军校医学生应激生活事件与心理健康的相关研究

目的　探讨军校医学生应激生活事件与心理健康水平的关系。方法　对某军校医学生 3 42人进行青少年生活事件量表 (ASLEC)和SCL 90测试 ,分析差异及相关性。根据测试结果 ,实施心理辅导 ,比较辅导前后心理健康水平。结果　被试 6个月内生活事件发生频率最高的是学习负担 (91 9%) ,考试失败 (84 4%)。生活事件各因子得分与SCL 90各因子呈正相关。心理辅导后 ,心理健康状况有所改善。结论　应激生活事件是影响军校医学生心理健康的重要因素。心理辅导能有效地削弱生活事件的影响 ,提高学生的心理健康水平。     

An evaluation of medical school education in musculoskeletal medicine at the University of the West Indies, Barbados

At the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill campus, the Freedman and Bernstein musculoskeletal competency examination was administered to 22 medical students during the last month of their final year. Eighty-two per cent (82%) of the students failed to score above the passing score of 73.1%. Nineteen of the twenty-two students had taken an orthopaedic elective or rotation during their final two years. The questions were also categorized as Anatomy, Trauma and General Orthopaedics. All students failed to score above the passing score in Anatomy. Sixty-four per cent (64%) failed in Trauma and 45% failed in General Orthopaedics. This study suggests that inadequacies in medical school preparation do exist at this campus of the University of the West Indies and the findings mirror those at medical schools in the United States of America.     

高校患精神病学生管理对策的初步探讨

结合山东大学威海分校1996—2008年患有精神病学生的病例分析，从早期诊断、学籍管理、康复档案管理、防止人身意外事故、毕业就业几个方面，对搞好高校精神病学生管理、预防复发提出了具体的方法与对策。     

1046名大学生人格障碍及其心理卫生状况的调查

目的:调查大学生人格障碍的患病率及其心理卫生状况。方法:采用人格障碍诊断问卷(PDQ-R)和精神症状自评量表(SCL-90),随机抽取安徽省某大学二、三年级1046名学生进行测试。结果:在1046名大学生中PDQ-R各型人格障碍阳性发生率依次为:强迫型人格障碍31.82%、回避型人格障碍28.40%、偏执型人格障碍22.17%;其中反社会型人格障碍8.61%最低。人格障碍组SCL-90各因子得分的组间比较均高于无人格障碍组,除在躯体化和恐怖因子得分差异无统计学意义外,其余差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:人格障碍对个体心理健康有广泛的影响;心理健康工作者在对个体进行心理健康状况干预的同时,需关注其人格特征的偏离。     

汕头市高三学生SCL-90评定结果分析

目的:了解汕头市高三学生的心理健康状况。方法:随机选择汕头市三所高中学校(城市、农村普通中学各1所,重点中学1所)高三级学生各110名,进行SCL-90问卷测试,收回有效问卷288份。结果:有15.98%的高三学生(重点中学32.43%)存在各种心理健康问题。比较显示:农村中学10个因子均分都显著低于城市中学(P<0.01),也低于全国中学生常模(P<0.01)和青年组常模(P<0.01~0.05);普通中学除敌对外,其余均低于重点中学(P<0.01~0.05);男生除敌对因子均分高于女生(P<0.05)外,余无差异。城市普通中学人际关系敏感、恐怖因子分显著低于全国中学生常模(P<0.05),强迫症状、焦虑、精神病性因子均分高于青年组常模(P<0.01~0.05);重点中学的强迫症状、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病性5个因子均分显著高于全国青年组常模(P<0.01)。结论:汕头市高三学生总体心理健康水平较好,但重点中学学生心理健康状况不太乐观。     

The Social Background and Finances of Medical Students at Dalhousie University

Factors that may affect the supply of physicians in the Atlantic Provinces were examined by studying the social and financial background of Dalhousie medical students. In contrast to the regional population, they were predominantly of city origin and from well-educated, well-to-do families. Their median annual costs were $1915 for single and $4420 for married students. Earnings and family contributions each furnished about a third of the single student's funds. The wife's earnings constituted one-third, and the largest single source, of the married student's funds. Loans accounted for 18% and 12% respectively of their income. Twenty-two per cent of students had had some interruption of their pre-medical studies for financial reasons.

