Clinical significance of intrahepatic biliary stricture in efficacy of hepatic resection for intrahepatic stones

In the Far East, hepatic resection is the definitive treatment for complicated intrahepatic stones (IHS). However, many investigators have reported that the associated intrahepatic biliary stricture is the main cause of treatment failure. A retrospective comparative study was undertaken to clarify the long-term efficacy of hepatic resection for treatment of IHS and to investigate the clinical significance of intrahepatic biliary stricture in treatment failure after hepatic resection performed in 44 patients with symptomatic IHS. The patients were divided into two study groups: group A, with intrahepatic biliary stricture (n = 28) and group B, without stricture (n = 16). Residual or recurrent stones, recurrence of intrahepatic biliary stricture, late cholangitis, and final outcomes were analyzed and compared statistically between the two groups. The patients were followed up for a median duration of 65 months after hepatectomy. The overall incidence of residual or recurrent stones was 36% and 11%, respectively, in groups A and B. The initial treatment failure rate was 50% in group A and 31% in group B. Intrahepatic biliary stricture recurred in 46% of patients in group A, while none of the group B patients had biliary stricture recurrence (P = 0.001). More than two-thirds of the restrictures in group A were identified at the primary site. The incidence of late cholangitis was higher in group A (54%) than in group B (6%) (P = 0.002). Three-quarters of the patients with cholangitis in group A had severe cholangitis, that was recurrent, and related to stones and strictures (n = 11). They and 2 asymptomatic patients in group B required secondary procedures done at a median of 12 months after hepatectomy. Final outcomes after hepatectomy with or without secondary management were good in 80%, fair in 16%, and poor in 4% of our 44 patients. Most recurrent cholangitis after hepatectomy in patients with IHS was related to recurrent intrahepatic ductal strictures. Therefore, to be effective, hepatic resection should include the strictured duct. However, with hepatectomy alone it is difficult to clear the IHS or relieve the ductal strictures completely, particularly in patients with bilateral IHS, so perioperative team approaches that include both radiologic and cholangioscopic interventions should be combined for the effective management of IHS. Received for publication on Oct. 15, 1997; accepted on Feb. 2, 1998     

腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石的技术与疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2016年12月完成67例腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石临床及随访资料。 结果 全部67例患者合并左半肝或左外叶肝萎缩,腔镜手术方式包括左外叶肝切除48例、左半肝切除19例。其他腹腔镜下联合术式包括：胆囊切除术52例、胆总管探查术43例、T管引流术39例,胆总管一期修补术4例。手术切口长度（4.67±1.26）cm。术后发生胆漏3例,均经引流观察后自愈;1例因术后腹腔大出血合并胆瘘再手术治愈;肝脓肿1例,膈下脓肿1例,均经穿刺引流治愈。 结论 腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石安全可靠,术中应尽量取净其他胆道残余结石并连续紧密缝合左肝管残端。如结石已被取净胆总管的探查和T管引流并非必需。     

胆道再手术原因和对策

目的探讨胆道再手术原因及对策。方法回顾分析我院1999年1月至2002年12月间共行了胆道手术2881例，其中因各种原因行胆道再手术260例；并对其首次手术方式，再次手术方式和再次手术原因进行了详细分析。结果109例行胆总管切开取石，其中33例同时行肝叶切除；32例行胆总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术；94例行胆道镜取石术；2例行胰十二指肠切除术；残余胆囊再切除1例；22例分别行引流、止血或修补术。再手术原因早期主要以胆漏（7．3％）、腹腔内出血（1．2％）为主。晚期主要以结石残留或复发（76．9％），胆管良性狭窄（11．5％）为主。结论胆道再手术主要原因是处理胆道手术并发症。为降低胆道再手术率应强调术前全面分析诊断、术中审慎操作，并结合胆道镜、B超及胆道造影等检查行根治性手术，术后加强抗感染预防炎性狭窄。     

