职业接触二甲基乙酰胺工人尿中甲基乙酰胺生物限值研究

目的 研制我国职业接触二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)工人尿中甲基乙酰胺(NMAC)的生物限值.方法 选择3家氨纶生产企业201名接触DMAC工人,应用个体采样器采集工作周末工作日的车间空气样品,用气相色谱法检测个体DMAC接触水平,同时收集当日工人班末尿样,应用气相色谱法测定尿中NMAC浓度以评价DMAC接触工人内暴露水平.通过内外剂量的回归方程、百分位数和相对内暴露(RIE)指数计算,推荐我国职业接触二甲基乙酰胺工人尿中NMAC生物接触限值.结果 201名DMAC接触工人中接触浓度符合我国DMAC接触限值133名,占66.2％,接触浓度范围在0.40～300.12mg/m3,几何平均浓度为19.4 mg/m3.工作周末班未尿中NMAC浓度范围为1.30～189.42 mg/g Cr,几何平均浓度为23.7 mg/g Cr.尿中NMAC浓度与个体DMAC外暴露浓度有相关性(F=188.872,R2=0.487,P＜0.001),回归方程为log(NMAC mg/g Cr)=0.685+0.455 log(DMAC mg/m3).以我国DMAC职业接触限值PC-TWA为20 mg/m3推算,尿中NMAC浓度为18.92 mg/g Cr.当工作场所空气中DMAC＜20 mg/m3时,90％的工人尿中NMAC水平为23.9 mg/g Cr.按RIE指数推算的尿中NMAC为19.0 mg/g Cr.结论 参考国外DMAC生物接触限值标准,建议我国DMAC生物接触限值为工作周末班未尿中NMAC 20 mg/g Cr.     

尿中N,N-二甲基乙酰胺及其代谢物N-甲基乙酰胺的气相色谱测定法

目的:建立职业工人尿样中的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)及其代谢产物N-甲基乙酰胺(NMAC)的气相色谱测定方法。方法:尿样经冻融后离心,上清液加甲醇(1∶1,v/v)后用HP-INNOWAX毛细管柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)对尿样进行检测,外标法定量。结果:DMAC和NMAC在0μg/ml～300.0μg/ml内呈线性关系;相关系数为0.9999;最低检出限分别为1.65μg/ml和2.90μg/ml;样品加标回收率分别为99.8%～100.4%和98.0%～99.9%。结论:该法操作简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高,适用于职业工人尿样中DMAC、NMAC的同时测定。     

二甲基乙酰胺作业工人职业危害调查

采用横断面整群抽样,对某氨纶生产企业工作场所空气中二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)浓度进行监测,对工人进行问卷调查和健康检查。观察组食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹痛等消化系统及头昏、嗜睡、乏力等神经系统症状发生率,以及咳嗽、流泪、皮肤瘙痒、皮疹等刺激症状发生率,ALT异常率均高于对照组(P0.05)。提示DMAC主要损伤肝脏、神经系统,并对呼吸系统及皮肤有刺激作用,应加强防护。     

二甲基乙酰胺的毒性特点与职业危害研究进展

综述报道二甲基乙酰胺的毒理学及代谢特点的研究进展,并从职业接触二甲基乙酰胺行业及职业人群健康影响等方面,对其中毒防治及研究方向加以阐述。     

尿中N-甲基乙酰胺直接进样-氮磷检测气相色谱分析法

目的 建立直接进样-气相色谱法检测尿中N-甲基乙酰胺(NMAC),为研制职业接触二甲基乙酰胺生物限值提供配套检测方法.方法 用甲醇稀释经冷冻离心的尿样,分离蛋白沉淀后直接进样,经聚乙二醇毛细管色谱柱程序升温分离,氮磷检测器检测.结果 尿中NMAC的线性范围为1.0～250 mg/L,相关系数为1.0000;最低检测浓度为0.2 mg/L;添加水平为10.58、52.90、211.60 mg/L时,NMAC回收率为96.0％～99.4％,平均回收率为97.8％;批内和批间相对标准偏差为1.5％～3.4％.结论 本方法简便快速,灵敏准确,适用于DMAC职业暴露人群尿样中NMAC的监测.     