The major unknown factor in the problem is the number of qualified and aspiring students who do not reach medical school.

Direct governmental subsidization of the medical student may well be necessary if the increasing need for physicians is to be met.

     

百色市1799名中学生心理健康状况调查

目的分析百色市中学生心理健康水平及其影响因素。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,运用症状自评量表(SCL-90)及自编的调查问卷对百色及其所辖县的1799名中学生进行问卷调查。结果①百色市中学生心理卫生问题阳性检出率较高,为52.86%。各种心理问题中,以强迫(38.35%)、人际关系(29.91%)、抑郁(23.35%)、敌对(22.46%)、偏执(20.84%)较多见。②不同性别、年龄、民族间学生各心理因子得分和总分差异有显著性(P<0.05或0.01)。③百色市中学生各因子得分明显高于全国常模(P<0.01)。④广义线性回归分析表明,中学生的心理健康状况除与年龄、性别、民族有关外,与独生子女、父亲文化程度、家庭气氛、父母期望、师生关系亦有密切关系(P<0.05或0.01)。结论百色市中学生的心理健康水平较差,要重视和加强民族地区中学生的心理卫生工作。     

Socio demographic profile and career aspirations of medical students in a new medical school

All fifty-two pioneer medical students in a new medical school (The College of Medicine of Lagos State University), participated in a cross sectional survey to identify their socio-demographic profile and career intentions. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The students were observed to be mature. Their mean age was 23.6 years +/- 3.8. A third were graduates with at least a first degree, while 23% had parents with medical background. Factors influencing their choice of medicine as a career were desire to serve mankind (91%), primary interest in the profession (90%) and parental influence (84%). Sixty-seven per cent of them would want to specialize while the most frequently chosen fields were obstetrics and gynaecology (28.6%) and surgery (25.7%). The main reasons influencing specialisation were primary interest in the specialty (91%), service to humanity (91%) and job satisfaction (85.7%). A desire to specialize was evident even in these medical students who were just starting medical school.     

What do final year medical students at the University of Papua New Guinea think of psychiatry?

This study was conducted in 2004 to determine whether there was any difference between final year medical students who had rotated in psychiatry and those who had not, in terms of their preference for psychiatry as a career and their attitudes towards mental illness. A self-rated questionnaire was given to all the final year medical students at the University of Papua New Guinea. The results showed that the medical students in general had a negative attitude towards psychiatry as a career option and, although they were accepting of the mentally ill in a professional setting as colleagues or patients, they had a negative attitude towards close social contact with them as neighbours or as in-laws. Several students believed mental illness could be caused by sorcery or by spending much time with the mentally ill. Most students believed mental illness could be treated by prayer, one in five believed in the effectiveness of traditional healers and one in five did not believe modern medicine could treat mental illness. Apart from a reduction in stigma and in prejudice against a mentally ill neighbour, there was no significant difference in attitude between students who had rotated in psychiatry and those who had not. There was no significant difference in attitude between male and female respondents. There were, however, significant differences in attitude between students who had a positive family history of mental illness and those who did not. It was concluded that psychiatry was an unpopular choice for specialization and that students' attitudes towards mental illness were influenced more by their cultural beliefs and their family history of mental illness than by their rotation in psychiatry. These external variables that are independent of their medical training need to be considered during undergraduate medical training in order to optimize the provision of health care to the mentally ill in Papua New Guinea.     

地方医学院校临床医学生实习期压力源与心理健康状况相关性研究：以滨州医学院为例

目的　了解地方医学院校实习期临床医学生压力源及心理健康现状,并提出相关对策,为实习期医学生心理健康辅导工作提供科学参考。方法　使用唱丽荣等编制的临床医学生实习期间压力源量表和心理健康症状自评量表（SCL-90）,对我校临床医学专业实习生390人的压力和心理健康状况进行问卷调查,回收有效问卷384份,回收有效率为98.46%。运用SPSS 18.0行样本t检验,方差分析和Pearson相关分析等。结果　地方医学院校24.1%的学生存在中等以上压力（1.17±0.63）,压力源最高为考试与就业（1.58±0.74）,其他依次为知识与技能（1.43±0.68）、人际关系（1.11±0.54）、面对病人（1.06±0.53）、医疗条件（1.00±0.53）和工作负荷（0.95±0.52）。临床医学生实习期压力源各维度的分值与心理健康的大多数因子呈显著正相关。结论　地方医学院校临床医学生实习期普遍存在压力,实习期间的压力会影响其心理健康。建议从就业、学业、心理等方面对实习期学生进行指导,以便助其减轻压力,培养其良好的心理素质。     

