point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). We then review the presentation, causes, and diagnostic standards for PSS.

Unilateral sternoclavicular arthritis: inflammatory arthritis or septic arthritis,that is the question – a case report

Sternoclavicular (SC) joint inflammatory arthritis and septic arthritis can have very similar presentations and can be indistinguishable if a joint fluid aspiration sample cannot be obtained. Septic arthritis of the SC joint accounts for less than 1% of all joint infections. Diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the clinical history combined with elevated infection markers in the blood, specific imaging findings, and most importantly, a positive joint aspiration bacterial culture. To make a diagnosis of SC joint septic arthritis, a high index of suspicion is generally necessary. We herein present the case of a previously healthy 52-year-old man with a 10-day history of left SC pain who improved transiently with anti-inflammatory oral medication; however, the pain subsequently increased over the next 10 days. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging of the left SC area revealed fluid in the joint with an abscess adjacent to the joint, which was aspirated, and the sample yielded a positive Streptococcus agalactiae culture. Septic arthritis of the left SC joint was diagnosed, and the patient was treated surgically. This case highlights the initial challenges of distinguishing inflammatory from septic arthritis in joints in which a sample for bacterial culture cannot be easily obtained.     

下肢深静脉栓塞的超声诊断

对６６例下肢深静脉血栓形成（ＤＶＴ）病例进行了常规超声和彩色多普勒超声的研究分析，ＤＶＴ在超声上可表现为静脉内径增宽，腔内实质回声，按压静脉未形变，静脉瓣固定等，彩色多普勒可通过被栓腔内未有彩色血流而确诊ＤＶＴ。同时，彩色多普勒可鉴别被栓静脉是完全性亦或不完全性阻塞，并可通过静脉栓子内及周围的血流显示来确定侧支形成和再通的情况，文章认为彩色多普勒联合常规超声为诊断ＤＶＴ的首选方法。