Umbelliferone Improves an Impaired Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in High‐Fat Diet/Streptozotocin‐Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Umbelliferone (UMB) is a natural product that has several pharmacological effects including antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of UMB on insulin resistance and on the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetes was induced in rats by feeding a high‐fat diet (45 kcal% fat) and a single dose of streptozotocin injection. After 8 weeks of treatment, UMB significantly reduced the elevated blood glucose levels and insulin resistance and increased the liver glycogen and serum adiponectin. Moreover, the serum lipid and the storages of triglyceride and non‐esterified fatty acid in liver tissue were reduced. From histological examination, the lipid droplets in liver tissue were clearly decreased, and the fat cell size in the fat tissue was smaller in diabetic rats treated with UMB. Interestingly, UMB increased fat cell adiponectin, plasma membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and liver PPARα protein expressions. Our findings demonstrate that UMB improves glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes by stimulating the insulin secretion and the related mechanisms via stimulating expression of adiponectin, GLUT4, PPARγ, and PPARα‐protein expressions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

降糖消渴颗粒对2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢的影响

目的： 探讨肝脾肾同治的组方降糖消渴颗粒对2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢的影响。方法： SD大鼠高脂饲料喂养4周后结合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）30 mg·kg^-1,建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,将成模的大鼠按血糖随机分为模型组、阳性对照组（二甲双胍0.2 g·kg^-1）、降糖消渴颗粒高、中、低剂量组（按生药量计为17.6,8.8,4.4 g·kg^-1）,并设正常对照组。干预4周后,观察治疗期间大鼠的一般情况,检测大鼠空腹血糖、血脂、空腹血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白及糖耐量、胰岛素耐量。结果： 降糖消渴颗粒可降低糖尿病模型大鼠体重（P<0.05）,与模型组相比,可降低空腹血糖（P<0.05）,使胰岛素敏感指数水平升高（P<0.05）,糖化血红蛋白与模型组比较有一定的改善,但差异无统计学意义。而血清胰岛素水平、血脂水平未见明显变化。给药后大鼠的糖耐量得以改善（P<0.05）,且呈现良好的时-效关系。胰岛素耐量实验显示降糖消渴颗粒各剂量组均具有一定的增强胰岛素敏感性的作用。结论： 立足于肝、脾、肾三脏同治的中药复方降糖消渴颗粒能改善2型糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢及胰岛功能,其改善2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗可能是其防治糖尿病的机制之一。     

Antidiabetic effects of Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum,a novel food additive in China,on streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats

Aim of the study

Since ancient times, practicians of traditional Chinese medicine have discovered that Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. (Asteraceae) seed powder was useful for the treatment of diabetes. Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum (ASK gum), which is extracted from seed powder of the plant, is a novel food additive favored by the food industry in China. The objective of this study was to determine the antidiabetic function of ASK gum on type 2 diabetes.

Materials and methods

Type 2 diabetic rat model was induced with high fat diet and low dose of streptozotocin (STZ). The effects of ASK gum on hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, insulin resistance, and liver fat accumulation in type 2 diabetic rats were evaluated. The results were compared to those of normal rats and diabetic rats treated with metformin.

Results

The addition of ASK gum to the rats’ food supply significantly lowered fasting blood glucose, glycated serum protein, serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride in type 2 diabetic rats, and significantly elevated liver glucokinase, liver glycogen, and serum high density protein cholesterol in the diabetic rats. ASK gum significantly reduced insulin resistance and liver fat accumulation of type 2 diabetes.

Conclusion

: Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum can alleviate hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.     