少数民族地区卫校不同民族学生心理健康的比较研究

目的比较少数民族地区汉族、彝族、哈尼族、傣族、拉祜族、佤族卫校学生心理健康状况,为开展少数民族地区不同民族学生的心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表（symptomchecklist90,SCL-90）对云南省普洱卫生学校一、二年级2894名汉族、彝族、哈尼族、傣族、拉祜族、佤族学生进行心理健康测评,并对其心理健康特点比较分析。结果①少数民族卫校学生心理问题检出率为40．3％,心理问题检出率从高到低依次是佤族48人（55．8％）、傣族75人（41．4％）,彝族258人（41．0％）,哈尼族182人（40．2％）,汉族557人（39．1％）,拉祜族46人（38．3％）;各因子得分从高到低依次是强迫（38．6％）、人际关系敏感（33．2％）、恐怖（27．5％）、敌对性（25．3％）、抑郁（23．6％）、焦虑（22．4％）、偏执（21．9％）、精神病性（17．4％）、躯体化（13．7％）;②除敌对外,各民族心理问题检出率差异有显著性（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。③少数民族卫校学生SCL-90各因子得分均高于国内青年常模,多数因子差异有显著性（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。④佤族心理健康水平最差,彝族、拉祜族心理健康水平好于其他各族。结论少数民族地区卫校学生心理健康状况不容乐观,应加强心理健康教育。     

回族中小学生心理健康状况的干预研究

目的探讨回族中小学生的心理健康的状况及其特征;研究心理健康教育课程、团体咨询及个别咨询等不同方式结合的不同干预模式对中小学生心理健康的影响。方法采用整群抽样法,选取某市中学、小学各两所学校中各五个班的381名回族学生,以班级为单位随机分为四个实验组及一个对照组。入组时经不同模式的心理辅导干预半年后,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行心理评估及比较。结果回族中小学生心理问题检出率为28.6%,人际关系等七个因子分显著高于全国中学生常模,女生在精神病性、恐怖、抑郁及人际关系四个因子上显著高于男生;采用不同模式进行心理干预后,对照组干预前后各项因子分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);模式二、三、四各因子分及总分在干预前后得分差异均无统计学意义;模式一干预前后各项因子得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论回族中小学生心理健康状况不容乐观,课程讲授、团体心理咨询和个别心理咨询结合的方式具有良好的干预效果。     

百色市离异家庭中学生心理健康干预研究

目的了解百色市离异家庭中学生心理健康水平,探讨有效的干预措施。方法将百色市两所中学的83名离异家庭中学生与83名非离异家庭中学生按配比条件配成对子,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)及自编的调查问卷对其调查,并对83名离异家庭中学生心理进行干预,评价干预效果。结果①离异家庭中学生心理卫生问题阳性检出率较高,为54.22%。各种心理问题中,以焦虑(40.96%)、人际关系敏感(30.12%)、强迫(24.10%)较多见,除偏执和精神病性外,各项因子分均高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。②离异家庭子女中女生的强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁3项因子分以及总均分显著高于男生(P<0.05或P<0.01)。③离异家庭子女中初中生的强迫、焦虑、偏执3项因子分显著高于高中生(P<0.05)。④离异家庭子女干预后SCL-90各项因子分及总均分下降,与干预前相比差异有高度显著性(P<0.001)。结论离异家庭中学生的心理健康水平较差,综合干预能有效改善离异家庭中学生不良心理。     

Students'' attitudes to ethics in the medical school curriculum.

A survey of 106 medical students assessing their interest in and attitudes to medical ethics in the curriculum is reported by the authors. Results indicate that 64 per cent of the students rated the importance of medical ethics to good medical care as high or critical and 66 per cent desired to learn more about the topic. However, in reports of patient encounters identifying ethical issues, less than six per cent of the students reported a frequency of more than one such patient encounter per week. The students also demonstrated a greater awareness of more obvious ethical issues than of more subtle, less publicised issues. When asked how medical ethics should be taught, the students clearly affirmed a desire for an integrated exposure to the subject throughout the medical curriculum. Possible implications of these findings for medical education are discussed.     

