高血压患者治疗后血压昼夜节律及影响因素的调查

目的了解高血压病患者经治疗血压达标后血压昼夜节律及影响因素.方法采用横断面调查的方法,采用进入法进行非条件logistic回归分析.结果共纳人208例患者,呈勺型曲线者79例(占38%),非勺型曲线者129例(占62%).logistic回归分析显示,年龄在70岁以上及60～69之间者24 h动态血压曲线呈非勺型的比例分别是60岁以下者的3.3倍(P=0.009)和2.3倍(P=0.031);有早发心血管疾病家族史的患者,其动态血压曲线形态呈非勺型的比例为无相应家族史患者的3.7倍(P=0.029);超重(BMI＜28)与肥胖(BMI≥28)者24 h动态血压曲线呈非勺型的比例分别是正常体重(BMI＜24)者的3.0倍(P=0.003)和4.8倍(P=0.009);与单独应用长效钙离子拮抗剂(CCBs)治疗相比,单用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEIs)或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(ARBs)治疗者动态血压曲线呈非勺型的机会较少(OR=0.139,P=0.010),采用包含ACEIs或ARBs(但不包括利尿剂)的联合用药方案的患者有较少非勺型曲线的趋势,但二组之间差异无显著性(OR=0.453,P=0.118);采用包括利尿剂(但无ACEIs或ARBs)的联合用药方案以及同时包含利尿剂与ACEIs或ARBs的联合用药方案的患者均有较少非勺型曲线的机会(OR值分别为0.378和0.273,P值分别为0.030和0.011).结论高血压患者经治疗血压达标后,有近三分之二的患者呈异常的血压昼夜节律.年龄、早发心血管疾病的家族史、超重或肥胖、降压药物治疗方案等4个因素与24 h血压曲线形态有关.与单用长效CCBs比较,利尿剂、ACEIs或ARBs可能有利于保持正常的血压昼夜节律.     

高血压类型与微量白蛋白尿的相关分析

目的探讨高血压患者脉压与尿微量白蛋白(microalbuminuria)排泄量的关系。方法选取243例原发性高血压患者,按照高血压类型分为杓型(198例)和非杓型(45)两组。比较两组间性别、年龄、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、体重指数、蛋白尿的发生率及24h尿蛋白排泄量。结果非杓型高血压组尿蛋白阳性率为41.3%、24h尿白蛋白排泄量为(234.6±41.4)mg,均明显高于杓型高血压组23%,(146±35)mg。收缩压、脉压与24h尿蛋白量呈正相关,其相关系数r分别为0.478(p<0.05)、0.637(p<0.05);尤其在非杓型高血压中,脉压与24h尿蛋白量排泄量相关系数r=0.81(p<0.05)远高于杓型(r=0.58,p<0.05)。结论非杓型高血压较杓型高血压引起的肾损害害明显早于和严重于杓型高血压;抗高血压治疗亦应注意合理地控制夜间血压。     

动态血压监测药物治疗老年高血压病168例临床分析

目的探讨药物治疗对老年高血压病患者的疗效及24h血压昼夜变化、血压变异性的影响。方法将168例高血压病患者分为单纯收缩压增高（SH）和收缩压及舒张压均增高（DH）两组,治疗药物分为长效和短效,在治疗开始和治疗2个月后做24h动态血压监测;同时对两组患者的24h动态血压波动曲线的变化进行总结,结合临床资料进行统计学分析。结果DH组患者与SH组比较,24h血压波动曲线的昼夜节律变化、靶器官损害发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,血压负荷、血压变异性差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;DH组应用长、短效药物治疗,血压控制均不理想;SH组患者经过长效药物治疗,夜间的平均收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉压均比短效药物治疗组低（P〈0.05）,24h血压变化曲线大部分可以恢复昼夜节律,血压负荷明显减少,心脑血管并发症少见。结论应用动态血压监测有助于了解老年高血压患者24h血压波动曲线的变化规律,对指导患者临床治疗和判断预后有着十分重要的意义。     