果糖引起大鼠瘦素功能失调及槲皮素和芦丁的改善作用

目的：在果糖诱导大鼠产生高尿酸血症、高胰岛素血症等胰岛素抵抗综合征的基础上进一步研究果糖能否引起瘦素功能失调及抗高尿酸血症剂天然产物槲皮素和芦丁的改善作用。方法：大鼠饮用10%果糖水溶液共8周。第4周后分别口服给予大鼠槲皮素和芦丁,并以别嘌呤醇为阳性对照药。分别测定给药前及最后一次给药后血清尿酸和胰岛素等水平。选择血清和下丘脑瘦素水平及脂肪组织瘦素分泌水平为指标评价果糖诱导大鼠体内瘦素功能的变化。选择血清甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白水平为指标评价果糖诱导大鼠体内血脂失调。结果：果糖显著提高大鼠血清尿酸、胰岛素和瘦素等水平,并伴有血脂失调。再者,果糖显著上调大鼠脂肪组织ob基因的表达以增加脂肪分泌瘦素的功能。槲皮素、芦丁及别嘌呤醇可显著逆转果糖所致大鼠血清瘦素、血脂及脂肪分泌瘦素功能的异常。进一步研究发现果糖显著降低大鼠下丘脑瘦素水平,而槲皮素、芦丁和别嘌呤醇却无明显改善作用。结论：果糖能诱导大鼠产生高瘦素血症及下丘脑瘦素缺乏症,这与果糖所诱导大鼠高胰岛素血症、高甘油三酯血症和高尿酸血症等胰岛素抵抗综合征密切相关。天然降尿酸剂槲皮素和芦丁可通过逆转果糖所诱导大鼠高胰岛素血症及血脂失调症的作用改善果糖所致大鼠瘦素功能失调。本研究为果糖引起高瘦素血症与高尿酸血症之间的联系提供了直接的证据,并从药理学的角度进一步解释了降尿酸剂改善果糖所致胰岛素抵抗综合征大鼠的高尿酸血症和瘦素功能紊乱的作用机制。     

Curcumin improves the effect of a reduced insulin dose on glycemic control and oxidative stress in streptozotocin‐diabetic rats

Insulin with natural antioxidants is emerging as a combination treatment for diabetes mellitus that attempts to exert effective glycemic control without adverse effects. The present study aimed to investigate the additive effects on metabolic disturbances, oxidative damage, and antioxidant defenses in streptozotocin‐diabetic rats treated with curcumin and a reduced insulin dose. The best results were obtained in the treatment of diabetic rats with 4‐U/day insulin; however, the glycemia levels in these rats were lower than those in normal rats, indicating a risk of hypoglycemia. Isolated treatments using curcumin or insulin in a reduced dose (1 U/day) decreased glycemia, dyslipidemia, and biomarkers of liver and kidney damage and increased the activity of hepatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase), however, only to a lesser extent than 4‐U/day insulin, without improvements in catalase activity or plasma lipid peroxidation. Decreases in glycemia, dyslipidemia, and tissue damage markers were more evident in the curcumin + 1‐U/day insulin treatment than those seen in isolated treatments. The activity of hepatic antioxidants, including catalase, was further increased, and biomarkers of oxidative damage were decreased. Curcumin with a reduced insulin dose appears to be a promising strategy for combating the complications associated with diabetes and oxidative stress.     

Antidiabetic activity of aqueous fruit extract of Cucumis trigonus Roxb. in streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Cucumis trigonus Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) fruit is used in the Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Based on a number of reports on the blood glucose level reduction and the other complications of diabetes associated with some Cucurbitaceae plants, the antidiabetic effect of Cucumis trigonus fruit was investigated.

Aim of the study

To investigate the antidiabetic action of the aqueous extract of Cucumis trigonus fruits in the different models of rats.

Materials and methods

The antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Cucumis trigonus fruit was evaluated by using normal and streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats. The acute effect of aqueous extract was evaluated by administering 500 mg/kg p.o. to normoglycemic rats. In the chronic model, the aqueous extract was administered to normal and STZ-induced-diabetic rats at dose of 500 mg/kg p.o. per day for 21 days. Blood glucose levels and body weights were monitored at specific intervals and different biochemical parameters were also carried out.

Results

The statistical data indicated the significant increase in the body weight, liver glycogen and serum insulin level and decrease in the blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, total cholesterol and serum triglycerides. HDL cholesterol level was significantly increased when treated with the extract.

Conclusion

The aqueous fruit extract of Cucumis trigonus has had beneficial effects in reducing the elevated blood glucose level and lipid profile of STZ-induced-diabetic rats.     

丹酚酸B改善2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢及 胰岛素抵抗的实验研究

目的:观察丹酚酸B对实验性2型糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂、肾功能、血清胰岛素水平以及胰岛素耐量和葡萄糖耐量的影响.方法:采用高糖高脂饲料喂养1个月加小剂量的链脲佐菌素(30 mg·kg-1,ip)的方法建立实验性2型糖尿病大鼠模型,分为正常组、模型组、达美康组(26.7 mg·kg-1)和丹酚酸B组(187 mg-kg-1),连续ig 4周,测定空腹m糖,糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、肌酐、尿素氮及血清胰岛素水平,计算胰岛素敏感指数,并采用胰岛素耐量和葡萄糖耐量等实验评价模型动物的胰岛素敏感性.结果:丹酚酸B和达美康均能显著降低实验性2型糖尿病大鼠的空腹血糖水平(P＜0.01),降低血脂含量,改善肾功能(P＜0.0S～0.01),降低胰岛素和糖化血红蛋白水平(P＜0.05),升高胰岛素敏感性(P＜0.01),改善胰岛素耐量以及糖耐量异常,与模型组比较有显著性差异.结论:丹酚酸B对实验性2型糖尿病大鼠模型有降低血糖,调节血脂,保护肾脏,改善糖脂代谢紊乱及胰岛素抵抗的作用.     