二甲基乙酰胺的毒性效应研究进展

N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(Dimethylacetamide,DMAc或DMA)又称乙酰二甲胺,由于能与水、醚、酮、酯等完全互溶,对多种树脂,尤其是聚氨酯树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂具有良好的溶解能力,同时还具有热稳定性高、不易水解、腐蚀性低、毒性小等特点,已被作为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的替代品.     

尿中甲基甲酰胺作为二甲基甲酰胺接触者生物监测指标的探讨

本文分别检测了57名正常人和205名接触二基甲酰胺工人尿中甲基甲酰胺含量及空气中二甲基甲酰胺浓度．正常组空气二甲基甲酰胺浓度低于0．25mg／m3．尿中甲基甲酰胺末检出，接触组空气中二甲基甲酰胺平均浓度变为7．68±3．05mg／m3，工人班末尿中甲基甲酰胺平均含量为4．40±3．25mg／g肌酐．结果表明，班末尿中甲基甲酰胺含量及检出率与空气中二甲基甲酰胺浓度显著相关．班末尿中甲基甲酰胺含量能更客观地反映工人二甲基甲酰胺接触程度．因此它可作为甲基甲酰胺接触者一项有价值的生物监测指标．     

2例二甲基乙酰胺致急性肝病的分析报告

目的收集职业性氮,氮-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAC）暴露所导致的健康损害效应信息,对DMAC所致的肝损害效应及其他可能潜在的毒性进行研究。方法对珠海市疾病预防控制中心于2009、2010年先后接诊的2例申请职业病诊断的急性肝炎病例进行分析排查。结果 2例病例均为男性,工作岗位均接触DMAC。1例18岁,累计接触7个月后发病,身目黄染,总胆红素（147.74mol/L）、谷丙转氨酶（408 IU/L）、谷草转氨酶（288 IU/L）等多项肝功能检查超过正常值范围。1例28岁,累计接触近4个月后发病,身目黄染,总胆红素（119.7 mol/L）、谷丙转氨酶（265 IU/L）、谷草转氨酶（207 IU/L）、甲胎蛋白（183.0 ng/mL）等多项肝功能检查超过正常值范围。对病例分析排除占位性病变、病毒性肝炎、溶血性黄疸、酒精性肝病等可能引起肝炎的原因。结论 2例病例均诊断为职业接触DMAC引起的急性中毒性肝病,提示DMAC可能致人类肝损害。应采取改进工艺、取消使用DMAC、采用自动生产线、加强个人防护、减少工作人员的接触水平等措施。     

气相色谱法同时测定尿中N-甲基甲酰胺和N-甲基乙酰胺的含量

目的:建立同时测定N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)职业接触者尿中代谢物N-甲基甲酰胺(NMF)和N-甲基乙酰胺(NMAC)含量的气相色谱方法。方法:将冷冻的尿样离心分离、沉淀杂质后经DB-624毛细管色谱柱程序升温分离,尿液中的NMF和NMAC用氮磷检测器检测,以保留时间定性,峰面积定量。结果:尿中NMF和NMAC在0.4 mg/L～200 mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均≥0.9999,检出限分别为0.1 mg/L和0.05 mg/L。NMF和NMAC的低中高三个浓度的回收率分别为102%、99%、100%和95%、98%、99%。结论:本法前处理简便,灵敏度和准确性高,是检测DMF和DMAC同时接触人群尿样中NMF和NMAC的好方法。     

江苏省2015年二甲基乙酰胺职业健康危害调查分析

目的 调查江苏省内接触二甲基乙酰胺的企业及其主要职业健康危害在不同人群中的分布情况,为有效维护接触工人的职业健康提供科学依据。 方法 利用重点职业病监测哨点信息,汇总2015年全省所有相关企业及接触工人的职业健康监护表,提取企业基本信息并对关键健康效应指标进行分析与评价。 结果 横断面调查显示接触二甲基乙酰胺的企业集中于小型私有制电气及化工制造业。专项检查结果显示接触工人肝功能异常率以化纤行业明显较高(P<0.05),不同工龄及性别工人肝损发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而不同年龄接触者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 二甲基乙酰胺的职业危害分布可能存在着一定的趋势性特征,需进一步开展调研,针对不同行业、不同工龄和性别的工人开展精准三级预防。     

同时测定工作场所空气中二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基乙酰胺的气相色谱质谱联用测定法