胎儿酒精中毒综合征

妊娠期间大量饮酒可损害胚胎及胎儿发育。胎儿酒精中毒综合征的特点为:生长缺陷,面部异常,心脏缺损,小关节和四肢异常,发育迟缓及精神缺陷等。酒精对胎儿的毒性作用可以是酒精本身,也可以是酒精的代谢产物。据某些作者报告(1977,1976),大量饮酒所生婴儿先天性畸形的发生率为32%,中等量饮酒者中为14%;慢性酒精中毒者中则为30～50%。     

中西部地区中小学生两周患病现状调查与分析

目的：了解中西部地区中小学生两周患病现状,为中小学校合理配置医疗卫生资源提供依据。方法：采用分层整群抽样方法,从甘肃、贵州、江西3省共抽取6 744名9.0~16.9岁中小学生为研究对象,调查其两周患病名称或症状、患病次数、医疗费用、因病休学情况。结果：中小学生两周患病主要为呼吸系统疾病,占73.6%,其次为消化系统疾病,占13.2%;到医疗机构就诊学生占58.9%,自觉服药或采取辅助药物治疗学生占39.9%,未治疗学生占1.2%。中小学生两周患病率为12.6%,两周患病次数为(1.34±0.81)次,次均费用为10.0元,次均休学天数为(0.39±0.98);小学生两周患病次数为(1.37±0.87)次,次均费用12.0元,次均休学天数为(0.44±1.14),分别高于中学生的(1.26±0.69)次,9.0元,(0.30±0.55) d(t=1.96,P=0.05;Z=2.01,P<0.05;t=2.30,P<0.05)。两周患病次数与次均费用、次均休学天数分别呈正相关(小学生：分别r=0.301,r=0.275,均P<0.01。中学生：分别r=0.334,r=0.290,均P<0.01),次均费用与次均休学天数呈正相关(小学生r=0.312,中学生r=0.343,均P<0.01)。结论：中小学生两周患病呈现病症常见、多发、医疗费用低等特点,并且小学生的患病频次、费用、休学天数高于中学生。     

Knowledge of AIDS among health care students

To assess the level of understanding about AIDS among future health care professionals, we developed and administered a 31-item test covering five AIDS-related knowledge domains to selected undergraduate students, medical school applicants, medical students and pre-clinical nursing students. The percentage of correct answers ranged from 74% for questions about mechanisms of transmission to 59% for items related to testing and interpretation. Seventy-two percent of questions on clinical illness and disease were answered correctly. The number of questions answered correctly was a function of educational level. The students were generally knowledgeable about the risk factors related to sexual transmission, interpretation of the AIDS antibody test, and symptoms of AIDS. They were less informed about issues related to occupational acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and clinical details. Medical educators need to develop educational programs providing accurate and up-to-date knowledge about this disease.     

Evaluating medical school graduates of a reduced course program: a preliminary report

The performance of 32 medical school graduates who had pursued a reduced course load ("extended program") for one or more years during medical school was examined during the first postgraduate year (PGY-1) of training. Those with academic problems as undergraduates performed at only a slightly lower than average level, while those who had extended their curricula to pursue personal or extracurricular interests tended to perform at a better than average level in the PGY-1 residency. Graduates with significant emotional disorders in medical school who pursued a reduced course load had a high (35 percent) dropout rate during the residency that occurred despite expert psychiatric care and substantial support during medical school and the residency. The authors suggest that extended programs may be useful for students seeking personal enrichment and for some with academic problems but that they do not seem particularly helpful to students with major emotional disturbances.     

银川市某中学学生因病缺课情况调查分析

目的了解学生健康及影响学生生活的疾病发生情况。方法根据技术规范要求,整群抽取全体在校学生进行监测。结果通过调查,影响学生缺课前三位的疾病是感冒、胃肠道疾病、外伤(其构成分别为76·30%、8·15%、4·07%),且高二年级学生因病缺课率(54·48%)较其它两个年级学生高。结论九中学生因各种疾病影响学生生活常见疾病的发生情况还比较严重,需引起预防医学工作者及学校、教师、学生、家长的重视。