癫痫的多导睡眠研究

目的:了解癫痫放电在自然睡眠各期及觉醒状态下分布情况,为癫痫的诊断与优化治疗提供客观参考依据。方法:筛选40例全身性强直—阵挛发作尚未用AEDs治疗的癫痫患者,用英国OXFORD Medilog 9200型动态脑电监测仪同时进行多导睡眠记录和动态脑电图记录。结果:40例中有33人记录到典型癫痫波(82.5%),30人记录到慢波阵发(75%),11人记录到α高尖阵发(27.5%)。结论:本研究提示典型癫痫放电和慢波发放主要在W和S_(1,2)较多,其次是在REM,在S_(3,4)相对较少,α高尖阵发主要是在W和S_(1,2),这说明痫样放电在觉醒和睡眠时均有相当的放电时间和次数。本研究还提示通过动态脑电图检测或结合多导睡眠图可详细准确了解痫样放电的24小时分布状况,对指导调整AEDs的用量和服用时间,实现癫痫优化治疗有重要意义。     

抗癫痫药对癫痫患者睡眠结构的影响

目前对于癫痫的研究发现,癫痫患者存在睡眠障碍问题,此可归因于抗癫痫药本身、癫痫发作和不规律的睡眠等方面〔1〕,其中抗癫痫药对癫痫患者睡眠结构的影响不可忽视,纠正癫痫患者的睡眠障碍有助于癫痫的治疗〔2〕。1.睡眠多导监测介绍1953年,Aserinsky等在记录脑电的同时记录到了眼球的运动,发现了快速眼动期睡眠(REM),从而推动了睡眠多导监测技术的发展。多导睡眠仪(PSG)的应用开始于20世纪80年代。装备有直流信号处理器:处理呼吸气流、呼吸运动和血氧饱和度信号;②交流信号处理器:处理脑电、眼动、心电和肌电信号。根据脑电、眼球运动和肌电表现,可以将睡眠分成非快眼动睡眠(NREM)和快眼动睡眠(REM),NREM睡眠又可进一步分为1、2、3、4期。目前使用的PSG大多配有视频录像系统,可以同时捕捉患者的夜间睡眠情况。2.睡眠生理⑴睡眠结构:正常睡眠是由NREM睡眠与REM睡眠两个不同睡眠时相构成。NREM睡眠分为1、2、3、4期,NREM睡眠的3期和4期合称慢波睡眠(SWS)。REM睡眠又称快波睡眠。在整个睡眠过程中,NREM睡眠与REM睡眠交替出现。以正常成人8小时睡眠为例,一开始首先进入NREM睡眠期,并迅...     

癫癎患儿睡眠结构与认知行为关系的研究

目的探讨特发性癫患儿睡眠结构改变与认知行为异常的关系。方法对64例特发性癫患儿(癫疒间组)进行全夜睡眠多导监测、日间注意力测定及Achenbach儿童行为量表评估情感行为状态;应用秩相关系数分析睡眠与注意力、行为的相关性,并与20名正常儿童(正常对照组)进行比较。结果与正常对照组相比,癫疒间组睡眠Ⅰ期百分比和快速眼动期(REM)潜伏期显著延长(均P<0.05);部分性发作患儿入睡后觉醒次数较全身性发作患儿显著增多(P<0.05);应用丙戊酸钠的患儿睡眠总记录时间较未服用抗疒间药者延长(P<0.05);记录到疒间性电发放的患儿睡眠总记录时间、REM潜伏期延长,睡眠效率降低(均P<0.05);癫疒间组患儿划消试验总参数较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.05);Achenbach儿童行为量表总体行为问题评分升高(P<0.05),秩相关分析示划消试验总参数与睡眠Ⅰ期百分比成正相关(r=0.68,P<0.05),儿童行为量表评分与REM百分比呈正相关(r=0.57,P<0.05)。结论特发性癫疒间患儿睡眠结构异常,其与患儿的日间注意力及行为异常有关。     

