Delayed ipsilateral parenchymal hemorrhage following treatment of intracranial aneurysms with flow diverter

Introduction

The use of flow diverters (FDs) has shown promising results, particularly in the treatment of large or complex intracranial aneurysms. However, some complications can occur both during and after FD treatment, including delayed ipsilateral parenchymal hemorrhage (DIPH). The clinical presentation, etiopathogeny, and management of this complication are not well understood. We report a series of four patients with DIPH and discuss the potential mechanisms and modalities of treatment.

Methods

Four patients treated with FDs and presenting with DIPH were diagnosed in two different centers. Clinical and imaging data were reviewed before and after the procedure. Characteristics of the intraparenchymal hematomas, the modalities of treatment, and clinical course were analyzed.

Results

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage occurred 1 to 4 days after aneurysm treatment with FDs. All hemorrhages were situated in the ipsilateral hemisphere and were anatomically remote from the treated aneurysm. The four patients were treated with emergency surgery (hematoma evacuation). All patients had a favorable clinical outcome (mRS?=?1) at midterm evaluation. Follow-up imaging showed good permeability of the FD in all subjects and complete aneurysm occlusion in all patients.

Conclusion

From the literature review, DIPH appears to be more frequent than delayed aneurysm rupture and may be a cause of increasing concern for the use of flow diverters. However, the mechanisms of DIPH are not completely understood. Surgical evacuation of the hematoma seems to be feasible with acceptable safety and good clinical outcomes.     

Direct carotid puncture for the endovascular treatment of anterior circulation aneurysms

We report the usefulness of Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) embolization by direct carotid puncture for anterior circulation aneurysms. For all 27 patients, GDC embolization by direct carotid puncture was safely performed by using a 5F sheath introducer 5 cm long and a Tracker-38 catheter. Neurologic deficits and hemorrhage were not found in any patient during the follow-up period. If the transfemoral approach cannot be applied, GDC embolization should be considered as an alternative method.     

Hydrophilic polymer embolization following flow diversion of cerebral aneurysms

Foreign body embolization is a rare and potentially under-recognized complication of neuroendovascular procedures. This complication should be considered in the differential diagnosis for clinical or radiological deterioration following neurovascular interventions. We report a case of foreign body hydrophilic coating embolization that occurred following an attempted flow diversion of an intracranial aneurysm with dramatic flare-up after repeat exposure. We also provide a literature review of all reported cases of hydrophilic polymer embolization following flow diversion procedures.     

Treatment of aneurysms in the anterior cerebral circulation

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the outcome of either surgical or conservative treatment of patients with aneurysms on cerebral arteries. DESIGN: Retrospective study on 114 patients (89 operated and 25 not operated). METHODS: Clinical state was graded from 0 to V, according to Hunt & Hess (HHG), and the treatment outcome was defined as favorable or poor, according to the modified Glasgow Outcome Score. The outcome was correlated with the type of treatment (operative or conservative), clinical state and aneurysmal localization. RESULTS: Aneurysm was localized mostly on the anterior communicating (33.6%) and middle cerebral arteries (32.8%) and the patients were mostly in HHG II or III (34.4% and 25.2%). HHG after the aneurysmal rupture did not depend on the aneurysmal location (p > 0.05). Favorable treatment outcome was noted: in 74.1% of all operated and in 60% of all conservatively treated patients (p > 0.05); in 81.6% of operated and in 33.3% of not operated patients with HHG = II-III (p < 0.01); in 78.8% of aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery and in 66.7% of those of the anterior communicating artery (p > 0.05); in 73.1% of patients with HHG = III and in 25% of patients with HHG = IV (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical state after the aneurysmal rupture did not depend on its localization. Results were better after the surgical, than after the conservative treatment. Outcome after the surgery depended on the clinical state of the patient, but not on the aneurysmal localization.     