Interrelations among smoking habits, casual blood pressure and intraocular pressure in middle and old-aged Japanese residents

Objectives To investigate the association of smoking habits with blood pressure (BP) and intraocular pressure (IOP), and to examine whether the smoking-BP association is related to the IOP level. Methods This study was conducted on the basis of a cross-sectional design using annual health check-up data during one-year between August, 1999 and August, 2000 for 611 middle and old-aged Japanese residents living in Ibaraki prefecture, Japan. Results After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index and alcohol intake score, the proportion of hypertensives, and the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) of the subjects without antihypertensive medications were the highest (50.4%, 129.6 mmHg and 75.9 mmHg, respectively) in the “smokers of 25 or more cigarettes per day with intraocular pressure (IOP)≥15 mmHg” of six subgroups crossed by three smoking categories (non-smokers, 1 to 24 cigarettes per day, and 25 or more cigarettes per day) and two IOP categories (less than 15 mmHg, and 15mmHg or greater). On the other hand, the adjusted proportion of hypertensives, and the adjusted mean SBP and DBP decreased with increasing smoking category in the individuals with less than 15 mmHg of the IOP (p for trend=0.028 for proportion of hypertensives 0.008 for the SBP, and 0.001 for the DBP, respectively). Conclusions Heavy smoking may be specifically related to ‘high BP accompanied by high IOP’, although the BP may be inversely associated with smoking under the condition without high IOP.     

血压参数对高血压病患者记忆功能影响

目的探讨血压参数对高血压患者记忆功能的影响,为延缓和预防高血压患者发展为血管性痴呆采取干预措施提供科学依据。方法随机选取2010年9-12月在河北省唐山市工人医院就诊的196例高血压病患者(I级66例、II级64例、III级66例)进行记忆功能测评。结果 高血压I级患者患轻、中、重度记忆功能障碍者的比例分别为59.1%、30.3%、6.1%,高血压II级患者患轻、中、重度记忆功能障碍者的比例分别为32.8%、53.1%、9.4%,高血压III级患者患轻、中、重度记忆功能障碍者的比例分别为24.2%、56.1%、13.6%,不同分级高血压患者记忆障碍发生率不同(χ²=10.389,P=0.006);高血压I、II、III级患者行为记忆测验第二版(RBMTⅡ)评分比较,不同分级高血压患者回忆姓名、回忆被藏物品、脸部再认、路线延迟回忆、定向评分和记忆标准总分间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);相关分析结果表明,RBMTⅡ标准总分与收缩压及脉压均呈负相关(P=0.000),与舒张压无相关(P >0.05);多元线性逐步回归分析结果表明,年龄越大、脉压越大,高血压患者RBMTⅡ标准总分越低,受教育年限越高,高血压患者RBMTⅡ标准总分越高。结论 高血压患者的记忆功能障碍以长时记忆功能损害为主;高血压患者血压可影响其记忆功能,尤其以脉压最为明显。     

Effectively Prescribing Oral Magnesium Therapy for Hypertension: A Categorized Systematic Review of 49 Clinical Trials

Trials and meta-analyses of oral magnesium for hypertension show promising but conflicting results. An inclusive collection of 49 oral magnesium for blood pressure (BP) trials were categorized into four groups: (1) Untreated Hypertensives; (2) Uncontrolled Hypertensives; (3) Controlled Hypertensives; (4) Normotensive subjects. Each group was tabulated by ascending magnesium dose. Studies reporting statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in both systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) from both baseline and placebo (if reported) were labeled “Decrease”; all others were deemed “No Change.” Results: Studies of Untreated Hypertensives (20 studies) showed BP “Decrease” only when Mg dose was >600 mg/day; <50% of the studies at 120–486 mg Mg/day showed SBP or DBP decreases but not both while others at this Mg dosage showed no change in either BP measure. In contrast, all magnesium doses (240–607 mg/day) showed “Decrease” in 10 studies on Uncontrolled Hypertensives. Controlled Hypertensives, Normotensives and “magnesium-replete” studies showed “No Change” even at high magnesium doses (>600 mg/day). Where magnesium did not lower BP, other cardiovascular risk factors showed improvement. Conclusion: Controlled Hypertensives and Normotensives do not show a BP-lowering effect with oral Mg therapy, but oral magnesium (≥240 mg/day) safely lowers BP in Uncontrolled Hypertensive patients taking antihypertensive medications, while >600 mg/day magnesium is required to safely lower BP in Untreated Hypertensives; <600 mg/day for non-medicated hypertensives may not lower both SBP and DBP but may safely achieve other risk factor improvements without antihypertensive medication side effects.     

Multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT).: VI. Intervention on blood pressure

The MRFIT blood pressure data derived from the Special Intervention (SI) group of men over the first 4 years are presented, and the results of the hypertension treatment program are reviewed. A therapeutic goal diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was established for each man determined to be hypertensive which included men with DBP ?90 mm Hg and men who were already taking antihypertensive drugs. A stepped care protocol was used to guide the drug treatment. At the fourth annual examination, 63.8% of the 5,790 SI men seen had been previously declared hypertensive. The mean baseline blood pressure (BP) for the hypertensive group was 140.3 mm Hg, systolic, and 94.5 mm Hg, diastolic, and at the 48-month visit, the mean BP was 120.7 mm Hg, systolic, and 82.5 mm Hg, diastolic. Of the hypertensive men seen at 48 months, 87.3% were taking antihypertensive drugs, 65.4% were at or below their goal pressure, and 83.5% had a DBP <90 mm Hg. Most men on antihypertensive drug therapy were at protocol Step 1 or Step 2, receiving a diuretic agent alone (32.9%), or in combination with an antiadrenergic drug (40.4%). Data for specific drug regimens are presented. Older men and men with higher BP levels at entry had a better response. The MRFIT BP results, achieved within a context of a multiple-risk-factor intervention program, compare favorably with the results from recently reported trials that focused solely on the treatment of mild hypertension.     

Influence of albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate on blood pressure response to antihypertensive drug therapy

Background

Albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), two factors linked to kidney and vascular function, may influence longitudinal blood pressure (BP) responses to complex antihypertensive drug regimens.

Methods

We reviewed the clinic records of 459 patients with hypertension in an urban, academic practice.

Results

Mean patient age was 57-years, 89% of patients were African American, and 69% were women. Mean patient systolic/diastolic BP (SBP/DBP) at baseline was 171/98 mmHg while taking an average of 3.3 antihypertensive medications. At baseline, 27% of patients had estimated (e)GFR <60 ml/min/1.73², 28% had micro-albuminuria (30–300 mg/g) and 16% had macro-albuminuria (>300 mg/g). The average longitudinal BP decline over the observation period (mean 7.2 visits) was 25/12 mmHg. In adjusted regression models, macro-albuminuria predicted a 10.3 mmHg lesser longitudinal SBP reduction (p < 0.001) and a 7.9 mmHg lesser longitudinal DBP reduction (p < 0.001); similarly eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73² predicted an 8.4 mmHg lesser longitudinal SBP reduction (p < 0.001) and a 4.5 lesser longitudinal DBP reduction (p < 0.001). Presence of either micro- or macro-albuminuria, or lower eGFR, also significantly delayed the time to attainment of goal BP.

Conclusions

These data suggest that an attenuated decline in BP in drug-treated hypertensives, resulting in higher average BP levels over the long-term, may mediate a portion of the increased risk of cardiovascular-renal disease linked to elevated urinary albumin excretion and reduced eGFR.     