Potent Effects of the Total Saponins from Dioscorea nipponica Makino Against Streptozotocin‐Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rats

The aim of the present paper was to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of the total saponins from Dioscorea nipponica Makino (TSDN) against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Streptozotocin (STZ) with high‐fat diet induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats were treated with TSDN. Some biochemical parameters, target proteins and genes were investigated. The results showed that TSDN decreased the levels of food/water intake, fasting blood glucose and serum lipid parameters, ameliorated oral glucose and insulin tolerance test levels, markedly increased body weight and serum insulin, reduced excess free radicals and affected ossification and renal protection. Histopathological examination indicated that TSDN increased liver glycogen, decreased the production of lipid vacuoles and lightened liver damage. Further investigation showed that TSDN down‐regulated the protein expressions of NF‐κB, GRP78, ATF6, eIF2 and the levels of MAPK phosphorylation and up‐regulated the protein expressions of IRS‐1, GLUT‐4, p‐Akt and p‐AMPK. In addition, TSDN obviously decreased the gene expressions of TNF‐a, IL‐6, PEPCK, G6Pase, GSK‐3β and GSK‐3β activity, and increased the gene expressions of PFK, PK and GK activity. These findings show the anti‐diabetic activity of total saponins from D. nipponica Makino, which should be developed as a new potent drug for treatment of diabetes mellitus in future. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

豹皮樟总黄酮降低2型糖尿病大鼠血糖的可能机制研究

目的探讨豹皮樟总黄酮降低2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠血糖的可能机制。方法 T2DM大鼠给予豹皮樟总黄酮(total flavonoids of litsea coreana,TFLC,400mg/kg)或阳性对照药二甲双胍(MET,400mg/kg)灌胃治疗6周。各组大鼠空腹血清作常规生化指标测定,肝脏作HE染色和透射电镜观察;肝匀浆作丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)分析;RT-PCR检测大鼠肝脏中蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B,PTP1B)的表达。结果糖尿病大鼠经TFLC或MET治疗后葡萄糖耐量明显改善,空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素(FINS)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)显著下降,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显增加,肝匀浆MDA含量下降,SOD活性升高,2个治疗组的各指标之间差异无统计学意义。光镜下T2DM组肝脏有明显的脂肪变性,电镜下肝脏线粒体肿胀,内质网断裂,TFLC组和MET组均有不同程度的改善。T2DM组肝脏中PTP1B的表达明显升高,TFLC组PTP1B表达显著降低,MET组PTP1B的表达无明显改变。结论 TFLC可明显降低血糖和血脂,减轻肝脏组织的氧化应激,其改善胰岛素抵抗,可能与其降低T2DM大鼠肝脏中PTP1B的表达,增强胰岛素信号通路有关。     

黄金胶囊改善糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗与PI-3K,GLUT4蛋白的表达

目的:研究黄金胶囊对糖尿病(DM)大鼠磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI-3K),葡萄糖转运因子4(GLUT4)在肝脏及骨骼肌组织中的蛋白表达,并探讨其改善大鼠血糖的可能机制。方法:SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠65只,血糖在4.77~7.77 mmol·L~(-1)的大鼠入选,入选大鼠60只,正常组12只外,其余大鼠采用高脂饲料喂养联合小剂量链脲佐菌素ip的方法,建立DM大鼠模型。将造模成功大鼠随机分为黄金胶囊组(2.025 g·kg~(-1)),罗格列酮组(0.36 mg·kg~(-1)),模型组,继续高脂饲料喂养,并予以相应药物ig治疗10周,其中模型组与正常组均予以生理盐水ig,观察大鼠一般状态,体重及摄食量,干预10周后,予10%水合氯醛麻醉大鼠,检测大鼠空腹血糖(FBG),空腹胰岛素(FINS)及胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)。采用苏木素-伊红(HE)检测各组大鼠肝脏、骨骼肌组织的病理改变及免疫组化检测PI-3K和GLUT4蛋白的表达。结果:与正常组比较,模型组DM大鼠FBG,FINS水平明显升高,ISI水平明显降低,肝脏及骨骼肌组织中PI-3K,GLUT4蛋白表达明显降低(P0.05),病理学检测发现大鼠肝脏、骨骼肌组织的病变较为明显;与模型组比较,药物干预后,黄金胶囊组与罗格列酮组均可降低DM大鼠的FBG,FINS水平,提高ISI水平,明显升高肝脏及骨骼肌组织中PI-3K,GLUT4蛋白表达(P0.05),大鼠肝脏、骨骼肌组织的病变明显改善。结论:黄金胶囊提高胰岛素敏感性的作用,与激活肝脏及骨骼肌组织胰岛素信号传导通路中PI-3K和GLUT4的蛋白表达有关。     

