影响宫腔内人工授精临床妊娠率的因素分析

目的探讨人工授精(IUI)治疗成功的各种临床因素。方法回顾性分析512例接受IUI治疗妇女的HCG注射日子宫内膜厚度和形态、优势卵泡的数目、IUI的时机、洗涤后精子的密度和精子的动力与妊娠结局的关系。结果IUI治疗结局与子宫内膜的厚度、IUI治疗的时机、洗涤后精子的密度和动力有关(P<0.05,P<0.05)。结论影响IUI结局的主要因素是:子宫内膜的厚度和形态、IUI治疗的时机、洗涤后精子的密度和动力。     

夫精宫腔内人工授精影响因素与临床妊娠率关系分析

目的探讨宫腔内人工授精（IUI）影响因素与临床妊娠率的关系,以提高IUI治疗的临床效果。方法对252个IUI治疗周期的159例患者的年龄、不孕年限、促排卵方案、人工授精时机、IUI治疗周期数、不孕原因与临床妊娠率的关系进行分析。结果促排卵周期显著提高临床妊娠率（P〈0.05）;小于等于30岁组临床妊娠率显著高于30以上组（P〈0.05）;随不孕年限延长临床妊娠率降低、单次排卵前、单次排卵后和双次授精妊娠率无统计学差异;IUI治疗周期数以3个周期为宜、不孕原因与临床妊娠率有关但无统计学差异。结论促排卵方案和年龄是影响临床妊娠率的主要因素。     

影响夫精宫腔内人工授精临床妊娠率的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响夫精宫腔内人工授精（IUI）临床妊娠率的各种相关因素。方法回顾性分析本生殖中心215例患者进行的488个IUI治疗周期,对女方年龄、不孕年限、不孕病因、IUI周期次数、用药方案、HCG/LH（＋）日成熟卵泡数和内膜厚度、授精时机以及注入宫腔内的前向活动精子数（TMS）和妊娠结局的关系进行分析。结果共获得临床妊娠78例,周期妊娠率16.0%,患者妊娠率36.3%。其中患者年龄的增长、子宫内膜厚度〉14mm、人授时已排卵者妊娠率显著下降;IUI周期次数的增加≥5周期、TMS〈5×106患者的妊娠率也有下降的趋势;男方少弱精子症和子宫内膜异位症患者的妊娠率显著低于宫颈因素和多次促排卵不孕（不明原因？）的患者;患者的不孕年限、用药方案、HCG/LH（＋）日成熟的卵泡数对妊娠结局无显著影响,但卵泡个数为3个的妊娠率有增高的趋势。结论女方年龄、子宫内膜厚度、授精时机及不孕因素是影响IUI结局的重要因素,IUI周期次数、成熟卵泡数、注入宫腔的TMS对妊娠结局也有一定的影响。     

影响宫腔内人工授精妊娠率的相关因素

随着现代生殖医学及辅助生殖技术(Assisted reproductive technology,ART)的发展,宫腔内人工授精已成为治疗不孕症临床上常用的简便、安全有效的辅助生殖技术之一,但其妊娠率受诸多因素的影响波动较大。严格掌握IUI适应证是成功的先决条件,把握IUI时机是关键,女方年龄、促排卵方案、子宫内膜形态及厚度、精液质量是影响IUI成功率的重要因素。     

宫腔内人工授精成功率的影响因素分析

目的探讨影响IUI治疗成功的各种因素。方法回顾性分析共137例患者262个IUI周期,对女性患者输卵管通畅情况、配偶年龄、精液洗涤方法、精子形态、处理前活动精子总数、精子过夜培养后活动率与妊娠结局的关系进行分析。结果 IUI治疗结局与精子形态、处理前活动精子总数、精子过夜培养后活动率有关（P〈0.05）。与输卵管通畅情况、配偶年龄、洗涤方法无关（P〉0.05）。结论影响成功率的因素为精子形态、处理前活动精子总数、精子过夜培养后活动率。     