正常高值血压者24小时动态血压与睡眠障碍的相关性研究

目的研究非杓型正常高值血压与睡眠障碍的相关性。方法对103例某院体检的正常高值血压人员进行24 h动态血压监测和应用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）量表对睡眠质量评定。结果非杓型组46例和杓型组57例正常高值血压,非杓型组24h平均收缩压（SBP）（123.0±7.0）mm Hg（1mm Hg=0.133 kPa）、夜间平均收缩压（119.4±8.1）mm Hg、夜间平均舒张压（67.2±7.5）mm Hg较杓型组[（120.0±6.4）mm Hg,（108.3±8.2）mm Hg,（64.5±5.7）mm Hg]高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。非杓型收缩压夜间下降率（SBPF）分值（6.1±1.2）mm Hg较杓型（10.1±2.1）mm Hg低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;非杓型组PSQI评分较杓型高,差异有统计学意义[（6.8±2.5）分,（5.8±2.4）分,t=-2.062,P〈0.05];PSQI总分与SBPF呈负相关（r=-0.259,P=0.008）,睡眠障碍是影响非杓型的独立危险因素（OR=1.225,P=0.044）。结论睡眠障碍是非杓型高值血压的危险因素。     

Blood pressure in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: A cross-sectional analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between dietary status and blood pressure (BP) in a population of adult Seventh Day Adventists attending a statewide church conference. A total of 215 conferees ( age=52 yrs.) volunteered to complete a lifestyle questionnaire (LSQ) designed to obtain information on selected demographic and psychosocial variables, medical history, and dietary and other health-related habits. Height and weight were measured, and a minimum of two blood pressure readings using a random baseline mercury sphygmomanometer were taken from each individual by observers blind to the participants' LSQ responses. Participants were divided into vegetarian and nonvegetarian categories hased on self-reported dietary habits. Significantly fewer (X²=14.4, p<.001) vegetarians (n=21, 14.0%) reported a history of physician-diagnosed hypertension compared to non-vegetarians (n=24, 36.9%). All subjects taking prescribed antihypertensive medications and antihistamines were excluded from further analysis (n=27). An analysis of variance showed that blood pressure of vegetarians (n=135, =114/71) was significantly lower (p<.05) than the BP of the non-vegetarians (n=53, =122/74). When blood pressures were adjusted for the covariates of age, sex, and body mass index, there was no significant difference in blood pressure between the two groups. Further analyses revealed that the lower BP in the vegetarians appeared to be best explained by their lower body mass index.     

Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 fatty acids on blood pressure in healthy subjects

BACKGROUND: The quantity and quality of fats consumed in the diet influence the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the effect of diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins is well documented, less information exists on the role of fats on blood pressure (BP). OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the effects of different types of dietary fat on BP in healthy subjects. DESIGN: Healthy subjects (n = 162) were randomly assigned for 3 mo to follow 1 of 2 isoenergetic diets: 1 rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA diet) and the other rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA diet). Each group was further randomly assigned to receive supplementation with fish oil (3.6 g n-3 fatty acids/d) or placebo. RESULTS: Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) decreased with the MUFA diet [-2.2% (P = 0.009) and -3.8% (P = 0.0001), respectively] but did not change with the SFA diet [-1.0% (P = 0.2084) and -1.1% (P = 0.2116)]. The MUFA diet caused a significantly lower DBP than did the SFA diet (P = 0.0475). Interestingly, the favorable effects of MUFA on DBP disappeared at a total fat intake above the median (>37% of energy). The addition of n-3 fatty acids influenced neither SBP nor DBP. CONCLUSIONS: Changing the proportions of dietary fat by decreasing SFAs and increasing MUFAs decreased diastolic BP. Interestingly, the beneficial effect on BP induced by fat quality was negated by the consumption of a high total fat intake. The addition of n-3 fatty acids to the diet had no significant effect on BP.     

Association Between Late-Life Blood Pressure and the Incidence of Cognitive Impairment: A Community-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Objectives

To investigate the association between late-life blood pressure and the incidence of cognitive impairment in older adults.