胆道再手术的原因及对策

目的：探讨胆道再手术的原因和对策。方法：对1994年12月－20000年12月间胆道再手术102例进行回顾性分析。结果：75例行胆管切开取石,其中12例同时行肝叶切除,5例胆总管十二指肠合改行胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合或再做其他术式,12例胆道恶性肿瘤分别行根治术,内外引流和PTCD,4例行胆管整形和胆肠吻合术,4例行囊肿切除胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,2例行残余胆囊和胆囊残株炎切除,胆道再手术主要原因是结石复发（52．0％）,残石（21．6％）,恶性肿瘤（11．8％）,术式选择或操作不当（8．8％）,及胆管狭窄（3．9％）,续集：为降低胆道再手术率,强调应明确术前诊断,采用正确的术式,术中胆道镜,胆道造和B超检查,审真操作,积极进行根治性手术,尽量避免急诊手术和术后经T管窦道取石。     

Long-term results of surgical treatment for intrahepatic stones

One hundred and nineteen patients with intrahepatic stones treated surgically in Nagasaki University Hospital from 1969 to 1984 were reviewed. The patients were divided into four types according to location of the stones and the presence or absence of stenotic lesions and/or localized dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Types I and II patients were treated with choledocholithotomy or choledochojejunostomy, while type III patients underwent hepatic resection and type IV patients were treated by partial hepatic resection with bilioenteric anastomosis, including extended hepaticocholedochojejunostomy. The majority of operative or early deaths belonged to type IV and residual stones were present in almost all patients. The longterm results for the 88 patients revealed that the rate of improvement was 100 per cent for type I, 87 per cent for type II, 83 per cent for type III and 84 per cent for type IV. In type IV, the most excellent results (92 per cent) were obtained by extended hepaticocholedochojejunostomy, especially with hepatectomy. It is suggested that extended hepaticocholedochojejunostomy with partial hepatic resection is a reasonable procedure for treating patients with type IV intrahepatic stones.     

肝内胆管结石126例外科治疗体会

目的 探讨肝内胆管结石外科治疗的方法及效果.方法 对2005年1月至2010年10月间我院施行的126例肝内胆管结石手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 全组无手术死亡病例,术后发生并发症17例(13.5％),其中胆漏3例,胆道出血5例,肺部感染2例,胆道严重感染1例,切口裂开2例,切口脂肪液化4例,均经保守治疗痊愈...     

Intrahepatic lithiasis. Study of thirty-six cases and review of the literature.

In 2,700 operations for biliary tract stones, intrahepatic lithiasis (stones located proximal to the confluence of the main hepatic ducts) was discovered in 36 patients (1.3 per cent). The diagnosis of intrahepatic lithiasis was determined only via intraoperative chalangiography in thirty-two cases (88.9 er cent); in 23 per cent of our cases of intrahepatic lithiasis, jaundice was never observed. This confirms that intraoperative cholangiography should be performed routinely in every case of biliary lithiasis. The removal of stones was generally performed by an indirect approach (papillostomy and/or choledochotomy). In 16.7 per cent of our cases, a direct approach was indicated. It is extremely important, after removal of calculi, to assure ample bilioenteric flow. Our surgical approach was therefore based mostly on the caliber of the biliary tract. When the tract was dilated less that 2 cm (in 20 cases), choledochohepaticotomy with papillostomy was most often performed (12 cases, 60 per cent). When the dilatation was more that 2 cm (12 cases), Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed in all. There was no operative mortality, although the long-term follow-up results were poor in 9.6 per cent of the cases.     

A new biliary access technique for the long-term endoscopic management of intrahepatic stones

Intrahepatic stone disease poses a difficult postoperative management problem due to frequent stone recurrence. Most of the methods proposed for long-term access to the intrahepatic biliary tree require multiple sessions of additional, usually invasive, procedures. An alternative method for endoscopic long-term access to the intrahepatic ducts, represented by a side-to-side anastomosis between the isolated Roux-en-Y jejunal limb of the bilioenteric bypass and the duodenum (duodenojejunostomy), was used in eight patients with retained and/or recurrent stones after surgical treatment of intrahepatic stone disease. There were no short- or long-term complications or mortality associated with the duodenojejunostomy. Postoperative endoscopic access to the intrahepatic ducts was successfully achieved in five of six patients: one with stone recurrence, one with a left hepatic duct stricture and stone recurrence and one with known retained postoperative stones. In two patients, no stones were found at endoscopy. Side-to-side duodenojejunostomy may be useful in the long-term endoscopic management of recurrent intrahepatic biliary stone disease and should be indicated whenever a bilioenteric anastomosis is performed for the treatment of bilateral intrahepatic stone disease. Introduction Received: August 16, 2001 / Accepted: February 8, 2002     