Factors influencing the outcome after the operative treatment of cerebral aneurysms of anterior circulation

BACKGROUND: The influence of various factors on the outcome after the operative occlusion of the cerebral aneurysm was to be defined through the retrospective study on 111 surgically treated patients with aneurysm of anterior cerebral circulation. METHODS: Preoperative clinical condition was graded from 0 to V, according to Hunt & Hess. Postoperative outcome, defined as good or bad according to modified Glasgow Outcome Scale, was correlated in homogenous experimental groups with the following factors: gender, age, aneurysmal size, preoperative interval, nimodipine therapy, experience of surgical team and existence of chronic vascular diseases. RESULTS: Surgical outcome was good in 74.4% of males and 71.4% of females (p > 0.05); in 83.3% of patients with and 41.2% of patients without chronic diseases (p < 0.01); in 71.4% of patients underwent early, 83.3% of ones underwent postponed and 85% of those underwent late surgery (p > 0.05); in 81.5% of patients treated by nimodipine and in 41.7% of those untreated by the same drug (p < 0.01); in 78.9% of patients operated by the experienced surgical team and in 40% of those operated by less experienced surgical team (p < 0.01). In patients with both good and bad outcome, the mean age was 50.6 and 47.6 years (p > 0.05), and the mean aneurysmal size was 12.3 mm and 13.3 mm, respectively (p > 0.05). Before rupture, the mean size for aneurysms on the bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery was 14.3 mm, and for posterior communicating artery aneurysms only 9.7 mm (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Surgical outcome was significantly influenced by the existence of chronic diseases, nimodipine therapy and experience of surgical team, whereas gender, age, timing for surgery and aneurysmal size were not of significant influence.     

Delayed spontaneous rupture of a posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm following treatment with flow diversion: a clinicopathologic study

In this report, we present the fatal spontaneous delayed rupture of a previously unruptured large PICA aneurysm following treatment with the PED. Pathology at postmortem examination has supported the theory that intra-aneurysmal thrombus may acutely destabilize the aneurysm wall. Aneurysms with an anatomic arrangement that promote continued flow into the neck may not be optimal candidates for the flow-diversion treatment strategy.     

Evaluation of a neck-bridge device to assist endovascular treatment of wide-neck aneurysms of the anterior circulation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial aneurysms with a wide-neck or an unfavorable dome-to-neck ratio may be difficult to treat properly and safely. Our aim was to evaluate the TriSpan neck-bridge device to assist coiling of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms in the anterior circulation.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 14 patients, we performed 16 TriSpan-assisted coil embolizations with wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms of the anterior circulation. Eleven procedures were indicated for acutely ruptured aneurysms. Five were performed electively for the following: recurrent aneurysm after coil only (n = 1) or after TriSpan-assisted embolization (n = 2), aneurysm remnant after clipping (n = 1), and aneurysm incidentally found (n = 1). Procedural and clinical complications were recorded. Follow-up angiography was performed, and clinical outcomes were assessed by using the modified Rankin Scale score.RESULTS: TriSpan-assisted embolization was successful in 15/16 (93.8%) procedures, with complete occlusion in 2/16 (12.5%), near-complete occlusion in 10/16 (62.5%), and incomplete occlusion in 3/16 (18.75%). There were 6 (37.5%) intraprocedural complications: thrombus formation (n = 3), protrusion of a TriSpan loop in the parent artery (n = 1), TriSpan displacement in the aneurysm (n = 1), and tangling of a coil loop in the device (n = 1). Three patients died in the hospital (21.4%). Follow-up angiography or MR angiography was available in 8 (57.1%) patients and showed complete (n = 2), near-complete (n = 2), and incomplete occlusion (n = 4). Long-term clinical outcome was no (n = 4) or minor symptoms (n = 1) and moderate (n = 2), moderately severe (n = 2), or severe handicap (n = 2).CONCLUSION: The use of the TriSpan device is feasible in the anterior circulation and can assist treatment of difficult wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms.