录像脑电图监测对发作性疾病的诊断价值

目的研究录像脑电图（VEEG）在癫痫的诊断、鉴别诊断和临床发作分型中的价值,探讨癫痫患者自然睡眠时相与样放电之间的关系。方法使用录像脑电图对93例发作性疾病患者进行长程脑电监测,记录清醒和睡眠时的脑电图,并作诱发试验,明确发作性质,确定癫痫的临床发作类型,并分析发作间期癫痫样放电的睡眠-觉醒时相分布。结果93例发作性疾病患者中有临床发作者51例,样放电者72例,结合病史、临床表现和EEG结果而诊断为癫痫71例,其中69例患者确定了临床发作类型,20例修正了临床发作类型;71例确诊为癫痫患者中有完整睡眠-觉醒周期者65例,觉醒期有样放电者49例,睡眠期有样放电者61例,其中NREMⅠ-Ⅱ期52例（85.2%）,NREMⅠ-Ⅳ期3例（4.9%）,NREWⅢ-Ⅳ期6例（9.9%）,REM期未见。结论VEEG检测有利于癫痫的诊断和确定临床发作分型,睡眠监测有助于样波的检出,睡眠期样放电主要出现于NREMⅠ-Ⅱ期。     

睡眠脑电图在小儿癫痫中的诊断价值

目的探讨睡眠EEG对癫痫的诊断价值、优点及诊断中的注意事项。方法分析应用日本光电4418型EEG仪监测136例癫痫患者睡眠EEG。结果正常28例(20．6％)，非特异性异常12例(8．8％)，痢样放电96例(70．6％)。结论睡眠EEG可反映睡眠结构和异常放电的发作情况；同时EEG可观察临床发作的全过程及发作时EEG的演变过程，能更明确局限性癫痫的诊断及定位，也可为全身性发作者寻找致痫灶。     

剥夺睡眠与睡眠诱发试验脑电图对不同类型癫痫的作用

目的：探讨诱发试验脑电图与不同类型癫痫的关系及临床意义。方法：对９８例临床确诊的癫痫患者分别进行常规脑电图检查和剥压睡眠诱发及睡眠诱发脑电图试验,比较三次结果的异常率和棘波出现率。结果：睡眠与剥夺睡眠诱发试验均可提高脑电图的异常率和棘波出现率,均可提高全身性强直阵挛发作、复杂部分性发作和失神发作等类型癫痫的棘波出现率,录夺睡眠诱发还可提高简单部分发作棘波的出现率,而对多种类并存者和不能分类者均无意义。结论：诱发试验提高棘波出现率不仅与诱发方法有关,而且与癫痫的发作类型有关。     

卡马西平治疗新诊断部分性发作癫痫患者的预后

癫痫是神经科常见疾病,其中约2/3为部分性发作患者.多数癫痫患者预后良好,但仍有30％～40％的患者经适当抗癫痫药物(AEDs)治疗后仍有发作,成为耐药性癫痫[1-3].既往有关癫痫患者预后的研究,观察对象大多是所有发作类型癫痫患者,很少有针对部分性发作癫痫患者的研究;有研究发现部分性较全面性发作癫痫患者预后差,易发展为耐药性癫痫[4-6].卡马西平是公认治疗部分性发作癫痫的首选药物,新诊断部分性发作癫痫患者初次给予卡马西平治疗效果如何?对卡马西平初次治疗效果差的患者再次给予其他AEDs治疗,其预后如何?     

脑梗死分型与睡眠结构的相关研究

目的探讨不同类型脑梗死患者睡眠结构的差异及睡眠结构改变与睡眠障碍及抑郁发生的相关性。方法入组258例为收入本院的脑梗死患者,进行睡眠评价及多导睡眠监测,分析不同组别患者各睡眠参数的差异、各睡眠参数与睡眠障碍评分及抑郁评分的相关性、各组患者抑郁的发生率。结果 4组患者睡眠结构的差异均明显(P0.05),组间比较皮层梗死组及脑干梗死组患者较其他2组患者均不同程度表现出觉醒时间、NREM1+2期延长及NREM3+4期及REM期缩短(P0.05)。PSQI评分、HAMD评分与微觉醒指数、NREM1+2期呈线性正相关(r0,P0.05),与NREM3+4、REM期期呈线性负相关(r0,P0.05)。4组患者抑郁的发生率比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论皮层下病变更容易出现睡眠结构紊乱,而睡眠结构的改变与睡眠障碍评分及脑梗死后抑郁评分有关,脑梗死后早期患者睡眠结构的改变可能更为明显。     

