光学相干断层成像技术在冠状动脉介入诊疗中的应用

随着经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）技术的不断发展,血管内成像技术在冠状动脉疾病临床诊疗中正发挥日益重要的作用。光学相干断层成像技术（OCT）作为新一代血管内成像技术,它可以提供更高分辨率的图像以及接近显微水平的斑块特性,支架内再狭窄,血栓特征等细节,而这又决定它可以更好地预测急性冠脉综合症的发生以及更准确的识别其病因。目前,有研究表明OCT对PCI手术的优化及对支架内皮化、新生内膜增生的评价可以改善及预判临床预后,相信随着OCT技术的进一步发展,它在冠状动脉疾病临床诊疗中的应用的广度及深度将会显著增加,将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

光学相干断层扫描在冠脉介入治疗方面的发展现状

光学相干断层扫描是迄今为止被认为最有效的辨认易损斑块形态及评估支架术后内膜覆盖程度的工具。光学相干断层扫描可用于指导支架植入,评价支架内膜增生情况,探讨支架内再狭窄的原因,检出支架晚期贴壁不良和支架内血栓形成等方面。     

光学相干断层成像在老年冠心病介入诊疗中的初步应用

目的探讨血管内光学相干断层成像（OCT）在老年冠心病介入诊疗中的作用和安全性，评价其临床价值。方法9例老年冠心病患者，行冠脉造影和OCT检查，比较二者对冠状动脉病变的显示情况：包括病变结构、管腔狭窄程度、斑块性质等，根据造影及OCT结果参照病人临床表现对于狭窄较重（造影直径狭窄率〉70％），或造影中等程度狭窄（直径狭窄率介于50％～70％），但OCT狭窄相对较重（OCT管腔面积狭窄率〉60％）并伴有不稳定斑块的病变进行球囊扩张和支架植入治疗，并用OCT评价支架植入后的即时效果。结果与冠脉造影相比，血管内OCT能直观、清晰、实时地显示病变冠脉的管腔狭窄程度、微观组织结构、斑块组成性质及支架植入后靶病变血管及支架的形态特征。结论OCT在老年冠心病患者中的操作安全易行，能够精确测量病变血管狭窄程度、清晰观测管腔微观结构特征，明确斑块特征，指导支架植入及观测支架植入后的即刻效果，对老年冠心病人介入治疗具有指导作用。     

光学相干断层成像在冠心病研究中的应用

光学相干断层成像（Optical coherence tomography,OCT）是将光学技术与超灵敏探测器合为一体,应用计算机进行图像处理的断层成像诊断技术。它采用低相干的近红外光线从组织反射回来的不同光学特征进行组织分析成像,成像速度快,其分辨率接近组织学水平,是目前分辨率最高的血管腔内成像技术。目前关于OCT在冠心病的研究领域主要集中在动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性,急性冠脉综合症病理生理形态变化及支架置入后组织覆盖方面的评价。现就OCT在冠心病研究中的应用状况做一综述。     

Utility of optical coherence tomography in acute coronary syndromes

Studies utilizing intravascular imaging have replicated the findings of histopathological studies, identifying the most common substrates for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) as plaque rupture, erosion, and calcified nodule, with spontaneous coronary artery dissection, coronary artery spasm, and coronary embolism constituting the less common etiologies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data from clinical studies that have used high-resolution intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess culprit plaque morphology in ACS. In addition, we discuss the utility of intravascular OCT for effective treatment of patients presenting with ACS, including the possibility of culprit lesion-based treatment by percutaneous coronary intervention.     

Porcine coronary imaging in vivo by optical coherence tomography

OBJECTIVE: A high-resolution coronary artery imaging modality has the potential to address important diagnostic and management problems in cardiology. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising new optical imaging technique with a resolution of approximately 10 microm. The purpose of this study was to use a new OCT catheter to demonstrate the feasibility of performing OCT imaging of normal coronary arteries, intimal dissections, and deployed stents in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS: Normal coronary arteries, intimal dissections, and stents were imaged in five swine with OCT and compared with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). In the normal coronary arteries, visualization of all of the layers of the vessel wall was achieved with a saline flush, including the intima which was not identified by IVUS. Following dissection, detailed layered structures including intimal flaps, intimal defects, and disruption of the medial wall were visualized by OCT. IVUS failed to show clear evidence of intimal and medial disruption. Finally, the microanatomic relationships between stents and the vessel walls were clearly identified only by OCT. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary experiment, we have demonstrated that in vivo OCT imaging of normal coronary arteries, intimal dissections, and deployed stents is feasible, and allows identification of clinically relevant coronary artery morphology with high-resolution and contrast.     

Current status of hybrid intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography catheter for coronary imaging and percutaneous coronary intervention

Both intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) play a crucial role in elucidating the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) with the goal to improve patient outcomes of medical and/or interventional CAD management. However, no single intravascular imaging technique has been proven to provide complete and detailed evaluation of all CAD lesions due to some limitations. Although sequential use of multiple modalities may sometimes be performed, there may be issues related to risk, time, and cost. To overcome these problems, several hybrids involving dual-probe combined IVUS-OCT catheters have been developed.The aim of this review article is to demonstrate some limitations of stand-alone imaging devices for evaluation of CAD, summarize the advances in hybrid IVUS-OCT imaging devices, discuss the technical challenges, and present the potential value in the clinical setting, especially in patients receiving medical or interventional CAD management.     