精液常规参数与人工授精临床妊娠率关系的研究

目的探讨精液常规参数对宫腔内人工授精（IUI）临床妊娠率的影响。方法回顾分析125例患者的178个IUI治疗周期,检测记录每个周期患者精液常规参数,并根据妊娠结果分成两组：妊娠组与非妊娠组。对主要精液常规参数精子密度、精子形态及精子总数与IUI临床妊娠率的关系进行分析。结果 125例患者IUI治疗178个周期,临床妊娠34个周期,周期妊娠率为19.10%（34/178）,IUI治疗累计临床妊娠率为27.20%（34/125）。妊娠组与非妊娠组精液常规参数无明显差别;精子总数〈100×106或精子密度〈20×106/ml患者临床妊娠率明显降低（P〈0.05）。精子形态对IUI临床妊娠率无影响。结论不孕夫妇进行IUI治疗,当精子总数≥100×106或精子密度≥20×106/ml时才有可能获得较为理想的临床妊娠率。     

不同方法处理不同质量精液行IUI临床妊娠率分析

目的回顾分析应用不同的精子优化处理方法处理不同质量精液对IUI临床妊娠率的影响。方法根据精液检查结果将IUI妇女分为2组,A组采用直接上游法,B组采用密度梯度离心法,用处理后的精子悬液0.3-0.5ml行IUI。结果两种处理方法 IUI临床妊娠率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论根据精液质量选择合适的精液处理方法可以提高临床妊娠率。     

前向运动精子数与宫腔内人工受精妊娠率的相关性探讨

目的探讨注入前向运动精子数对夫精宫腔内人工受精（IUI）妊娠率的影响。方法分析2012年2月-2013年3月在我生殖中心行IUI治疗的325个周期的临床资料,按宫腔内注入的前向运动精子数（processed total motile spermcount,PTMS）分为3组：A组5×10^6〈PTMS≤10×10^6,B组10×10^6〈PTMS≤20×10^6,C组PTMS〉20×10^6,比较各组的临床妊娠率、流产率。结果A组临床妊娠率低于B组、C组,差异有统计学意义（P〈．O．05）,流产率3组比较无统计学差异。结论注入前向运动精子数≤10×10^6时周期临床妊娠率明显下降。     

口服万艾可对宫腔内人工授精妊娠结局的影响

目的通过总结106例162周期宫腔内人工授精（IUI）结局,分析手术当日口服万艾可对IUI妊娠率的影响。方法选择男方因素行IUI夫妇共106对,男方因素全部为弱精子症,随机分常规组和万艾可组,常规组按照常规IUI方式进行,万艾可组在男方取精前30-60min口服万艾可50mg,比较两组精液量,精液上游前后活动精子总数,妊娠率。结果万艾可组精液量（2.96±1.18）ml高于常规组（2.02±0.25）ml（P〈0.05）,且万艾可组处理后活动精子总数（19.96±6.68）×106高于常规组（10.56±3.68）×106（P〈0.05）。在妊娠率方面,万艾可组与常规组分别为妊娠率19.7%与8.9%（P〈0.05）。结论口服万艾可可以即时提高精子活动力,增加人工授精有效的精子数量;处理后精子总数是影响妊娠率的重要因素。     

自然周期夫精宫腔内人工授精的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响自然周期夫精宫腔内人工授精（intrauterine insemination,IUI）成功率的因素。方法回顾性分析2008年6月-2010年6月期间236例自然周期排卵后进行单次宫腔内人工授精的284个周期的临床资料。结果每周期临床妊娠率为11.3%。不同病因及不同年龄间的临床妊娠率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。IUI日的卵泡大小、子宫内膜厚度及形态、是否用hCG、禁欲天数在妊娠组、非妊娠组间无显著性差异。不孕不育超过5年者成功率显著降低（P=0.03）。妊娠组IUI日处理后的前向运动精子总数明显高于非妊娠组,有统计学差异（P=0.03）。结论自然周期人工授精是简单实用的助孕方法,具有临床可行性。     

Influence of the number of motile spermatozoa inseminated and of their morphology on the success of intrauterine insemination

