胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤诊治分析

目的: 探讨胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的诊断和治疗效果.方法: 回顾分析15例胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的临床资料.男6例,女9例;8例胰腺黏液性囊腺瘤,7例胰腺黏液性囊腺癌(1.14∶1);肿瘤位于胰头部3例(20%),胰体尾部10例(66.7%),胰尾部2例(13.3%).胰十二指肠切除术2例,胰腺体尾部+脾切除术8例,胰尾+脾切除术2例,胰腺囊腺瘤切除术1例,胰腺囊肿-空肠吻合内引流术1例,胰腺囊肿外引流术1例.结果: 随访10~15年,8例囊腺瘤均无瘤存活;7例囊腺癌中4例(57.1%)存活5年,2例(28.5%)存活3年,1例(14.2%)存活率1年.结论: 囊腺癌属于低度恶性肿瘤,根治性切除术效果良好.     

保留十二指肠的胰头切除术治疗胰腺囊腺癌

目的: 探讨胰腺囊腺癌的临床特点和治疗策略.方法: 回顾分析8例胰腺囊腺癌病人的诊断过程和治疗方法.结果: 8例病人中肿瘤位于胰头颈部5例,体尾部3例;保留十二指肠的胰头切除术4例,胰头十二指肠切除术1例,胰体尾联合脾切除术1例,有2例行囊肿内引流及外引流术,平均随访12.4个月,未切除肿瘤病人生存时间分别为6个月和10个月.结论: 胰腺囊腺癌的诊断困难,了解其临床及术中特点有助于减少误诊,治疗方法以局部切除为好.     

胰体尾部肿瘤12例手术治疗体会

目的 探讨如何提高胰体尾切除术成功率和手术效果.方法 对我院2004年以来收治的12例胰体尾肿瘤手术患者进行回顾性分析.结果 本组12例胰体尾切除术均获得成功,平均手术时间为130 min,平均住院天数16 d;术中输血4例,平均输血360 mL;胰漏2例,无手术死亡及严重的手术并发症.结论 术前正确评估影像资料、术中积极主动的手术理念、选择合理的手术入路、正确的围手术期管理是保证胰体尾切除术成功的重要因素.     

胰岛细胞瘤的诊断和外科治疗

目的 探讨胰岛细胞瘤的诊断和外科治疗经验. 方法 收集我院1994年1月~2004年12月收治的26例胰腺胰岛细胞瘤患者的临床资料,对其临床表现、检查手段和治疗结果进行回顾分析. 结果 本组以反复发作性意识障碍和反复中上腹隐痛为主要症状,女性发病率高,占61.5%;胰岛素瘤和非功能性胰岛细胞瘤各13例;恶性占11.5%,良性占88.5%;26例手术者中,胰头、体、尾部分别占19.2%,30.8%,50%;2例为多发肿瘤,肿瘤最大直径8 cm;13例胰岛素瘤患者发作时血糖均<2.8 mmol/L(50 mg/dl),血浆胰岛素及C肽增高,胰岛素指数(胰岛素/血糖)>0.3,手术切除后,11例血糖恢复正常.本组患者均行B超和CT检查,88.5%胰腺发现有占位病变.脾胰体尾切除术、肿瘤局部切除术和胰头十二指肠切除术是主要的手术方式,术中均做活检.胰痿是术后主要并发症. 结论 胰腺胰岛细胞瘤发病隐匿,术前诊断困难,根据临床症状及B超和CT检查等可明确肿瘤的位置,而最终定性还是要依据术后病理检查,本病预后明显好于胰腺癌,因此一旦明确诊断应积极争取彻底切除肿瘤.胰腺胰岛细胞瘤具有较高的手术切除率,本组为100%.病理显示非功能性胰岛细胞瘤恶变率高于胰岛素瘤.对于恶性胰岛细胞瘤术后可运用化疗和介入治疗.     

非功能性胰岛细胞瘤31例诊断与治疗

目的 探讨非功能性胰岛细胞瘤的诊断与治疗. 方法 回顾性分析31例非功能性胰岛细胞瘤的临床特点. 结果 31例中良性16例,恶性15例;位于胰头9例,胰体7例,胰尾12例,累及全胰3例;行肿瘤切除8例,胰体尾切除6例,胰体尾切除加脾切除2例,胰体尾切除加Roux-Y吻合术2例,胰头十二指肠切除4例,全胰切除1例,胆囊空肠吻合术3例,局部活检5例.良性肿瘤者术后除1例死于心肌梗塞外其他均健在.恶性者中,未行根治术者均于26个月内死亡;行根治术者中,2例行胰头十二指肠切除及1例行全胰切除者于9~20月因复发死亡,其他均健在. 结论 加强对非功能性胰岛细胞瘤的认识,争取手术切除,可取得良好的疗效.     

