成年男性暴力犯罪人员的三维人格特征及其与童年期创伤的关系

目的探讨暴力犯罪人员的三维人格特征和童年期创伤经历的特点及两者间的关系,为暴力犯罪的心理矫治及其犯罪行为的预防提供科学依据。方法采用三维人格问卷、童年期创伤史问卷（CTQ）及自行编制的在押服刑罪犯一般情况登记表对符合纳入、排除标准的400名对象的资料进行收集、整理。根据是否暴力犯罪者分为两组,对两组资料进行比较;最后将TPQ与CTQ各因子进行相关分析。结果暴力犯罪组寻求刺激维度及NS4因子高于非暴力犯罪组,奖赏依赖维度及RD1、RD3因子低于非暴力犯罪组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或0.01）,余维度及因子差异无统计学意义。暴力犯罪组童年期创伤史中的情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待、情感忽视及躯体忽视等因子分均高于非暴力犯罪组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或0.01）。三维人格量表寻求刺激维度和躯体虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、躯体忽视均呈正相关（P〈0.05或0.01））,躲避伤害维度和躯体忽视、情感忽视因子呈正相关（P〈0.05或0.01）,而奖赏依赖维度则和童年期创伤的五个因子均呈负相关（P〈0.05或0.01）。结论暴力犯具有冲动、探索、易变、兴奋、脾气急躁、外向和不守陈规等人格特征。童年遭受虐待可增加个体的冲动、攻击性,从而增加暴力犯罪的几率,因而暴力犯心理矫治时要了解其人格特征,结合其童年期的经历才能更加有的放矢。     

工读男生与普通男生攻击性行为的对照研究

目的了解工读男生和普通男生的攻击性行为现状,探究工读男生的攻击性特点。方法以班级为单位整群随机选取河南省郑州市工读学校、洛阳市工读学校学生90名为实验组,选取新乡市第一中学初中学生90名为对照组,均施以基本情况调查表及攻击性问卷调查。结果年龄与言语攻击因子、愤怒因子、敌意因子呈负相关(P<0.05);工读男生较普通男生在攻击性和躯体攻击差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);高攻击水平分组中,工读男生较普通中学男生表现出更高的言语攻击;低攻击水平分组中,工读男生与普通中学男生在躯体攻击上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论工读男生有更高的攻击性,躯体攻击较为突出。高攻击性的工读男生更多使用言语攻击,低攻击性的工读男生有更多的躯体攻击倾向。     

冲动性和攻击性对大学生自杀未遂行为的影响

目的 了解冲动性及攻击性对大学生自杀未遂行为的影响.方法 采用<自杀态度与心理健康状况问卷(大学版-Ⅳ)>对重庆市随机抽取的11所大学的12000名大学生进行调查.比较有无自杀未遂大学生中文版Barratt冲动行为量表与Buss和Perry攻击问卷的评估结果,分析冲动性及攻击性人格对大学生发生自杀行为的影响.结果 收集有效问卷9808份,大学生自杀未遂的报告率为1.7%(169/9808).自杀未遂组的冲动行为量表中的非计划性、行动冲动性和认知冲动性及总分均高于无自杀未遂组(P<0.001).自杀未遂组Buss和Perry攻击问卷的总分及身体攻击、言语攻击、愤怒、敌意、指向自我的攻击等各因子分均高于无自杀未遂组(P<0.01).多因素条件logistic回归分析显示,与自杀未遂最密切有关的独立危险因素排列为:攻击性总分高(OR=20.81,95%CI:12.36～35.03,P<0.01),行动冲动性分高(OR=4.32,95%CI:2.33～8.01,P<0.01).冲动性总分高(OR=3.37,95%CI:1.65～8.42,P<0.01),非计划性分值高(OR=3.12,95%CI:1.75～5.56,P<0.01),自杀意念强(OR=2.54,95%CI:1.75～3.70,P<0.01),已发生过性行为(3.12,95%CI:1.75～5.56,P<0.01),女性(OR=2.15,95%CI:1.48～3.14,P<0.01),指向自我的攻击分值高(OR=1.89,95%CI:1.24～2.88,P<0.01).结论 有自杀未遂的大学生更多体现出冲动性及攻击性人格,对大学生冲动性自杀行为应采取不一样的干预方案.     

抑郁情绪在大学生功能失调性态度与攻击性关系间的中介作用

目的 探究功能失调性态度与攻击性的相关性,以及抑郁情绪在功能失调性态度和攻击性之间的中介作用,以探究保护大学生心理健康的因素.方法 对山东省内1050名在校大学生进行问卷调查,分析功能失调性态度与攻击性的相关性,以及抑郁情绪在功能失调性态度和攻击性间的中介作用.结果 不同性别的大学生在身体攻击性、言语攻击性、敌意、指向自我的攻击性、强制性、寻求赞许、认知哲学因子和抑郁情绪的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),是否为独生子女愤怒因子的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);功能失调性态度与除认知哲学与言语性攻击、愤怒外的各攻击性因子均相关(P<0.05),抑郁情绪在功能失调性态度和攻击性间起部分中介效应,占全部作用的16.32%.结论 功能失调性态度与攻击性相关,抑郁在功能失调性态度和攻击性之间起部分中介作用.     