肝胆结石术后再次手术的原因分析及防治对策

目的探讨肝胆结石手术后再次手术的原因及对策。方法回顾性分析肝胆结石术后再次手术的患者259例,其中因胆囊残株炎行胆囊残株切除术3例 因胆总管结石行胆总管切开探查取石＋T管引流14例,行EST3例 因医源性胆道损伤行胆肠吻合＋T管引流9例 因肝内胆管结石残留或复发行肝叶（段）切除＋T管引流（或肝肠吻合）188例 因胆肠吻合口狭窄行胆肠吻合14例（其中4例合并结石） 因胆总管囊肿行胆总管囊肿切除＋胆肠吻合11例 因Caroli病并结石行肝叶（段）切除＋T管引流9例,因胆管肿瘤行根治术或T管引流3例 因意外性胆囊癌行根治术5例。结果再手术后发生并发症48例（18.5%）,均经保守治疗治愈。均获随访,平均2（0.5～5）年,244例病人获得较好效果,优良率达94.2%。结论术前对病情的准确判断与充分的术前准备、正确的手术方法以及术后综合治疗是预防肝胆结石手术后再次手术的关键。     

研发胆道取石硬镜经T管瘘道治疗胆道术后残留结石

目的探讨胆道结石术后用研发胆道取石硬镜（或输尿管镜）经T管瘘道探查和治疗残余结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析在利多卡因凝胶5~10ml注入瘘道局部麻醉后采用研发的胆道取石镜（或输尿管镜）经T管瘘道探查和治疗42例胆道结石术后病例的资料。结果全组42例患者中前期（2010年3月以前）20例中有10例顺利完成探查或取石术,另10例在探查胆总管下段时,腹痛明显而中止改用纤维胆道镜探查,后期（2010年3月以后）的22例有19例完成胆道探查或取石,有3例在探查胆总管下段时腹痛难忍中转纤维胆道镜探查。1例腹腔镜胆总管切开术后52d拔T管,经瘘道胆道取石镜探查发现瘘道未形成,出现胆汁性腹膜炎,后开腹手术治愈,其余病例无并发症出现。结论胆道结石术后经T管瘘道常规使用研发胆道取石硬镜（或输尿管镜）探查和治疗胆道残余结石,安全有效,操作简便,为临床提供一种治疗胆道术后残留结石的新方法,有临床推广价值。     

Biliary stone extraction

This report summarizes a 14-year experience with 219 patients referred for sinus tract extraction of retained common duct stones. The patients ranged from 18 to 94 years of age and 60 per cent were women. Forty seven per cent of patients were seen within 6 weeks postoperatively and 79 per cent within 3 months of surgery. Sixty four per cent of patients had a single stone; the remainder had multiple stones, sludge or ductal debris. Sinus tract manipulation under fluoroscopic control was done using a variety of baskets, catheters and instruments, including endoscopy, along with pre- and post-manipulation intravenous antibiotics. Routine testing and cultures are done and useful when clinical biliary sepsis occurs (1%). Meticulous postextraction cholangiography has contributed to our success and is an important part of the procedure, usually done 24 hours after the last manipulation. Successful extraction occurred during a single session in 125 of 219 patients (57%); 60 of 219 patients required two extraction sessions. Four patients spontaneously passed stones. The remaining patients required three to seven sessions before the extraction was considered complete. Successful extraction of all stones and debris from patients' biliary ducts occurred in 210 of 219 cases (96%). Five of the nine failures occurred in the first one hundred patients (1974-1979) and all required reoperation. Failure occurred in four of the last one hundred patients (1979-1986) and all were successfully treated by ERCP extraction. Two deaths occurred very early in our series and were related to advanced biliary sepsis at the time of the initial presentation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

纤维胆道镜防治胆管残余结石304例分析

目的总结10年来应用纤维胆道镜防治胆道残余结石的经验。方法回顾性分析1994年6月至2004年5月术中、术后纤维胆道镜探查治疗胆道残石304例。结果术中经胆囊管探查胆道19例，发现结石8例，占42．10％，取石成功7例；经胆总管探查107例，发现结石36例，占33．64％，取尽32例。术后治疗176例，取尽结石165例，成功率93．75％。结论胆道镜的应用是防治胆道残余结石的重要方法，且安全高效，值得推广应用。     

Surgical management of intrahepatic gallstones.

