桂林市小学生心理压力源状况分析

目的了解桂林市小学生心理压力源状况,为开展小学生心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取桂林市3所小学的1000名一~六年级学生为调查对象,用自编的"小学生心理压力源"问卷进行测试。结果父母教养、同伴交往方面的生活事件是小学生的主要压力源;来自教师、学业方面的生活事件对小学男生的影响显著高于小学女生;高年龄学生的总体压力水平显著高于低年龄学生;父母文化程度较低家庭的学生总体压力水平显著高于父母文化程度较高家庭的学生。结论应根据小学生的性别和年级差异特点来缓解小学生的生活压力,改善小学生的心理健康水平。     

子女教育心理控制源与农村小学生心理健康水平的相关分析

【目的】了解子女教育心理控制源与农村小学生心理健康水平间的关系,探讨父母教育子女的有效方法,提高农村小学生的心理健康水平。【方法】采用子女教育心理控制源量表(Parenting Locus of Control Scale,PLOC)、小学生心理健康评定量表(Mental Health Rate Scale for Pupil,MHRSP)和一般情况调查表对济南市长清区544名农村小学生及其家长进行调查。【结果】PLOC各因子得分在不同性别、年级和偏离组间存在显著差异(P值均0.05),其中男生组明显高于女生组,偏离组明显高于正常组。相关分析结果表明,PLOC各因子得分与学习障碍、不良习惯等心理因子得分呈显著正相关(r=0.086～0.200,P0.05)。【结论】父母在教育子女方面存在的问题较多,建议提高父母的自身素质、改善父母的教育态度等,以便提高农村小学生的心理健康水平。     

嘉兴市中小学生手卫生知识和行为影响因素调查分析

目的:探索影响嘉兴市中小学生手卫生知识和行为的主要因素,以便开展有针对性的健康教育,提高学生手卫生水平.方法:采用分层随机抽样方法,抽取嘉兴市8所学校共1 600名学生进行问卷调查,计算手卫生知识和行为得分并分析可能的影响因素.结果:手卫生影响因素调查显示,城乡、性别、年级、家庭月收入、父母文化程度和洗手设施的完善程度都可能影响学生手卫生知识和行为的得分,其中城市学生高于农村,女生高于男生;家庭月收入高或父母文化程度高的学生、洗手设施完善的学校学生的手卫生知识和行为得分要高;手卫生行为得分随着知识得分的升高而升高;中学生的手卫生知识得分高于小学生,但行为得分却没有差异.多因素logistic分析显示,手卫生知识合格的学生、女生、城市学生和小学生的手卫生行为合格的更多.结论:加强中小学生手卫生健康教育,尤其是“知识—信念—行为”三者之间转变关系的教育;要针对农村、小学生和男生的特点开展教育,更好地培养学生良好手卫生习惯.     

小学生心理健康状况干预实验研究

目的：对小学生心理行为问题进行干预研究。方法：通过对太原市某小学3—5年级小学生的心理健康状况进行测查，发现小学生在心理健康方面存在一定问题。在基线测查的基础上，根据研究目的将小学生分为干预组和对照组，经统计学检验两组被试的均衡性较好。对干预组小学生进行了一学期的干预实验，干预后进行了复测。结果：干预组学生心理健康问卷各项得分较干预前均有所提高，在对学校和老师的感受方面显著高于对照组。结论：促进小学生心理健康的发展是一项长期、系统的工程，需要学校、家庭和社会的共同努力。     

学习成绩不良初中生心理卫生的干预研究

目的研究学习成绩不良初中生心理健康教育的内容、方法、途径,为制定具有较强针对性和可操作性的学校心理健康教育模式提供参考依据.方法整群抽取太原市某中学初一和初二年级学生358名为研究对象,以学习成绩不良学生为目标人群,对其进行心理健康教育的干预实验.用自拟心理健康问卷进行评价.结果干预后干预组对家庭和父母的感受、对自己的认识和感受得分和心理健康问卷总分接近中等组和/或优生组,且该组学生对自己的认识和感受问卷得分及心理健康问卷总得分干预前后变化不显著,而2个对照组干预后得分较干预前显著降低.与对照组相比,干预组干预后学习成绩提高显著.结论心理干预健康教育有助于改善学习成绩不良学生的心理健康状况和学习成绩.     