The protective effect of Yi-Qi-Yang-Yin-Ye, a compound of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in diet-induced obese rats

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of Yi-Qi-Yang-Yin-Ye (Y-Q-Y-Y-Y), a compound of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine, on insulin resistance (IR) in the diet-induced obese rat model induced by intravenous injection with a low dose of streptozotocin and fed a high fat and high caloric diet. Y-Q-Y-Y-Y (2, 4, 8 g/kg) was administered via gavage daily for 4 weeks. The results showed that Y-Q-Y-Y-Y treatment decreased the levels of body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), free fatty acid (FFA), insulin (INS) and fast blood glucose (FBG) and increased the level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in the diet-induced obese rats. Glucose tolerance was improved in the diet-induced obese rats treated with Y-Q-Y-Y-Y as well as GIR (glucose infusion rate) in the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp experiment compared to the model control rats (p < 0.01). Moreover, treatment with Y-Q-Y-Y-Y up-regulated glycogen contents in both liver and skeletal muscle and increased insulin receptor amounts on the erythrocytes surface as assessed by using (125)I-labeled auto-antibodies against insulin receptors. Taken together, our data suggested that Yi-Qi-Yang-Yin-Ye ameliorates insulin resistance in the diet-induced obese rats.     

温肾健脾、疏肝调气中药对肥胖2型糖尿病炎症标志物影响的研究

目的：观察温肾健脾、疏肝调气中药对肥胖2型糖尿病（T2DM）相关炎症因子的影响。方法：将60例2型糖尿病患者随机分为治疗组、对照组各30例,2组均予糖尿病教育、合理饮食并常规应用西药降血糖,治疗组加用温肾健脾、疏肝调气中药治疗。测定2组治疗前后空腹血糖（FBG）、胰岛素（FINS）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）含量,计算胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）及2组治疗前后中医临床症状积分、体重指数（BMI）。结果：治疗后2组中医临床症状积分、BMI均有下降（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,其中治疗组较对照组下降明显,差异有显著性或非常显著性意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。治疗组FINS、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP含量治疗后均显著下降、ISI明显升高,且优于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：温肾健脾、疏肝调气中药能有效改善胰岛素抵抗,减轻患者临床症状,其作用机理可能与调节炎症因子的产生、抑制炎症反应有相关。     

Inhibition of the progression of type 2 diabetes in the C57BL/6J mouse model by an anti-diabetes herbal formula

The effects of a specifically prepared anti-diabetic herbal formula (ADHF) on the course of established diet-induced type 2 diabetes in animal subjects has been studied. In a C57BL/6J mouse model for diet induced type 2 diabetes, intervention for 12 weeks using ADHF as a diet supplement resulted in a significant inhibition of diabetes related changes in major organs usually targeted by type 2 diabetes and a significant reduction in circulating levels of glucose and insulin. Young male mice were randomly assigned to receive ad libitum exposure to either a standard rodent chow diet or to a high fat, high simple sugar, low fibre diet (diabetes induction diet), respectively for 8 weeks. All mice fed the induction diet developed abnormally high blood glucose levels at 8 weeks. Animals with confirmed diet induced diabetic blood glucose levels were again randomly assigned into one of three groups (10 subjects per group), one group was thereafter fed only the diabetes induction diet and the other two groups were thereafter fed the diabetes induction diet into which ADHF had been mixed at 4% or at 8% fi nal concentrations. Normal mice were also randomized into two groups that were fed either a regular diet alone or 8% ADHF mixed in the regular diet. Blood glucose levels markedly increased over the 20 weeks of study in the diabetic mice fed the diabetes induction diet only. In contrast, diabetic mice fed induction diet into which 4% or 8% ADHF had been incorporated showed significantly decreased blood glucose and insulin levels over the time of the study. Additional parameters significantly reduced in diabetic mice fed ADHF included insulin resistance and histopathological changes in the pancreas and liver. This is the fi rst report to our knowledge to show in vivo evidence for significantly decreased circulating glucose and insulin levels and a significant reduction of progressive damage to major target organs by the addition of an herbal diet supplement to a diabetes induction diet proven to be capable of causing and maintaining type 2 diabetes.     