The results of surgical treatment in 100 patients with intrahepatic gallstones are reported including follow-up on 61 patients who survived more than three years. Nine patients died in the follow-up period, and of the remainder, 44 showed complete rehabilitation (72%). The results of follow-up examinations were best shown by improvement in the tests of hepatic function when compared with the values at the time of discharge. However, in those patients with a long duration of illness, or with residual stones or with impairment of liver function, many claimed persistent complaints and showed abnormal late values of hepatic function. Patients with intrahepatic gallstones are best managed: 1) removal of all gallstones as thoroughly as possible, 2) additional procedures to eliminate bile stasis and permit residual stones to enter the intestinal tract and 3) irrigation of the biliary ducts to remove remaining stones.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后再疼痛的原因分析

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后再疼痛的原因。方法 :回顾分析 2 786例腹腔镜胆囊切除术术后 35例再疼痛的临床资料。结果 :诊断为右肝管狭窄肝内胆管局灶性扩张 4例 ,残株胆囊炎和 (或 )胆囊管残余结石 6例 ,胆管炎胆道残余结石 2例 ,胆道运动障碍 4例 ,膈神经损伤 3例 ,肝下间隙积液感染 5例 ,上腹部切口硬结 ,肋弓部损伤性疼痛 1 1例 ,多数病例术后疼痛与操作有关。 34例行保守治疗 ,1例行EST ,症状缓解或痊愈。结论 :对腹腔镜胆囊切除术因操作引起的术后再疼痛 ,应予以高度重视 ,只要仔细手术 ,术后疼痛是可以避免的     

Biliary access loops for intrahepatic stones: results of jejunoduodenal anastomosis

Background: Patients with intrahepatic calculi require multiple interventions following successful surgical stone clearance for recurrent stones and cholangitis. The present paper describes the results of a technique of in‐continuity side‐to‐side jejunoduodenal anastomosis (JDA) that provides endoscopic access to the hepaticojejunostomy and intrahepatic ducts. This operation is compared to other techniques in a critical appraisal of various biliary access procedures described for long‐term management of intrahepatic ­calculi. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data of 13 patients who underwent biliary drainage procedures with access loops for intrahepatic calculi during the period March 1990 to December 2000 was performed. The postoperative course of patients and the feasibility of postoperative endoscopic access to the hepaticojejunostomy and intrahepatic ductal system in treatment of recurrent cholangitis were assessed. Nine patients underwent JDA, two underwent permanent‐access hepaticojejunostomy (PAH) and two others underwent an interposition hepaticojejunoduodenostomy (IHJ). Results: The analysis revealed no major procedure‐related complications or mortality. Endoscopic access (using forward‐viewing gastroscope) was possible in 100% of cases following JDA, and with difficulty in both cases after PAH. Endoscopic access in the two patients with IHJ failed because of technical reasons. Recurrent cholangitis was seen in seven patients (54%) ? two out of two patients in the PAH group, one out of two in the IHJ group and four out of nine in the JDA group. This required 12 endotherapy sessions (mean: 1.5 procedures per patient). Conclusion: In‐continuity side‐to‐side JDA allows easy access of conventional gastroduodenoscopes to the biliary tree for removal of recurrent/residual intrahepatic stones. The technique has advantages over other access loop procedures in the long term management of recurrent intrahepatic stones.     

Reoperation of Biliary Tract by Laparoscopy: a Consecutive series of 26 Cases

Background: In the past, previous operation of biliary tract represented a contraindication to perform reoperation by laparoscopy. As experience with laparoscopic techniques and instrumentation has expanded, reoperation of biliary tract with laparoscope has become an accepted procedure in the management of cholelithiasis. We present our interesting experience with regard to reoperation of biliary tract by laparoscopy.