留守少年心理健康、社会适应性及学生生活应激研究

目的 考察了留守少年在心理健康、社会适应性、应激等方面的情况.方法 心理健康诊断测验(MHT)、学生生活应激问卷(SLSI)和中学生社会适应性量表(SAS-SSS)对广西天等县358名中学生进行团体施测,采用SPSS13.0软件进行分析.结果 ① SAS-SSS:男生在自信心、自主性、挑战性、自控性等五个因子和心理优势感、心理弹性两个分量表上得分较女生高,女生在社会接纳性因子上得分高于男生;初二在自控性因子得分较其他两年级得分高,初二在心理弹性分量表得分高于高一,初二在乐群性因子得分高于高二,高二在动力因子上得分高于高一;②MHT: 留守女生的学习焦虑、交往焦虑、自责倾向、过敏倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向得分和焦虑总分均高于男生,父母均外出打工的留守少年较其它两组的在学习焦虑、交往焦虑、冲动倾向3个因子得分以及焦虑总分上更高;③SLSI:父母均外出打工的留守少年较其它两组压力、变化2个因子得分和应激总分更高.结论 心理健康工作者应结合不同性别、年级和家庭背景的特点,有针对性地对留守少年进行心理干预.     

贵州某少数民族地区初中生心理健康状况调查

了解少数民族地区初中生心理健康状况及其影响因素,为少数民族地区学生的心理健康干预提供理论依据.方法 整群抽取贵州省某少数民族地区2所中学全部学生共1 605名进行青少年心理健康问卷,内容包括一般情况、心理健康诊断测验(MHT).结果 初中生存在心理问题者431名,检出率为26.95%;女生对人焦虑、自责倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向得分及MHT总分均高于男生;不同家庭类型、成长环境初中生MHT总分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);父母学历不同及家庭经济条件不同的初中生MHT总分差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);对父母关系不满意的初中生MHT得分高于其他人(P<0.05);父母教养方式不一致的初中生MHT得分高于父母教养方式一致的初中生;父母不同管教方式的初中生MHT得分不同(P<0.05).结论 家庭类型、是否独生子女、成长环境、父母文化程度及教养方式等对初中生心理健康影响作用显著,应引起重视.     

大学生攻击行为现况及影响因素分析

了解大学生攻击行为现况及其家庭和个人心理影响因素,为预防和减少大学生攻击行为的发生提供理论依据.方法 以家庭教养方式量表、青少年心理弹性量表、人格量表及攻击量表为工具,在江苏、安徽省随机分层抽取10所高校的842名大学生进行调查.结果 父母关系不和谐的大学生身体攻击及攻击总分高于父母关系和谐的大学生.父母为高中以上学历的大学生,除身体攻击外,攻击的其他维度及总分均低于父母为小学及或初中学历的大学生.高攻击组大学生家庭关爱维度得分低于低攻击组,而控制维度得分高于低攻击组.除目标关注维度外,高攻击组大学生心理弹性各个维度的得分均低于低攻击组.高攻击组大学生神经质得分高于低攻击组,人格特征其余维度的得分均低于低攻击组.结论 大学生的攻击行为受到父母关系、父母学历水平、家庭教养方式、心理弹性和人格特征的影响.     

浦东新区小学生心理需要状况调查分析

目的：了解需要层次在小学生中的分布特点,为开展素质教育提供可靠依据。方法：采取问卷调查方式,调查１２５６例小学生心理需要状况,并对个性和行为进行评定,同时进行智商测定。结果：小学生心理需要以自尊需要为最多,其次为自我实现的需要、爱的需要、生理需要及安全需要;高年级学生需要层次高于低年级,女生高于男生,学习成绩差、智商低及有行为问题者需要层次均低于正常组。结论：小学生需要层次存在性别、年龄差异,学习     

乌鲁木齐不同民族小学生父母教养方式与心理健康的相关性分析

目的对维吾尔族和汉族小学生父母教养方式进行比较,为小学生心理健康发展研究提供理论依据。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)和中小学生《心理健康诊断测验》(MHT),分别对乌鲁木齐市331名四～六年级维吾尔族和汉族小学生的父母教养方式和心理健康进行测量。结果汉族与维吾尔族小学生在父亲情感温暖、理解,过分干涉,偏爱被试,过度保护因子上差异有统计学意义(P值均0.01);汉族与维吾尔族小学生在母亲过分干涉,过度保护,拒绝否认,惩罚严厉因子上差异有统计学意义(P值均0.01);心理健康总分比较,维吾尔族学生总分高于汉族学生,差异有统计学意义;心理健康总分与母亲的过干涉、过保护存在显著负相关;心理健康总分与父亲、母亲的情感温暖、理解呈负相关。结论父母的情感温暖与理解的教养方式有利于小学生心理健康发展。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.