发作性睡病夜间睡眠结构特征的探讨

目的了解发作性睡病患者夜间睡眠结构特点。方法对10例符合发作性睡病国际睡眠疾病分类最低诊断标准的发作性睡病患者和13例正常对照者连续进行两夜夜间多导睡眠图监测,比较两组各项睡眠参数,并分析发作性睡病患者的夜间睡眠结构特点。结果发作性睡病组患者的夜间睡眠潜伏期和快速眼动睡眠潜伏期缩短(P<0．01),在整个睡眠过程中睡眠始发快速眼动时段出现比例明显升高(P<0．01),唤醒指数和睡眠纺锤波密度增高(P<0．05),睡眠转换次数和清醒次数及S1期睡眠比例增加(P<0．01),S2期和S3 S4期比例减少(P<0．01),快速眼动密度增加(P<0．01);全夜快速眼动睡眠时段持续时间无逐渐延长趋势。与对照组受试者睡眠生理参数相比,差异具有显著性意义(P<0．05或P< 0．01)。结论发作性睡病患者夜间睡眠结构的特征为快速眼动活动增强,睡眠维持机制紊乱,中枢唤醒水平降低。     

睡眠中癎样放电对睡眠的影响

目的：观察不同睡眠时相中?样放电的情况,以及对不同发作类型患者生活品质（QOL ）的评价,探讨?样放电对癫?患者睡眠的影响以及睡眠对其Q O L的影响。方法：对132例癫?患者进行24 h录像脑电图（V‐EEG）及多项睡眠监测（PSG）检查,检测?样放电及分析睡眠结构。运用癫?患者生活质量量表‐31（QOLIE‐31）对不同发作类型患者进行QOL评估。结果：在全部132例患者中,非?性异常为32例（25．8％）,出现?样放电为52例（40．9％）,觉醒期及睡眠期?样放电检出率比较差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）。?样放电组和对照组相比NREM Ⅰ－Ⅱ期明显延长[分别为65．93（±9．1）％和58．67（±5．7）％],NREM Ⅲ期明显缩短[分别为17．78（±5．2）％和26．06（±8．2）％],差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;睡眠参数中?样放电组REM潜伏期明显延长,同时觉醒次数也增多。而非?性异常组REM 潜伏期、觉醒次数与正常对照组相比均有增加,但差异无统计学意义。不同发作类型睡眠结构差异无统计学意义。各种发作类型的患者各 QOL 指标均低于正常人群,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．01）;全面性发作患者除药物影响外各指标均低于其他发作类型患者,差异有统计学意义;不同发作类型患者受到药物的影响无明显差异。结论：联合应用 V‐EEG及PSG可以更好地发现睡眠中?样放电,从而有助于确诊临床工作中难以发现的癫?。分析?样放电与睡眠时相之间的关系,以便指导临床癫?治疗,更好地控制癫?发作,改善患者QOL。     

Correlations Between Night Sleep Duration and Seizure Frequency in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Summary: Correlations between occurrence of complex partial seizures and altered sleep duration were analyzed in a small but strongly homogeneous population of temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Sleep deprivation and oversleep were determined individually; 682 epileptic seizures occurring on 4,995 days were related to occasional alterations of night sleep duration. The seizure-inducing effect of an actual relative sleep deprivation was 67-100% in four cases and 49-64% in four cases. Oversleep had no consistent seizure-provoking effect. Relative sleep deprivation may have a seizure-provoking effect, especially in temporal lobe epilepsy. This information may be used to instruct epileptic patients concerning sleep hygiene which might improve the efficacy of antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment, even if no change is made in medication.     

Increased sleep fragmentation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Sleep disturbance in patients with multiple sclerosis is prevalent and has multifactorial causes. In mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis, we determined the dynamic changes of sleep architecture and the interactions between sleep changes and EAE symptoms. The changes of sleep patterns were mainly reflected by altered sleep stage distribution and increased sleep fragmentation. Increased waking and decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep occurred after EAE onset and persisted through the symptomatic phase. There also was increased sleep state transition, indicating a reduction of sleep cohesiveness. Furthermore, the extent of sleep fragmentation correlated with the severity of disease. This is the first study of sleep characteristics in EAE mice demarcating specific changes related to the autoimmune disorder without confounding factors such as psychosocial impact and treatment effects. The reduction of sleep efficiency and cohesiveness supports the notion that enhancing sleep might facilitate the recovery of mice from EAE, pertinent to the multimodality treatment of multiple sclerosis.     