目的建立工作场所空气中二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）和二甲基乙酰胺（DMA）的气相色谱质谱联用测定法。方法采用多孔玻板吸收管采集,经DB-5MS毛细管色谱柱分离后气相色谱质谱联用仪测定。结果该方法 DMF和DMA的分离效果好,检出限分别为1.2和1.1μg/ml;方法的重现性好,相对标准偏差分别为1.6%-3.1%和1.8%-3.5%;平均加标回收率分别为94.2%-102.5%和92.9%-104.4%。结论该方法精确、稳定、灵敏度高,适用于工作场所空气中DMF和DMA的同时测定。     

尿四氢呋喃作为生物检测指标的探讨

[目的]研究四氢呋喃(THF)职业接触工人尿中THF含量与工作场所空气中THF及THF个体接触量的剂量-效应关系,探讨尿THF作为职业接触生物监测指标的可行性。[方法]利用溶剂解吸气相色谱法测定某香料厂的作业场所空气中THF浓度;通过个体采样监测该厂19名作业工人的THF个体接触量;并利用顶空法检测其尿中THF浓度,以6名行政人员为对照。[结果]3个不同作业点空气中THF浓度范围为15.8～66.2mg/m~3,19名作业工人8h个体接触量范围为0.76～4.23 mg,尿中THF浓度范围为0.18～5.36 mg/L。非接触者尿中未检出THF。作业工人尿中THF与工作场所空气中THF浓度的相关系数r=0.53,而与作业工人个体接触量的相关系数r=0.91。[结论]提示尿THF可作为职业接触THF的生物监测指标。     

Dermal absorption of N,N-dimethylacetamide in human volunteers

Objectives: We investigated the potential for the dermal absorption of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC: CAS No. 127-19-5) vapor, the biological half-life of N-methylacetamide (NMAC) in urine as the biological exposure item of DMAC, and the adjustment method for urinary concentrations. Methods: Twelve healthy male volunteers (mean age 25.2 years, range 21–43 years) were exposed to DMAC for 4 h on two occasions at intervals of 96 h or above. Each volunteer sat inside a whole-body-type exposure chamber for the dermal exposure experiment or outside the chamber for the inhalation exposure experiment. The temperature and relative humidity in the chamber were controlled at approximately 26 °C and 40% in order to keep the skin (90% naked) of the volunteers dry. DMAC concentrations were 6.1 ± 1.3 ppm for dermal exposure and 6.1 ± 1.3 ppm for inhalation exposure. Urine samples were collected from 0 h through 36 h and at 48 h and 72 h after the exposure. Extrapolations from exposure concentrations for 4 h to 10 ppm for 8 h were performed. Results: Mean dermal absorption was estimated to be 40.4% of the total DMAC uptake. The biological half-lives of urinary NMAC were 9.0 ± 1.4 h and 5.6 ± 1.3 h via skin and lung, respectively. Mean NMAC in urine just after 5 consecutive workdays (8 h/day) at 10 ppm DMAC exposure was assumed to be 33.7 mg/g · Cr (18.6–70.0 mg/g · Cr). Creatinine-adjusted NMAC concentration in urine for each volunteer within 12 h after the exposure was more closely correlated with the total excretion amount of NMAC up to 36 h than with urinary-volume-adjusted or specific-gravity-adjusted NMAC concentration in both the dermal and inhalation exposure experiments. Conclusions: DMAC vapor was significantly absorbed through the skin. Estimated NMAC values indicate that 20 mg/g · Cr NMAC seems to be appropriate as the biological exposure index. Received: 6 August 1999 / Accepted: 9 September 1999     

二甲基乙酰胺对工人健康的影响

目的 探讨二甲基乙酰胺( DMAC)肝脏毒性的特点及其接触指标.方法 采用分层抽样法选择145名研究对象,对研究对象进行问卷调查和健康检查等,并进行工作场所空气监测,同时采集研究对象每天的班末尿样或者工作周周末班末尿样,并对工作场所空气中DMAC浓度、尿中甲基乙酰胺(NMAC)进行相关回归分析.结果 卷绕岗位空气中DMAC浓度较高,其他岗位工作场所空气中浓度较低;肝功能异常18例,检出率为12.4％,11例(61.1％)发生在接触DMAC第1年内,且主要集中在卷绕岗位;尿中NMAC浓度与空气中DMAC浓度相关(r=0.44,P＜0.01).结论 DMAC短期接触即可造成工人肝功能异常,尿中NMAC可作为DMAC的接触指标.     