黄连素增加胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型胰岛素敏感性的实验研究

观察黄连素对高脂饮食大鼠胰岛素敏感性的影响。灌服黄连素前后采用葡萄糖－胰岛素耐量试验测量大鼠胰岛素敏感性，并测量空腹血糖、胰岛素、血脂及肌肉中甘油三酯含量等。１个月后，高脂饮食对照且的空腹血糖、胰岛素、血脂、肌肉中ＴＧ高于正常对照组，而肝糖原减少，胰岛素敏感性下降。     

壳聚糖絮凝沉淀工艺糖对维康浸膏剂疗效的影响

目的:考察壳聚糖对"糖维康(TWK)"浸膏剂絮凝效果,优选最佳沉淀工艺。研究壳聚糖糖维康浸膏剂(K-TWK)对治疗胰岛素抵抗(Insulin resistance,IR)大鼠血糖、血脂水平、胰岛素等的影响,探讨其除杂工艺的合理性。方法:以澄明度、总固型物收率为指标,进行制剂工艺考察;采用高脂高糖饲料喂养法复制IR大鼠的动物模型,测胰岛素、血糖、TG、LDL-C、TC及HDL-C;采用放射免疫分析方法检测血中胰岛素、瘦素、TNF-α及C-肽水平,评价K-TWK与TWK的生物等效型。结果:K-TWK与TWK均能提高IR大鼠对胰岛素的敏感性,降低肝指数和血脂水平(P<0.05,P<0.01),降低IR大鼠血清瘦素、TNF-α水平(P<0.01),升高C-肽水平(P<0.05);二者相比无显著差异。结论:K-TWK与TWK在治疗糖尿病方面,二者无显著差异(P>0.05),通过壳聚糖絮凝沉淀可有效降低TWK杂质而不影响其药理作用。     

Antidiabetic effects of malonyl ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on type 2 diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin

Ethnopharmacology relevance

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been recorded to treat ‘Xiao-ke’ (emaciation and thirst) symptom in many ancient Chinese medical literatures (such as ‘Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing’) for thousands of years. ‘Xiao-ke’ symptom, in general, indicates diabetes mellitus.

Aim of the study

Malonyl ginsenosides (MGR) are natural ginsenosides which exist in both fresh and air-dried ginseng. The objective of this study is to determine the antidiabetic function of MGR on type 2 diabetes.

Materials and methods

High fat diet-fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg/d of MGR or vehicle for 3 weeks. The effects of MGR on fasting blood glucose (FBG), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), serum insulin (SI), insulin tolerance test (ITT), body weight, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels in type 2 diabetic rats were measured.

Results

After 3 weeks of treatment, MGR administration showed significantly lower FBG levels compared to the diabetic control group. In glucose tolerance test, IPGTT data showed that both MGR 50 and 100 mg/kg groups significantly increased the glucose disposal after glucose load. The ITT also showed improvement of insulin sensitivity during 120 min of insulin treatment. In addition, MGR reduced TG and TC contents while showed no effect on body weight in diabetic rats.

Conclusion

The findings from this study suggest that MGR can alleviate hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.     

Ameliorative effect of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves extract (ELE) on insulin resistance and abnormal perivascular innervation in fructose-drinking rats

Aim of the study

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaf is a traditional Chinese medicine that exhibits an anti-diabetic action. This study was designed to investigate whether long-term administration of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves extract (ELE) ameliorates pre-diabetic state of insulin resistance and abnormal perivascular innervation in the hyperinsulinemic state.

Materials and methods

ELE at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg was administered orally once daily for 4 weeks in fructose-drinking rats (FDRs). Plasma levels of insulin, blood glucose levels, and perivascular innervation were assessed using biochemical and immunohistochemical methods.