The endovascular occlusion of intracranial aneurysms by using electrolytically detachable platinum coils has developed into a widely used and popular technique.¹ Microcatheterization and filling of saccular aneurysms with coils has proved adequate to exclude the aneurysm effectively from the circulation but is limited by the configuration of some of these aneurysms. Aneurysms with a wide (≥4 mm) neck or an unfavorable dome-to-neck ratio (≥1.5) may be difficult to treat properly and safely.² For wide-neck sidewall aneurysms, 3D coils,³ temporary balloon remodelling, and stent placement are valuable options. For wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms (for instance basilar tip aneurysms), bilateral balloon remodelling⁴ or retrograde remodelling⁵ may permit the successful obliteration. However, in many bifurcation aneurysms, geometry may not allow these techniques to be applied effectively and safely. For many technical reasons, these options may be reserved for operators with considerable experience in the endovascular treatment of aneurysms.⁵The TriSpan (Target Therapeutics/Boston Scientific, Fremont, Calif) is a detachable device that has been designed to address the issue of wide-neck (≥4 mm) bifurcation aneurysms. Once this device is placed at the neck of a wide-neck aneurysm, platinum coils are inserted through a second microcatheter.⁶ The TriSpan allows coils to be positioned and deployed in the aneurysm lumen with reduced risk of coil herniation into the parent artery.^7–9 The TriSpan was originally designed for basilar bifurcation aneurysms. Although experimental work was very promising,¹⁰ only a few investigators have published clinical results on the usefulness of the TriSpan for wide-neck basilar aneurysms.⁶ In bifurcation aneurysms of the anterior circulation, to our knowledge, experience with the TriSpan device is even more limited. Therefore, we evaluated the feasibility of placement of a TriSpan coil in the ostium of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms of the anterior circulation to assist in the placement of detachable platinum coils.     

显微外科手术治疗前交通动脉瘤疗效分析

目的探讨前交通动脉瘤显微外科手术治疗方法和疗效。方法采用翼点人路治疗前交通动脉瘤24例,所有患者均实行直接夹闭术。结果出院时治疗结果良好17例,致残5例,死亡2例,术后随访6个月～2年,未出现动脉瘤再次出血。结论熟练掌握翼点入路治疗前交通动脉瘤的显微手术方法,术中可获得良好的暴露,术后可减少并发症的发生．使患者获得一个良好的转归。     

Comparison of operative and endovascular treatment of anterior circulation aneurysms in patients in poor grades

We assessed the outcome of surgical and endovascular treatment in patients in poor (Hunt & Hess IV or V) grade following subarachnoid haemorrhage due to anterior circulation aneurysm (ACA). There were 41 patients, treated surgically (20), by the endovascular route (20) or both (1). The aneurysms were clipped in 20 patients, wrapped in one; 19 were treated with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC), one by parent vessel occlusion using detachable balloons. One GDC treatment was interrupted and the aneurysm was surgically clipped instead. We treated five patients surgically to evacuate accompanying intracerebral clots. We treated 14 (66 %) patients by the endovascular route and 15 (71 %) surgically within 72 h of the haemorrhage. The frequency of delayed ischaemic neurological deficit and/or cerebral infarct due to vasospasm did not differ significantly between the endovascular and surgical groups. We had one surgical and three endovascular procedure-related complications with clinical manifestations. Outcome was evaluated after 6 months. After GDC treatment, angiographic follow-up was carried out between 8 and 26 months (mean 17 months). Good outcomes were achieved in six (29 %) of the surgically treated patients (40 % of the survivors) and six (30 %) of the endovascular treatment patients (60 % of the survivors). Outcome was similar after surgical and endovascular approaches. The decision as to which treatment to chosen is influenced mainly by clinical factors such as cerebral haematoma or age. Received: 27 September 2000/Accepted: 10 January 2001     

Delayed hemorrhage following transcatheter arterial embolization for blunt hepatic injury

This is the first report of delayed hemorrhage (21 days after the injury) following transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for severe hepatic injury. The first TAE was performed about 2 h after admission on a 21-year-old man with severe blunt hepatic injury. Three bilomas were detected by cholescintigraphy 19 days later. The patient's status had been eventless until the occurrence of a delayed hemorrhage with hypotension. Angiography was repeated and three pseudoaneurysms were detected TAE, pseudoaneourysms disappeared and hemorrhage could be controlled. Intrahepatic biloma may be related to pseudoaneurysms and delayed hemorrhage in severe hepatic injury.     