胰岛素瘤64例的诊断与外科治疗

目的 总结胰岛素瘤的诊断与外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析64例胰岛素瘤的临床资料.结果 64例均表现Whipple三联征.术前BUS、CT及强化CT、MRI、DSA诊断阳性率分别为46.9%(30/64),58.2%(23/39),66.7%(18/27),91.7%(11/12).IOUS诊断阳性率为92%(23/25).单个肿瘤58例,多发肿瘤6例.单发者位于胰头19例,其中直径4cm 1例,胰体17例,胰尾22例;多发者6例均为2枚肿瘤,4例位于胰体,2例分别位于胰体和胰尾各1枚.治疗行肿瘤局部切除39例,胰体尾切除13例加作脾切除6例,胰尾切除8例加作脾切除4例,胰体表面肿瘤直径2cm行腹腔镜下单纯肿瘤摘除1例,自左向右分段切除(盲切法)2例,行胰头十二指肠切除1例.良性肿瘤62例,恶性2例.术后胰瘘3例、急性胰腺炎4例均经非手术治愈.64例术后低血糖症状消失.62例良性胰岛素瘤术后随诊1～5年血糖正常,其中2例分别于术后4年和5年复发,再次手术发现胰尾近脾门处分别有直径1cm和1.5cm肿瘤,经胰尾切除后治愈.45例随访8年血糖正常,17例失访.2例恶性胰岛素瘤分别于术后3年和4年复发,因肝转移死亡.结论 Whipple三联征和测定IRI/G＞0.3是定性诊断的依据.术中触诊联合IOUS是最有效的肿瘤定位诊断方法.胰岛素瘤切除术是最佳的治疗方法.     

16例胰源性门脉高压症临床分析

目的 探讨胰源性门脉高压症(PPH)的诊断及治疗方法.方法 选择我院2000年1月至2009年12月收治的16例PPH患者的临床资料,进行回顾性分析.结果 本组16例患者中15例获得临床治愈,单纯睥切除术1例,脾切除术加贲门周围血管离断术9例,脾切除术加胰体尾切除术3例,脾切除术加囊肿空肠RouxY吻合术2例.3例胰腺肿瘤患者均于出院后5个月到18个月内死亡.其他患者均恢复良好,未再出现门脉高压症.结论 手术是胰源性区域性门脉高压症首要治疗手段.     

左肾旁前间隙入路在保留脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术中的应用

目的 探讨保留脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术安全快捷的手术入路.方法 回顾总结我院12 例保留脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术的手术过程及结果,分析左肾前间隙入路在保留脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术中的应用.结果 12 例手术顺利完成,平均手术时间(55±18)min,术中出血量(80±46)mL,术后平均住院时间7.6 d,术后未发生胰漏等并发症.结论 左肾前间隙入路是脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术中安全快捷的手术入路.     

胰腺及十二指肠肿瘤合并胰管结石4例报告

目的: 探讨胰腺及十二指肠肿瘤伴胰管结石的诊断、治疗及预后.方法: 回顾性分析胰腺及十二指肠肿瘤伴胰管结石4例的临床资料.结果: 4例患者中,全胰癌1例,胰头癌1例,十二指肠腺癌1例,十二指肠腺瘤1例,均伴胰管结石.临床症状为腹痛,皮肤巩膜黄染.4例患者入院前均有手术史,诊断为胰腺癌晚期不能切除而放弃根治性手术,入院后诊断为胰腺及十二指肠肿瘤伴胰管结石,均行根治性手术,其中全胰切除术2例,胰十二指肠切除术1例,十二指肠乳头部肿块局部切除术1例.术后随访至今6月~4年,均存活.结论: 胰管结石影响胰腺及十二指肠肿瘤可切除性的判断,从而影响胰腺及十二指肠肿瘤的治疗及预后.如果术前CT等检查发现有胰体钙化或胰管结石,术中发现胰腺质地硬,或扪及结石,应考虑为胰腺及十二指肠肿瘤伴胰管结石而非晚期、不可切除之肿瘤,可行胰十二指肠切除术、全胰切除术等根治性手术.     

无功能胰岛细胞瘤的诊断和治疗

目的: 探讨无功能胰岛细胞瘤的诊断和治疗方法.方法: 收集近6年来收治的无功能胰岛细胞瘤11例,对其临床表现、影像学检查特征、病理诊断及治疗方法进行分析总结.结果: 本组男7例,女4例.无特征性内分泌紊乱表现,多表现为上腹疼痛不适和腹部肿块.病灶位于胰头、胰颈各1例,胰体尾8例,全胰1例.B超检查6例,CT检查8例,肿块显示率均为100%,B超定位准确率达66.6%,CT定位准确率达75%.9例良性肿瘤分别行肿瘤摘除术和含肿瘤的部分胰腺切除术;2例恶性者分别行肝结节活检和多次腹腔肿块姑息切除,分别存活3个月和32个月.全纽均经病理诊断为胰岛细胞瘤.结论: 本病无特征性临床表现,诊镲断主要依靠影像学及病理检查.手术是主要治疗方法,应根据肿块性质及不同部位采取不同术式.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.