Occupational Exposure to N,N-Dimethylformamide in the Summer and Winter

We evaluated total body burden of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) taken through the lung and skin by personal exposure of workers to DMF and urinalysis of N-methylformamide (NMF) and N-acetyl-S(N-methylcarbamoyl)-cysteine (AMCC). A total of 270 workers were engaged in four different jobs in a workplace distant from main production lines emanating high levels of DMF. They were not required to wear any personal protective equipment including respirators or gloves. We found that log-transformed urinary levels of NMF and AMCC increased with an increase in log-transformed concentrations of exposure to DMF. Urinary levels of NMF and AMCC were significantly higher in the summer than the winter, although there was no significant seasonal difference in the concentrations of exposure to DMF. Our findings suggested that the increased urinary levels of NMF and AMCC in the summer resulted in increased skin absorption of DMF due to an increased amount of DMF absorbed by the moisturized skin under humid and hot conditions. Seasonal changes in the relative internal exposure index confirmed the present finding of enhanced summertime skin absorption of DMF. AMCC is thought to be a useful biomarker for assessments of cumulative exposure to DMF over a workweek and for evaluations of workers’ health effects.     

Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003-2004

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tertiary-octylphenol (tOP) are industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins (BPA) and nonionic surfactants (tOP). These products are in widespread use in the United States. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess exposure to BPA and tOP in the U.S. general population. METHODS: We measured the total (free plus conjugated) urinary concentrations of BPA and tOP in 2,517 participants > or = 6 years of age in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: BPA and tOP were detected in 92.6% and 57.4% of the persons, respectively. Least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of BPA were significantly lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic blacks (p = 0.006) and non-Hispanic whites (p = 0.007); LSGM concentrations for non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites were not statistically different (p = 0.21). Females had statistically higher BPA LSGM concentrations than males (p = 0.043). Children had higher concentrations than adolescents (p < 0.001), who in turn had higher concentrations than adults (p = 0.003). LSGM concentrations were lowest for participants in the high household income category (> $45,000/year). CONCLUSIONS: Urine concentrations of total BPA differed by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and household income. These first U.S. population representative concentration data for urinary BPA and tOP should help guide public health research priorities, including studies of exposure pathways, potential health effects, and risk assessment.     

氯乙烯职业暴露与DNA加合物εdA、εdC水平表达相关性研究

目的研究氯乙烯职业接触人群的DNA损伤情况。方法以氯乙烯车间工人为暴露组,行政管理和后勤人员为对照组。每位研究对象采集4 mL静脉血全血,运用超高效液相串联质谱检测研究对象血样中εdA、εdC两种DNA加合物的含量,应用单因素方差和多因素方差分析性别、年龄、饮酒、吸烟、氯乙烯暴露情况等因素对εdA和εdC含量的影响。结果暴露组血样中εdA、εdC的含量分别为:(3.38±2.58) pmol/mg,(2.37±1.84) pmol/mg;对照组血样中εdA、εdC的含量分别为:(1.39±1.20) pmol/mg,(0.83±0.73) pmol/mg,氯乙烯暴露组血样中εdA和εdC水平均高于对照组的水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。年龄、吸烟、饮酒对研究对象血样中εdA含量的影响差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。年龄、吸烟对研究对象血样中εdC含量的影响差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),饮酒者血样中εdC含量高于非饮酒者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论氯乙烯职业暴露水平低于我国职业接触限值(PC-TWA为10 mg/m~3)的剂量水平时,暴露组的εdA和εdC含量显著高于对照组的水平。即低暴露水平的氯乙烯也可引起DNA加合物的增加,导致DNA损伤,增加了接触者的患癌风险。     

职业性铅接触与各生物接触指标间的关系评估

本文在对蓄电池厂１００名铅接触者的健康监护中，各项生物监测按规定的质量控制要求进行。并了其间的剂理效应关系。结果发现，空气中铅尘、铅烟低于最高容许浓度；接触者的血铅、尿铅和ＦＥＤ呈非常显著相关。（Ｐ〈０．０１）其中血铅能较好地定量反映接触铅工人体仙的铅负荷，并提出了血铅的可接受水平。