Assessment of angiographic outcomes after flow diversion treatment of intracranial aneurysms: a new grading schema

Introduction  

Flow diverter (FD) devices have emerged as an alternative treatment for a subgroup of intracranial aneurysms. The principle of endovascular flow diversion is inherently different from endosaccular coil embolisation. To monitor the angiographic outcomes for FDs, a sensitive and reliable new measure is required. Oxford Neurovascular and Neuroradiology Research Unit developed a grading schema while conducting a registry to audit outcomes of patients treated using a particular FD (SILK flow diverter; Balt Extrusion, Montmorency, France). The aim of this study is to assess the applicability and reproducibility of the new schema.     

Endovascular treatment of anterior choroidal artery aneurysms

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ischemic stroke is the most common complication after surgical clipping of anterior choroidal artery (AChA) aneurysms, and the reported morbidity-mortality rates vary from 5% to 50%. We report the findings in a series of 18 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular treatment (EVT) for an AChA berry aneurysm. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the aneurysms were defined according to their size and position, the presence of a concomitant arteriovenous malformation (AVM), the mode of presentation. The patients were clinically assessed before and after the EVT, as well as at each angiographic follow-up. RESULTS: All were small-sized aneurysms, with greater diameters ranging from 2 to 8 mm (mean, 4 mm), arising from the supraclinoid internal carotid artery close to the origin of the AChA. Two were AVM-associated aneurysms. Fourteen patients (14/18 [78%]) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. All aneurysms were selectively embolized with coils. There was one (1/18 [5.5%]) treatment-related death due to aneurysm perforation. Another patient (1/18 [5.5%]) developed a transient controlateral hemiparesis. Fourteen patients (14/18 [78%]) were followed up clinically and angiographically for 3-32 months (mean, 14 months). None of them (re)hemorrhaged during this period. CONCLUSION: The EVT of AChA berry aneurysms is effective to protect from rebleeding. Our complication rate compares favorably with those of the surgical series.     

虚拟现实技术在颅内前循环动脉瘤手术设计中的应用

目的 研究虚拟现实(VR)技术在脑Willis环前循环动脉瘤手术设计中的应用价值.方法 选择Willis前循环动脉瘤患者50例,术前Hunt-Hess分级I级7例、Ⅱ级22例、Ⅲ级17例、Ⅳ级3例、V级1例.CT血管造影术(CTA)检查50例患者共发现57枚动脉瘤,其中小型动脉瘤(≤5mm) 16枚,一般型(5～15mm)28枚,大型(15～25mm) 10枚,巨大型(≥25mm)3枚.采用64排螺旋CT行头部薄层扫描血管造影,数据导入Dextroscope图像工作站进行三维重建并模拟手术操作,结合实际手术所见进行对比评价.结果 VR系统具有“身临其境”感和人机交互性,不仅可直观显示三维空间内的解剖结构,还能模拟部分手术操作,其结果与实际手术所见基本符合.对50例患者均成功实施了责任动脉瘤或主要动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭.结论 应用VR技术设计手术方案,能增加手术医生的信心,改善对复杂血管变异的辨识,使手术操作更为便捷,对于动脉瘤外科手术有积极的指导价值.     