Material and methods: Laparoscopic operation of biliary tract was performed on 3,674 consecutive patients from April, 1992 till June, 2005. Among these patients, 26 had a previous open operation of biliary tract and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed as follows: seven cases had complicated intrahepatic bile duct stones (restricted at hepatic duct of the first and second order). Diameter of common bile duct in patients with common duct stones was above 1.2 cm, the number of stones for each patient was more than 3 and all the biggest stones exceeded 1 cm. In the 26 patients, pre-operatively, stenosis of bile duct and malignant tumour were excluded by both radiological examination and detection of serological tumour markers.

Results: The mean operative time was 125 min (75–190 min). Reoperations of biliary tract by laparoscope were successfully accomplished in 25 patients. One patient was converted to open operation and the common duct stones were removed by right angle forceps through short incision. None of the patients developed any severe complication, all of them recovered and were successfully discharged. Three cases with retained calculuses were successfully cured by removing these through the sinus tract of T tube.

Conclusions: Laparoscopic procedure is minimally invasive, safe and feasible for laparoscopic experts in case of reoperation of biliary tract. It is also a first method for patients for whom endoscopic sphincterotomy is contraindicated.     

Treatment of bilateral intrahepatic stones with high duct strictures through selective central hepatic resection

Bilateral intrahepatic duct stones with strictures, more common in the Orient than elsewhere, are difficult to access surgically. The results of surgical procedures have not been generally successful and are attended by a high postoperative complication and recurrence rate. We report the treatment of 30 patients with intrahepatic calculi and high duct strictures by means of selective central hepatic resection without dissection of the major vessels at the hilum. Central hepatic resection provided satisfactory access to the primary and secondary confluences of the intrahepatic ducts, allowed removal of residual stones and ascariasis, and permitted correction of multiple strictures. Twenty-nine patients so treated were followed for a mean of 32 months after operation. No patients developed recurrent fever, biliary colic, or jaundice after the operation. The technique is therefore recommended as an effective alternative to extensive hepatic lobectomy in the treatment of the intrahepatic calculi with multiple strictures.     

肝胆管结石再手术原因及处理:附81例报告

目的　探讨肝胆管结石再手术的原因及手术处理方法。方法　回顾性分析 81例肝胆管结石患者的临床资料。再手术的方法主要包括肝叶切除、肝肠Roux en Y盆式内引流、肝叶切除加肝胆管Roux en Y盆式内引流。结果　肝胆管结石再手术的主要原因包括胆管狭窄和结石残留、胆管变异、合并胆管细胞癌等 ,再次手术后经胆道造影证实残留率为 6.2 % ,随访术后病人优良率为93 .8%。结论　清除结石、解除狭窄、矫正崎形、切除病肝、通畅引流系肝胆管结石的治疗原则。     

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目的 探讨内镜治疗肝内外胆管残余结石的效果。方法 对1990年1月至2000年1月间的306例胆道残余结石的治疗效果进行回顾性分析,采用十二指肠镜127例,胆道镜116例,经皮经肝胆道镜（PTCS）63例。结果 306例中有286例成功（93.46%）。十二指肠镜治疗127例,成功125例;胆道镜经T管窦道治疗116例,成功109例;PTCS治疗肝内结石63例,成功52例。结论 内镜治疗肝内外胆道结石效果显著,可使绝大多数病人避免再次手术。     

Long-term results of hepaticojejunostomy for hepatolithiasis

The results of a hepaticojejunostomy as a biliary-enteric bypass for benign disease are usually excellent. On the other hand, hepatolithiasis features a high rate of residual and recurrent stones with cholangitis after surgery. This study aims to evaluate the long-term results of a hepaticojejunostomy for hepatolithiasis regarding both the degree of the occurrence of postoperative cholangitis and the outcome. The clinical records of 159 patients with hepatolithiasis who underwent surgical treatment over a 23-year period were also retrospectively reviewed. Ninety-four of 159 patients underwent a hepatecetomy and 65 patients were subjected to liver-preserving surgery by means of intra- and postoperative endoscopic lithotripsy. In addition 72 patients underwent a hepaticojejunostomy. The rate of residual or recurrent stones was 31.4 per cent after complete stone removal. Twenty-two (30.6%) of the 72 patients developed some kind of cholangitis. This rate was significantly higher than that (three of 87 patients) of the non-biliary-enteric anastomosis group regarding the occurrence of biliary complications. We conclude that the use of a hepaticojejunostomy for patients with possible residual stones or intrahepatic bile duct lesions remains controversial.