Results

FDR showed significant increase in plasma levels of insulin, an index for insulin resistance (Homeostasis Model Assessment ratio—HOMA-IR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), but not blood glucose levels, as compared with control rats. Immunohistochemical study showed significantly greater density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity (LI)-containing nerves and significantly lower density of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-LI-containing nerves in mesenteric arteries of FDR than those in control. A 4-week treatment with ELE (500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased plasma levels of insulin and HOMA-IR without affecting blood glucose levels and significantly lowered SBP in FDR. ELE treatment in FDR resulted in significant increase in CGRP-LI never fiber density and significant decrease in TH-LI never fiber density in mesenteric arteries of FDR.

Conclusions

These results suggest that long-term ELE treatment effectively prevents insulin resistance development and ameliorates abnormal perivascular innervation in FDR.     

虫草菌丝对实验性糖尿病大鼠血糖、胰岛素分泌以及肝肾组织形态的影响

 目的观察虫草菌丝对链脲佐菌素(STZ)实验性糖尿病大鼠血糖、血清胰岛素值以及肝肾组织形态的影响。方法设立模型对照组(MC)、正常对照组(NC)，以及剂量分别为5%，10%，20%的3个虫草菌丝治疗组(CS)。以STZ诱导的实验性糖尿病大鼠，于造模后第6天，随机分为MC组、5%CS组、10%CS组、20%CS组。NC组和MC组饲以全价饲料；5%CS组、10%CS组、20%CS组分别饲以含5%、10%、20%虫草菌丝的特殊饲料。5周后处死各组大鼠，取血及新鲜的肝肾组织，测血糖、血清胰岛素值，HE染色光镜下观察肝、肾的组织形态。结果同MC组相比，10%CS组和20%CS组的血糖水平明显下降：CS治疗组的血清胰岛素均有显著上升，但各CS治疗组间无明显差异，且均低于NC组；CS治疗组光镜下肝、肾组织的损害均轻于MC组。结论虫草菌丝有显著的降血糖作用，能上升血清胰岛素的水平；对实验性糖尿病大鼠的肝、肾有保护作用。     

The Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Blood Glucose,Insulin, Insulin Resistance,Triglyceride, and Periodontal Markers in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of resveratrol supplementation along with non‐surgical periodontal treatment on blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, triglyceride (TG), and periodontal markers in patients with type 2 diabetes with periodontal disease. In this double‐blind clinical trial study, 43 patients with diabetes with chronic periodontitis were participated. Subjects were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention and control groups received either 480 mg/day of resveratrol or placebo capsules (two pills) for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), TGs, and pocket depth were measured in all subjects' pre‐intervention and post‐intervention. The mean serum levels of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with control group (10.42 ± 0.28 and 10.92 ± 0.9; 3.66 ± 0.97 and 4.49 ± 1.56, respectively). There was a significant difference in the mean pocket depth between intervention and control groups (2.35 ± 0.6 and 3.38 ± 0.5, respectively) following intervention. No significant differences were observed in the mean levels of fasting blood glucose and TGs between two groups' post‐intervention. It is recommended that resveratrol supplementation may be beneficial as adjuvant therapy along with non‐surgical periodontal treatment in insulin resistance and improving periodontal status among patients with diabetes with periodontal disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antidiabetic activity of Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. (Poaceae) is traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus. The grains of Paspalum scrobiculatum are having potential in the development of drug for diabetes due to their antidiabetic activity.

Aim of the study

To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of grains of Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. (Poaceae) in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Materials and methods

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight), were administered orally to male Wistar albino rats. Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes mellitus. Total phenolic content was estimated in the extracts. The parameters studied included oral glucose tolerance test, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and glycated haemoglobin levels, liver glycogen content, serum lipid profile, and changes in body weights.

Results

In oral glucose tolerance test, reduction of fasting blood glucose levels took place from 60 min of extract administration. The extracts produced a dose-dependent fall in fasting blood glucose (FBG). After 15 days of treatment with extracts the maximum reduction in FBG (35.14%) was observed in diabetic rats treated with ethanolic extract 500 mg/kg dose. A significant increase in serum insulin level was observed in the treated rats. Serum lipid levels were reversed towards near normal and a control in the loss of body weight was observed in treated rats as compared to diabetic control. The extract treatment also showed a significant increase in the liver glycogen and a significant decrease in glycated haemoglobin levels. The results demonstrate that Paspalum scrobiculatum possesses significant antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats.

Conclusion

The results suggest that Paspalum scrobiculatum has antidiabetic activity, thereby justifying its traditional claim and augmenting it into the present day systems of medicine.