Cancer-related problems,sleep quality,and sleep disturbance among long-term cancer survivors at 9-years post diagnosis

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of sleep difficulties in a large cohort of long-term cancer survivors (>5 years) and examine associations with four domains of cancer-related problems.MethodsThis study analyzed a nationwide sample (N = 1903) of cancer survivors (31% Breast; 20% prostate) at nine years (m = 8.9 sd = 0.6) post-diagnosis with a mean age of 64.5 years. Sleep quality and sleep disturbance were assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Multivariable logistic regression models examined associations between cancer-related problems (physical distress, emotional distress, economic distress, and fear of recurrence) and sleep difficulty (poor vs. low sleep quality and high vs. low sleep disturbance). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated, adjusting for medico-demographics, behavioral factors, and sleep medication use.ResultsIn sum, 20% percent of the sample reported poor sleep quality, 51% reported high sleep disturbance and 17% reported both. Sleep medication use was reported by 28% of the total sample. All four domains of cancer-related problems were significantly associated with poor sleep quality and high sleep disturbance. Above median cancer-related physical distress had the strongest association with both poor sleep quality (OR = 3.42; 95% CI = 2.44–4.79) and high sleep disturbance (OR = 4.06; 95% CI = 3.09–5.34).ConclusionsAmong nine-year cancer survivors, multiple domains of cancer-related health problems were associated with sleep difficulties. Knowledge of the relationship between cancer-related problems and sleep may aid clinicians during the evaluation and treatment of sleep problems in long-term cancer survivors. Future research should utilize prospective data to better understand the causal nature of the associations.     

Intracerebral hemorrhage and sleep-disordered breathing

Objective/BackgroundLimited data are available on sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our aim was to characterize the objective measures of post-ICH SDB and questionnaire-reported pre-ICH sleep characteristics, overall and by ethnicity.Patients/MethodsParticipants with ICH who were enrolled in the population-based Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project (2010–2016) reported their pre-ICH sleep duration and completed the Berlin Questionnaire to characterize pre-ICH risk of SDB. A subsample was screened for SDB (respiratory event index ≥10) using ApneaLink Plus portable monitoring. Ethnic differences in post-ICH SDB or questionnaire-reported pre-ICH sleep characteristics were assessed using a log binomial model or a linear regression model or a Fisher's exact test.ResultsICH cases (n = 298) were enrolled (median age = 68 years, 67% Mexican American). Among 62 cases with complete ApneaLink data, median time to post-ICH SDB screening was 11 days (IQR: 6, 19). Post-ICH SDB prevalence was 46.8% (95% CI: 34.4–59.2), and this rate did not differ by ethnicity (p = 1.0). Berlin Questionnaires for 109 of the 298 ICH cases (36.6% (95% CI: 31.1–42.0)) suggested a high risk for pre-ICH SDB, and the median pre-ICH sleep duration was eight hours (IQR: 6, 8). After adjusting for confounders, there was no difference in ethnicity in high risk for pre-ICH SDB or pre-ICH sleep duration.ConclusionsNearly half of the patients had objective confirmation of SDB after ICH, and more than one-third had questionnaire evidence of high risk for pre-ICH SDB. Opportunities to address SDB may be common both before and after ICH.     

Maternal and paternal sleep during pregnancy in the Child-sleep birth cohort

Study objectivesMaternal and paternal sleep insufficiency during pregnancy appears to be a risk factor for health and wellbeing in young families. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of sleep insufficiency and symptoms of insomnia during pregnancy (at 32nd pregnancy week) and their relationship to depression, anxiety and environmental stress.MethodsThe study is based on a population based sample from Finland consisting of 1667 mothers and 1498 fathers from the Child-sleep birth cohort. We evaluated both the core symptoms of insomnia (sleep onset problems, nocturnal awakenings, too-early awakenings, and poor sleep quality) and the presence of insufficient sleep. Insufficient sleep was defined as a two-hour difference between self-assessed sleep need and reported sleep duration, or sleep duration shorter than six hours per night.ResultsWe found that symptoms of insomnia were more prevalent among women than among men (9.8% vs. 6.2%), whereas sleep debt was less prevalent among women than among men (4.5% vs. 9.6%). Overall, 11.8% of the women and 14.9% of the men reported either significant insomnia or short sleep. Symptoms of insomnia were related to symptoms of depression both among women and men (AOR 3.8, 95% CI 2.6–5.6 vs. AOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.2), while short sleep was related to depression among women (AOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.8–5.8), and to low education, poor health and a larger number of children among men.ConclusionsThe study showed that insomnia and sleep insufficiency are prevalent among women and men during pregnancy. The findings underline the impact of insomnia to both maternal and paternal health during pregnancy as well as to the implementation of effective interventions to prevent negative consequences of sleep disturbances.     