Oral contraceptives: a risk factor for uncontrolled blood pressure among hypertensive women

The objective of the study was to assess the association between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and the use of oral contraceptives (OC) in hypertensive women. In a prospective cross-sectional study, we evaluated 171 women who were referred to the Hypertension Outpatient Clinic of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; 66 current users of OC, 26 users of other contraceptive methods and 79 women who were not using contraception. The average of six blood pressure readings was used to establish the usual blood pressure of the participants. Current OC users were compared with users of other methods and with patients not using contraception. Main outcome measures were SBP and DBP among the different groups, and prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension (SBP >or= 140 mmHg and DBP >or= 90 mmHg). DBP was higher in OC users (100.2 +/- 15.9 mmHg) than in patients using other contraceptive methods (93.4 +/- 14.7 mmHg) and not using contraceptives (93.3 +/- 14.4 mmHg, p = 0.016). Women using OC for more than 8 years presented higher age-adjusted blood pressure levels than women using OC for shorter periods. Patients using OC had poor blood pressure control (p for trend = 0.046) and a higher proportion of them presented moderate-severe hypertension. These results were independent of antihypertensive drug use. In a logistic regression model, we found that current OC use was independently and significantly associated with prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension. It is concluded that hypertensive women using OC present a significant increase in DBP and poor blood pressure control, independent of age, weight and antihypertensive drug treatment.     

Randomized Trial on the Effects of Dietary Potassium on Blood Pressure and Serum Potassium Levels in Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease

In the general population, an increased potassium (K) intake lowers blood pressure (BP). The effects of K have not been well-studied in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This randomized feeding trial with a 2-period crossover design compared the effects of diets containing 100 and 40 mmol K/day on BP in 29 adults with stage 3 CKD and treated or untreated systolic BP (SBP) 120–159 mmHg and diastolic BP (DBP) <100 mmHg. The primary outcome was 24 h ambulatory systolic BP. The higher-versus lower-K diet had no significant effect on 24 h SBP (−2.12 mm Hg; p = 0.16) and DBP (−0.70 mm Hg; p = 0.44). Corresponding differences in clinic BP were −4.21 mm Hg for SBP (p = 0.054) and −0.08 mm Hg for DBP (p = 0.94). On the higher-K diet, mean serum K increased by 0.21 mmol/L (p = 0.003) compared to the lower-K diet; two participants had confirmed hyperkalemia (serum K ≥ 5.5 mmol/L). In conclusion, a higher dietary intake of K did not lower 24 h SBP, while clinic SBP reduction was of borderline statistical significance. Additional trials are warranted to understand the health effects of increased K intake in individuals with CKD.     

北京社区人群血压与颈动脉内中膜厚度的相关性探讨

目的探讨颈动脉内中膜厚度增厚与否对血压与颈动脉内中膜厚度相关性的影响。方法研究人群来自北京大学第一医院心内科于2011年12月至2012年4月在北京市石景山区横断面调查的动脉粥样硬化研究队列。纳入标准为问卷调查资料完整并完成颈动脉超声图像的采集且未应用过任何降压药物,研究人群(n=2 569)以最大颈动脉内中膜厚度0.9 mm为分界点分为颈动脉内中膜厚度增厚组(n=1 597)及非增厚组(n=972),分析血压与颈动脉内中膜厚度的关系。结果多重线性回归分析显示,在调整了性别、年龄、BMI、目前吸烟饮酒状况、血肌酐、空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、降糖降脂药物使用、心血管疾病患病情况等因素后,总体人群各项血压指标(收缩压、舒张压、脉压及平均动脉压)均与颈动脉内中膜厚度平均值呈显著正相关(收缩压:β=0.009,P0.000 1;舒张压:β=0.002,P0.000 1;脉压:β=0.007,P0.000 1;平均动脉压:β=0.009,P0.000 1);在颈动脉内中膜厚度≥0.9 mm组各项血压指标依然与颈动脉内中膜厚度平均值呈显著正相关(收缩压:β=0.006,P=0.000 1;舒张压:β=0.001,P=0.000 1;脉压:β=0.005,P0.0001;平均动脉压:β=0.005,P=0.023 8),而非增厚组中各项血压指标与颈动脉内中膜厚度平均值均无明显相关。结论本研究发现在颈动脉内中膜厚度增厚的人群中血压指标与颈动脉内中膜厚度显著相关,非增厚人群中无显著相关。提示血管壁增厚影响血压的作用机制在二者相关性机制方面可能占据更重要的地位。     