精神分裂症患者冲动伤人与其冲动性人格特征及相关因素的研究

目的探讨住院精神分裂症患者冲动伤人行为的发生率及患者的冲动性人格特点等相关因素。方法对195例住院精神分裂症患者冲动伤人行为进行调查,并用攻击性量表、冲动性量表和阳性与阴性症状量表对其行为特征及症状进行评定。结果195例精神分裂症患者住院前56例（28．72％）有冲动伤人行为,住院期间20例（10．26％）有冲动伤人行为。分析显示,有冲动行为患者的冲动性量表中行为分量表评分和攻击性量表总分及身体攻击性、指向自我的攻击性两因子分均明显高于无冲动行为患者（P〈0．05）。两组患者PANSS量表总分及因子分差异不显著。冲动性量表和攻击性量表总分及因子分与PANSS量表总分及因子分相关性不显著。结论精神分裂症患者冲动行为发生主要与其冲动性和攻击性人格特点有关,与患者精神病性症状直接关系不显著。     

愤怒与攻击行为的脑电生理学研究进展

近年来攻击行为的发生率不断上升,导致暴力犯罪率逐年增长,引起了国内外各界的关注.目前,对人类攻击性行为的研究一般集中在生物、社会环境和认知因素三个方面,本文主要从心理学相关因素--愤怒的角度对攻击行为进行阐述.大量研究表明:攻击与暴力是情绪失调的结果,个体越是对负性情绪调节不完善,越是具有攻击与暴力的危险.本文就愤怒与攻击行为的基础生理学及脑电生理学研究进展进行综述.     

青少年冲动攻击行为与应激及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴活性的关系初探

目的初步探讨青少年冲动性攻击行为与生活应激水平及基础状态时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)轴活性的关系。方法采用修订版外显攻击行为量表(modified overt aggression scale,MOAS)和冲动性量表(barratt impulsivity scale-11,BIS-11)对某所工读学校的男性初中生近半年内的攻击行为和冲动性进行评估,纳入其中51名有冲动性攻击行为(体力攻击次数≥3、MOAS总分≥5分、BIS-11总分≥70分)的学生为研究组,对照组为53名无冲动性攻击行为(体力攻击次数为0、MOAS总分4分、BIS-11总分70分)的学生,使用青少年生活事件量表(adolescent self-rating life events checklist,ASLEC)调查受试者近半年内的生活应激水平,同时采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定血清皮质醇、血浆促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotrop hichormone,ACTH)水平。结果研究组近半年内的ASLEC应激总分(P0.05)、"人际关系"因子(P0.01)、"受惩罚"因子(P0.05)、"健康适应"因子(P0.01)分值均高于对照组,而血清皮质醇浓度(P0.01)、血浆ACTH浓度(P0.05)均低于对照组。相关分析结果显示,冲动性与ASLEC应激水平呈弱正相关(r=0.26,P0.01),与ACTH浓度呈弱负相关(r=-0.20,P0.05);攻击性与ASLEC应激水平呈弱正相关(r=0.26,P0.01),与皮质醇浓度呈弱负相关(r=-0.21,P0.05)。结论青少年冲动性攻击行为可能与较高的环境应激水平、机体HPA轴活性异常有关。     

精神科病房内拥挤与攻击行为的关系

住院精神病人的暴力长期来被认为是个重要问题。Tanke与Rofman的研究发现住院病人的人口学及精神病理特征与病人的暴力之间有关系。近来的研究认为,入院时具有高度攻击与敌意的患者在以后住院过程中多半会表现暴力。Convit等发现有过攻击性的病人,在随后住院时的暴力可以从暴力犯罪     

强迫症与童年期创伤关系的研究进展

童年期创伤是指个体在儿童期间遭受性、躯体或情感等方面的忽视或虐待，可能是强迫 症发病的重要因素之一。现对童年期创伤的概念、常用评估工具以及强迫症与童年期创伤的关系进行 综述。     

工读生攻击行为在父母养育方式及人格间的中介作用

目的 探讨工读生攻击行为、父母养育方式及人格特质之间的关系,探析攻击行为在父母养育方式及人格形成间的中介作用.方法 采用整群随机抽样法,抽取河南省2所工读学校74名男生为研究对象,并用攻击性问卷（AQ）、父母养育方式评定量表（PBI）、艾森克人格问卷（儿童）（EPQ）对其进行测量.结果 言语攻击、攻击愤怒、母亲关爱及母亲鼓励因子对人格内外向的形成有直接影响（β=0.37 ～ 1.89,P＜0.05或0.01）,对内外向的贡献率分别为18.3％、3.8％、2.8％、12.7％.结构模型显示母亲关爱因子通过攻击愤怒和言语攻击因子的部分中介作用对内外向有间接影响,间接效应占总效应的1.30％和57.58％;而母亲鼓励因子通过攻击愤怒因子的部分中介作用对内外向有间接影响,间接效应占总效应的11.05％.结论 父母养育方式对人格形成有直接影响外,还通过攻击性行为的部分中介作用影响人格的形成.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Relationship Between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Age and IQ in Preschool and School-Age Children and Adolescents with Autism and with ADHD

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders - Relationships between sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and age and IQ were investigated in children with autism and/or ADHD covering broader age and IQ...     

Synaptic plasticity and learning and memory: LTP and beyond.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic activity is by far the most popular and widely researched model of synaptic plastic changes that might occur during learning. Numerous recent reports, however, have not found a correlation between the inducibility of LTP in the hippocampus and the ability of animals to learn hippocampus-dependent tasks. For example, some experiments with gene deletion (knockout) mice strains have shown that in some strains LTP is not inducible in the dentate gyrus, in area CA3, or CA1, but the animals are still able to learn spatial tasks. This apparent mismatch has rejuvenated the discussion concerning whether LTP is a good model for mechanisms that underlie memory formation in the nervous system. This review analyzes the conditions under which LTP is induced or learning takes place and suggests reasons for the mismatches that can occur and what we can learn from them. High-frequency stimulation protocols and in vitro assays cannot be seen to resemble natural firing patterns or conditions found in the brain. More physiological experimental conditions, especially in vivo recording in awake animals, could lead the way to the development of improved models of learning mechanisms that better correlate with learning abilities of animals.