BACKGROUND: Although intrauterine insemination (IUI) is one of the most common assisted reproductive technology methods in the world, the relative influence of various semen characteristics on the likelihood of a successful outcome is controversial. The aim of our study was to assess the results of IUI as a function of both the number of motile spermatozoa inseminated (NMSI) and the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa after preparation. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 889 couples who underwent 2564 IUI cycles of ovarian stimulation with HMG or recombinant FSH in our centre between January 1991 and December 2000. RESULTS: A total of 331 clinical pregnancies were obtained, for a pregnancy rate/cycle of 12.91%. When the NMSI was < 1 x 10(6), the pregnancy rate/cycle was significantly lower (3.13%) than in any of the subgroups with NMSI > or = 2 x 10(6). Sperm morphology, assessed before or after preparation, was not in itself a significant factor that affected the likelihood of IUI success. Nonetheless, when the post-migration rate of normal sperm was < 30%, the pregnancy rate/cycle was 5.43% when NMSI was < 5 x 10(6) and 18.42% when NMSI was > or = 5 x 10(6) (P = 0.008). Pregnancy rates did not differ significantly according to NMSI when the percentage of normal sperm after preparation was > or = 30%, or according to percentage of normal sperm when the NMSI was > or = 5 x 10(6). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that a minimum of 5 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa should be inseminated when the normal morphology of the sperm after preparation is < 30%; the quantity compensates at least in part for the defective quality. If this threshold of NMSI cannot be obtained, IVF should be recommended.     

Vaginal misoprostol enhances intrauterine insemination

This study examined whether the prostaglandin E(1) analogue misoprostol (400 microgram), when placed vaginally at the time of intrauterine insemination (IUI) improves pregnancy rates. A prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized and double-blind study involving 274 women in 494 IUI cycles resulted in a total of 64 pregnancies (13% per cycle). Misoprostol cycles totalled 253, with 43 pregnancies (17% per cycle), whereas placebo cycles totalled 241, with 21 pregnancies (9% per cycle). The cumulative pregnancy rate with misoprostol treatment was significantly greater than with placebo (P = 0.004, Cox proportional hazards regression). The benefit of misoprostol was seen in clomiphene cycles (14 versus 4%, P = 0.006), and was indicated in FSH cycles (33 versus 15%, borderline significance) and natural cycles (15.6 versus 7.7%, not significant), but was not seen in clomiphene/FSH cycles (18.2 versus 23.5%, not significant). Misoprostol treatment did not increase pain score on the day of IUI (1.1 versus 1.4) and at 1 day post IUI (0.6 versus 0.8). Complications were rare in both groups [six (2%) subject cycles in the misoprostol cycles compared with two (1%) in the placebo group]. It is concluded that the use of vaginal misoprostol may improve the chance for pregnancy in women having IUI in a wide variety of cycle types.     

Timing ovulation for intrauterine insemination with a GnRH antagonist

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess the efficacy of a GnRH antagonist in intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles to increase number of mature ovulatory follicles and pregnancy rates. METHODS: Prospective randomized study. Women (18-38 years old) with primary/secondary infertility were included. Eighty-two patients were randomly assigned to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) consisting of rFSH + GnRH antagonist or rFSH alone. RESULTS: A non-significant increase in the total amount of rFSH was seen in the GnRH antagonist group (707+/-240 IU) with respect to the control group (657+/-194 IU). The number of mature follicles (> or =16 mm) was significantly higher in the GnRH antagonist group than in the control group (2.4+/-1.4 versus 1.7+/-1.2, P<0.05). Pregnancy rates were significantly increased in the group of patients receiving the GnRH antagonist (38%) compared to the control group (14%). The only non-single pregnancy (triplets) occurred in the antagonist group. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, adding the GnRH antagonist to the COS protocol for IUI cycles significantly increased pregnancy rates. Nevertheless, these results may not be associated directly with the antagonist itself but with the fact that more mature ovulatory follicles are present by the day of the hCG. Finally, the risk for multiple gestations needs to be carefully evaluated.     