Treated hypertensives with good medication compliance are still in a state of uncontrolled blood pressure in the Japanese elderly

Objectives Blood pressure (BP) is poorly controlled in many countries. Poor compliance was suggested as the main cause for poor BP control. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between compliance and the control of both casual blood pressure (BP) and 24-hr ambulatory BP in a Japanese elderly population. Methods The study was a cross-sectional survey. Casual BP and 24-hr ambulatory BP were measured at home. Hypertension was defined as casual systolic BP (SBP)≧140 and/or diastolic BP (DBP)≧90 mmHg, or as treated hypertension. A compliance rate of greater than 80% by the pill count method was defined as good compliance. Results Of the 178 treated hypertensives, 82.6% showed good compliance. Between the treated hypertensives with good compliance and those with poor compliance, no significant difference was found in either casual BP or ambulatory BP. Of the treated hypertensives with good compliance, the prevalence of achieved target ambulatory BP, i.e., daytime BP<135/85 mmHg, nighttime BP<120/75 mmHg, and 24-hr BP<125/80 mmHg, was, respectively, 35.4%, 43.5%, and 20.4%. Conclusions Casual BP and 24-hr ambulatory BP were poorly controlled in the community-living elderly although many of the treated hypertensives showed good compliance. It is unlikely that this inadequate control of hypertension is due to poor compliance on the part of the subjects.     

Association between prenatal lead exposure and blood pressure in children

Background: Lead exposure in adults is associated with hypertension. Altered prenatal nutrition is associated with subsequent risks of adult hypertension, but little is known about whether prenatal exposure to toxicants, such as lead, may also confer such risks.Objectives: We investigated the relationship of prenatal lead exposure and blood pressure (BP) in 7- to 15-year-old boys and girls.Methods: We evaluated 457 mother–child pairs, originally recruited for an environmental birth cohort study between 1994 and 2003 in Mexico City, at a follow-up visit in 2008–2010. Prenatal lead exposure was assessed by measurement of maternal tibia and patella lead using in vivo K-shell X-ray fluorescence and cord blood lead using atomic absorption spectrometry. BP was measured by mercury sphygmomanometer with appropriate-size cuffs.Results: Adjusting for relevant covariates, maternal tibia lead was significantly associated with increases in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in girls but not in boys (p-interaction with sex = 0.025 and 0.007 for SBP and DBP, respectively). Among girls, an interquartile range increase in tibia lead (13 μg/g) was associated with 2.11-mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69, 3.52] and 1.60-mmHg (95% CI: 0.28, 2.91) increases in SBP and DBP, respectively. Neither patella nor cord lead was associated with child BP.Conclusions: Maternal tibia lead, which reflects cumulative environmental lead exposure and a source of exposure to the fetus, is a predisposing factor to higher BP in girls but not boys. Sex-specific adaptive responses to lead toxicity during early-life development may explain these differences.     

利用交叉滞后通径分析研究血压与肾小球滤过率之间的时间因果关系

目的了解血压(blood pressure,BP)与肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)之间的因果关系。方法于2013年1-8月在辽宁省大洼、彰武和辽阳县农村地区采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法建立了心血管疾病研究队列,并于2015年8月-2016年1月对其中6893名35岁及以上农村居民进行随访调查。采用交叉滞后通径分析模型描述BP与eGFR在高血压和非高血压人群中的因果关系。结果 6893名农村居民(女性占52.3%;平均年龄52.39±10.10岁)的平均随访时间为(28.74±3.47)个月。对于高血压患者,eGFR与收缩压(systolic BP,SBP)相互影响,但eGFR先于SBP发生变化[eGFR→SBP的路径系数ρ₁=-0.112,P<0.001;SBP→eGFR的路径系数ρ₂=-0.070,P<0.001;ρ₁ vs ρ₂,P=0.044];eGFR单向影响舒张压(diastolic BP,DBP)。对于非高血压...     