Sleep Reactivity and Sleep Efforts in Shift Workers

ObjectiveThe current study aimed to investigate the differences in sleep reactivity and sleep effort differs among late night shift workers (LSWs) and non-late night shift workers (non-LSWs), and non-shift workers (non-SWs). MethodsIn total, 6,023 participants (1,613 non-SWs, 3,339 LSWs, and 1,071 non-LSWs) were recruited. Non-SWs was defined as those who works at fixed schedules during standard daylight. LSWs was defined as who work late night hours (10 _PM–6 _AM), while non-LSWs was SWs who did not work during late night. All completed the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST), the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the short-term Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) through online survey. ResultsLSWs and non-LSWs reported higher FIRST, GSES scores than non-SWs. In addition, LSWs reported higher FIRST, GSES scores than non-LSWs. FIRST scores were correlated with CES-D, PSQI, ISI, and ESS for LSWs, non-LSWs, and non-SWs alike. GSES scores were also correlated with CES-D, PSQI, ISI, and ESS for LSWs, non-LSWs, and non-SWs alike. ConclusionSWs showed higher sleep reactivity and sleep effort than non-SWs. LSWs had higher sleep reactivity and sleep effort than non-LSWs, and these variables are associated with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and depressive symptoms. Our findings suggests that late night schedule, may increase sleep reactivity and sleep effort, which are associated with sleep and mood disturbances.     

Intranasal oxytocin increases respiratory rate and reduces obstructive event duration and oxygen desaturation in obstructive sleep apnea patients: a randomized double blinded placebo controlled study

BackgroundActivation of the oxytocin network has shown benefits in animal models of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) as well as other cardiorespiratory diseases. We sought to determine if nocturnal intranasal oxytocin administration could have beneficial effects in reducing the duration and/or frequency of obstructive events in obstructive sleep apnea subjects.MethodsTwo sequential standard “in-lab” polysomnogram (PSG) sleep studies were performed in patients diagnosed with OSA that were randomly assigned to initially receive either placebo or oxytocin (40 i.u.) administered intranasally in this double blinded randomized placebo controlled study. Changes in cardiorespiratory events during sleep, including apnea and hypopnea durations and frequency, risk of event-associated bradycardias, arterial oxygen desaturation and respiratory rate were assessed in 2 h epochs following sleep onset. Oxytocin significantly decreased the duration of obstructive events, as well as the oxygen desaturations and incidence of bradycardia that were associated with these events. Notably, oxytocin increased respiratory rate during non-obstructive periods. There were no significant changes in sleep architecture and no adverse effects were reported.ConclusionsOxytocin administration can benefit OSA subjects by reducing the duration and adverse consequences of obstructive events. Oxytocin could also be beneficial in situations involving respiratory depression as oxytocin increased respiratory rate. Additional studies are needed to further understand the mechanisms by which oxytocin promotes these changes in cardiorespiratory function. The long-term efficacy and optimal dose of intranasal oxytocin treatment should also be determined in OSA subjects.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03148899.     

Sleep homeostasis in the rat in the light and dark period

Sleep is regulated by the interaction of a homeostatic (Process S) and a circadian component. The duration of prior wakefulness is the main factor influencing subsequent sleep duration and its intensity. We investigated in the rat whether the sleep-wake history before sleep deprivation (SD) contributes to the effects of sleep loss incurred during the SD. A 24-h baseline recording was followed by 6 h SD at light onset (SD-Light, n=7), or at dark onset (SD-Dark, n=8) and 18 h recovery. Both SDs led to a pronounced increase in slow wave activity (SWA, EEG power between 0.75 and 4.0 Hz) in NREM sleep and increased sleep consolidation. The prolongation of sleep episodes was associated with increased intra-episode SWA. The amount of waking before the SD correlated positively with the SWA increase during recovery, and SWA levels before SD were negatively correlated with their subsequent increase. The time-course of SWA (Process S) as well as of single frequency bins within the SWA band was successfully simulated based on vigilance-state distribution. The time constant of the exponential monotonic decay (Td) was higher for the 0.75-1.0 Hz bin compared to all remaining frequency bins of the SWA band, reflecting a slower process determining the slow EEG component during sleep. The data show that the homeostatic response after SD, consisting of increased sleep intensity and sleep consolidation is determined by a combination of SD and the preceding vigilance-state history. The slower dynamics of low frequency delta power compared to fast delta frequencies point to heterogeneity within the traditionally defined SWA band.