血流导向装置在后循环夹层动脉瘤的应用北大核心CSCD

目的分析血流导向装置(FD)治疗后循环夹层动脉瘤的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2020年12月郑州大学第一附属医院采用FD治疗的59例颅内后循环夹层动脉瘤患者临床资料。根据动脉瘤位置将患者分为椎动脉组(n=33)和基底动脉组(n=26),根据应用FD数分为单FD和多FD治疗。采用O’Kelly-Marotta(OKM)分级评估DSA影像,改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分评估患者临床预后。结果59例患者手术技术成功率为100%,共植入75枚FD(椎动脉组42枚,基底动脉组33枚)。围手术期发生缺血性并发症7例(11.9%),出血性并发症2例(3.4%),术后病死3例(5.1%)。43例患者随访6(2~19)个月,完全愈合率为69.8%(30例),预后良好率为97.7%(42例)。椎动脉组、基底动脉组分别随访6.5(2~17)个月、6(3~19)个月,完全愈合率分别为70.8%、68.4%(均P>0.05),预后良好率分别为100%、94.7%(均P>0.05)。结论FD治疗椎动脉夹层动脉瘤相对安全有效,治疗基底动脉夹层动脉瘤的缺血性并发症发生率相对较高,多FD应用于基底动脉夹层动脉瘤可能增加缺血性并发症发生率和病死率。     

Platinum coil treatment of complex aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar circulation

Summary Two patients with complex aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system were treated using platinum coils. During these sessions, 22 coils were placed in a basilar tip aneurysm in a 48-year-old woman. Almost total occlusion of the lumen was achieved, excepted in the area from which the right posterior cerebral artery arose. A large fusiform vertebral artery aneurysm in a 6-year-old boy was treated using 16 coils, which partially occluded the lumen at initial embolization. Follow-up angiography 2 weeks later revealed almost complete occlusion of the lumen with preservation of the vertebral artery. Our experience indicates that coil embolization of complex intracranial aneurysms is an acceptable treatment alternative to surgery or to a detachable balloon.     

Unilateral moyamoya syndrome involving the ipsilateral anterior and posterior circulation associated with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Moyamoya refers to a phenomenon of stenoocclusive changes at or around the terminal part of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Moyamoya vessels develop in patients with (moyamoya syndrome) or without (moyamoya disease) various underlying diseases or conditions. Recent evidence shows that stenoocclusive lesions tend to involve the ipsilateral ICA system and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) predominantly in moyamoya disease. A 53-year-old Japanese woman with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria presented with cerebral infarction from stenoocclusive involvement in the ipsilateral ICA and PCA associated with moyamoya vessels; she had no contralateral vascular lesion. Although predominant involvement of the ipsilateral ICA and PCA was associated with underlying disease (moyamoya syndrome) in the present case, it is a characteristic finding of moyamoya disease. We discuss the possible pathogenesis of the vascular changes of this case.     

Endovascular treatment of multiple aneurysms involving the posterior intracranial circulation

The results of surgery on multiple intracranial aneurysms tha involve the vertebrobasilar circulation are poor, and associated patient mortality remains high. We describe the endovascular treatment of four patients with mutiple aneurysms that involved the posterior intracrancial circulation. Satisfactory occlusion of all aneurysms was achieved by using electrolytically detachable coils, and all patients had a good clinical recovery. Our early experience suggests that endovascular coil occlusion may be a particularly suitable method for treating this high-risk condition.     

破裂前交通动脉瘤的早期显微手术治疗

目的总结破裂前交通动脉瘤早期显微手术治疗经验。方法回顾分析我院2007年12月～2010年12月48例前交通动脉瘤破裂患者临床资料,包括临床分级、手术时间及疗效等。结果24h内手术12例,24～48h手术30例,48～72h手术6例,术中均成功夹闭动脉瘤颈;术后死亡3例,中等残废3例,1例轻微神经功能障碍,恢复良好11例,完全康复30例。结论早期手术治疗前交通动脉瘤可明显降低再出血率及改善患者预后,术中颅压的控制、娴熟的显微操作技术及术后并发症的预防是成功的关键。