Differences in Health Services Utilization and Costs between Antihypertensive Medication Users Versus Nonusers in Adults with Diabetes and Concomitant Hypertension from Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Pooled Years 2006 to 2009

ObjectivesTo compare population-level baseline characteristics, individual-level utilization, and costs between antihypertensive medication users versus nonusers in adults with diabetes and concomitant hypertension.MethodsThis longitudinal retrospective observational research used Medical Expenditure Panel Survey household component pooled years 2006 to 2009 to analyze adults 18 years or older with nongestational diabetes and coexistent essential hypertension. Two groups were created: 1) antihypertensive medication users and 2) no antihypertensive pharmacotherapy. We examined average annualized health care costs and emergency department and hospital utilization. Accounting for Medical Expenditure Panel Survey’s complex survey design, all analyses used longitudinal weights. Logistic regressions examined the likelihood of utilization and anytihypertensive medication use, and log-transformed multiple linear regression models assessed costs and antihypertensive medication use.ResultsOf the 3261 adults identified with diabetes, 66% (n = 2137) had concomitant hypertension representing 38.7 million individuals during 2006 to 2009. Significantly, the 16% (n = 338) no antihypertensive pharmacotherapy group showed greater mean nights hospitalized (3.6 vs. 1.7, P = 0.0120), greater all-cause hospitalization events per 1000 patient months (41 vs. 24, P = 0.0.007), and lower mean diabetes-related and hypertension-related ambulatory visits. After adjusting for confounders, non-antihypertensive medication users showed 1.64 odds of hospitalization, 29% lower total, and 27% lower average annualized medical expenses compared with antihypertensive medication users.ConclusionsIn adults with diabetes and coexistent hypertension, we observed significantly greater hospitalizations and lower costs for the non antihypertensive pharmacotherapy group versus those using antihypertensive medications. The short-term time horizon greater hospitalizations with lower expenses among non-antihypertensive medication users with diabetes and concomitant hypertension warrant further study.     

血压控制与糖尿病发病关系的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨血压控制情况与新发糖尿病的关系.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法 ,以江苏省多代谢异常和代谢综合征综合防治研究队列满足条件的人群为研究对象,分析并比较基线血压正常组和基线高血压组随访血压控制在不同水平时糖尿病发病率;运用Cox比例风险模型分析血压控制情况与随访新发糖尿病的关系.结果 3146名研究对象中,有102例新发糖尿病患者.基线血压正常组(n=2369)和高血压组(n=777)糖尿病累积发病率分别为2.74%和4.76%;基线血压正常组与高血压组糖尿病发病率均随着SBP和DBP增加而上升;两组人群中,随访转为或仍然为高血压的人群糖尿病发病率均大于随访血压保持或控制为正常的人群(基线血压正常组5.6%vs.1.9%,基线高血压组7.1%vs.2.2%).调整基线年龄、性别和糖尿病一般危险因素后,基线血压正常组中随访转为高血压的人群相比血压保持正常的人群发生糖尿病的相对危险度(aRR值及95%CI)为1.84(1.00～3.63);基线高血压组中随访血压未得到控制相比血压得到控制的人群发生糖尿病的aRR值为1.90(1.03～3.74).若调整性别、年龄和基线代谢综合征,aRR值则分别为1.70(0.99～2.78)和1.90(1.04～3.75).结论 基线血压正常组与高血压患者,若有效控制其血压在正常水平均能降低糖尿病发病的风险.