Value of the sperm chromatin dispersion test in predicting pregnancy outcome in intrauterine insemination: a blind prospective study

BACKGROUND: Sperm DNA integrity has been used as a new marker of sperm quality in the prediction of pregnancy. Nevertheless, no previous study has been performed by analysing the same samples that were employed in assisted reproduction. The main objective of this work was to correlate sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD), measured by the SCD test, with semen parameters and pregnancy outcome in intrauterine insemination (IUI). METHODS: A total of 100 semen samples obtained from males of couples undergoing IUI were analysed by the SCD test before and after swim-up, and the results were correlated with semen parameters and pregnancy outcome. RESULTS: SCD was negatively correlated with sperm motility in both ejaculated and processed semen. Sperm recovered by swim-up did not show a significant improvement in DNA integrity. No correlation was found between SCD and pregnancy outcome in IUI. CONCLUSIONS: DNA dispersion, as measured by the SCD test, is not correlated with pregnancy outcome in IUI.     

The use of intrauterine insemination in Australia and New Zealand

BACKGROUND: There is good evidence in the literature in favour of intrauterine insemination (IUI) as the most cost-effective treatment for unexplained and moderate male factor subfertility. However there is no published data on whether this evidence is being translated into clinical practice. METHODS: We identified fertility centres within Australia and New Zealand registered with the Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee of the Fertility Society of Australasia. Thirty-seven of these units were then sent a postal survey to establish current clinical practice. RESULTS: Nearly a third of centres promote IVF as first-line treatment even in the presence of patent tubes and normal semen while, when semen parameters are reduced, IUI is rarely considered. One in five (20%) units remain unconvinced of the cost-effectiveness of IUI. When IUI is used, it is virtually always combined with ovarian stimulation with marginally more units using clomiphene citrate than gonadotrophins. CONCLUSIONS: Although it may take relatively more treatment cycles to achieve pregnancy, there are considerable advantages to the patient in terms of risk/benefit ratio and financial cost associated with IUI compared with IVF. In the current climate of evidence-based medicine, as clinicians we are obliged to translate this into our practice. It appears from our survey that in many units this is not happening.     

Intrauterine insemination: evaluation of the results according to the woman's age, sperm quality, total sperm count per insemination and life table analysis

We report on 332 infertile couples who underwent 1115 cyclesof intrauterine insemination (IUI) with washed husband's semen.The indication for IUI was an abnormal post-coital test dueto either a male or cervical infertility factor. The mean numberof IUI cycles per patient was 3.4, the overall pregnancy rate18, 7%, and the pregnancy rate per cycle 5.6%. The cumulativepregnancy rate calculated by life table analysis showed that16.0% of pregnancies occurred in the first three treatment cycles,while the cumulative pregnancy rate was 26.9% by the sixth cycle.The outcome of the therapy was adversely affected if the woman'sage was >39 years and/or total motile sperm count per inseminationwas <1X106. No pregnancy occurred in women older than 44years or in cases with a total motile sperm count before semenpreparation of <1X106.     

Luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome: incidence and recurrence rate in infertile women with unexplained infertility undergoing intrauterine insemination

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and recurrence rate of luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome in women with unexplained infertility undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI). METHODS: A total of 167 women with unexplained infertility who underwent 292 cycles of IUI were enrolled in the study. All patients were treated with clomiphene citrate, 50-150 mg/daily from day 5 to 9 of their menstrual cycle. Ultrasound examination to confirm ovulation was performed on the day of IUI (day 0) and every day thereafter for another 3 days (days 1, 2 and 3). A total of 69 women who failed to conceive in the first cycle and 56 women who failed to conceive in the second cycle underwent second and third cycles, respectively. RESULTS: Of the total 167 patients who underwent first cycle, 42 (25%) had LUF. The incidence of LUF was 56.5% in 69 patients who underwent a second cycle of IUI treatment, of whom 33 patients had LUF in the first cycle with recurrence rate of 78.6%. In 56 patients who underwent 3 consecutive cycles, the incidence of LUF was 58.9% and recurrence rate of 90%. No pregnancies were recorded in patients with LUF during the study period. CONCLUSION: The incidence and recurrence rate of LUF are significantly increased in subsequent cycles of IUI. In these patients, other options of infertility treatment might be justified.