光学相干断层成像指导与冠状动脉造影指导直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗6个月随访结果的比较

目的比较光学相干断层成像(OCT)指导和单纯冠状动脉造影(CAG)指导直接冠状动脉介入治疗(PPCI)6个月的随访结果。方法前瞻性研究。连续入选2017年3月至2018年12月阜外医院因ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)行OCT指导的PPCI患者275例(OCT指导组)。收集全部入选患者的人口学资料、合并疾病、冠状动脉造影和OCT特征资料。采用倾向性评分从单纯CAG指导的PPCI患者数据库中1∶1回顾性顺序匹配275例患者(CAG指导组),对比两种策略对6个月临床随访结果的影响。结果OCT指导组中,OCT评估发现斑块脱垂151例(54.9%),支架贴壁不良113例(41.1%),支架近和/或远端夹层38例(13.8%),其中3例(1.1%)同时发生支架近端和远端夹层,38例远端夹层患者中,需行补救性置入支架2例。随访6个月结果显示,OCT指导组与CAG指导组比较,心血管死亡、再次心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建、卒中和出血终点事件差异均无统计学意义(P=0.682)。结论与单纯CAG指导相比,OCT指导的PPCI并不能降低6个月的临床终点事件。     

光学相干断层成像和血管内超声在冠状动脉介入手术中的应用

目的 应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)及血管内超声(IVUS)检测技术评价冠状动脉内粥样硬化斑块的稳定性,并指导支架置入,检测血管对置入支架后即刻和中远期的反应.方法 选择2008年2-7月间的27例患者,进行冠状动脉造影、OCT及IVUS检查,共检查了30支血管,其中8处为药物支架植入术后血管,并对19处病变进行了支架置入.结果 除外支架置入的8例(置入6个月～4年)外,其余22例病变行OCT及IVUS检查,发现稳定性斑块5例,不稳定斑块17例,其中OCT检出内膜小撕裂4例(IVUS未检出,P＞0.05),冠状动脉撕裂伴夹层病变5例(IVUS检出1例,P＞0.05),血栓形成5例(IVUS检出1例,P＞0.05),偏心斑块伴薄纤维帽12例(IVUS检出2例,P＜0.01).8例曾经进行支架治疗的患者,造影、OCT和IVUS发现2例再狭窄;OCT显示支架内膜覆盖良好,IVUS小能精确看到内膜;OCT检测出1例患者有支架后瘤样扩张.对17例不稳定性斑块及2例支架再狭窄病例行支架置入术,术后支架膨胀不良发生率26.0%,OCT及IVUS检出率相同;支架贴壁不良发生率63.2%,IVUS榆出率低于OCT(10.5%比63.2%,P＜0.01);支架近远端撕裂10.5%,IVUS均不能检出;内膜脱垂发生率52.6%,IVUS检出率低于OCT(10.5%比52.6%,P＜0.05).结论 OCT与IVUS相比,在不稳定性斑块检测准确度方面明显优于IVUS,更能精确指导冠状动脉支架置人.IVUS在操作简便性及反映斑块负荷方面要优于OCT.     

光学相干断层成像在急性冠脉综合征预测中的应用

光学相干断层成像（OCT）是现有临床影像诊断技术中分辨率最高的成像技术,它可以识别斑块类型特征,也可以识别体内巨噬细胞以及血清学炎性生物标记物（外周血白细胞,超敏C反应蛋白）.本文讨论了OCT检测易损斑块,巨噬细胞对于预测急性冠脉综合征的研究进展.     

光学相干断层成像在评价冠状动脉斑块方面的应用

光学相干断层成像(OCT)使用干涉仪记录不同深度生物组织的反射光,通过计算机构建能够让人简单识别的图像,因具备较高安全性和分辨率,已成为血管内检测技术的主力之一。冠状动脉中,不同的斑块组成具有不同的光学特性,在OCT图像上有不同的表现。冠状动脉斑块破裂并在此基础上形成血栓通常是引起心原性猝死或急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)的重要原因。通过OCT评价斑块的特点可以充分全面了解其稳定性,从而预测临床心血管事件,指导诊断与治疗。     

光学相干断层成像判断冠状动脉不稳定斑块

光学相干断层成像是近年出现的一项光学成像技术,其原理是基于光学干涉现象.该项技术与血管内超声相比具有更高的分辨率,本文根据光学相干断层成像在心血管疾病领域的研究进展,总结了该项技术对冠状动脉不稳定斑块方面的研究现状.     

Assessment of coronary arterial plaque by optical coherence tomography

The purpose of this study was to analyze the ability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to identify coronary arterial plaque diagnosed by histologic examination. We examined 166 sections from 108 coronary arterial segments of 40 consecutive human cadavers (24 men and 16 women; mean age 74 +/- 7 years). The plaque type was classified as fibrous (n = 43), fibrocalcific (n = 82), or lipid-rich (n = 41). The accuracy of OCT and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in characterizing the plaque type was studied, with the histologic consensus diagnosis serving as the gold standard. OCT, as well as IVUS, had high sensitivity and specificity for characterizing the different types of atherosclerotic plaque. OCT had a higher sensitivity for characterizing lipid-rich plaques than IVUS (85% vs 59%, p = 0.03). In conclusion, the high resolution of OCT permitted evaluation of lipid-rich plaques more accurately than IVUS.     

Optical coherence tomography following percutaneous coronary intervention with Excimer laser coronary atherectomy

The indications for Excimer laser coronary atherectomy (ELCA) have been refined in modern interventional practice. With the expanding role for optical coherence tomography (OCT) providing high-resolution intra-coronary imaging, this article examines the appearance of the coronary lumen after ELCA. Each indication for ELCA is discussed and illustrated with a clinical case, followed by detailed analysis of the OCT imaging pre and post ELCA. The aim of the article is to provide information to interventional cardiologists to facilitate decision making during PCI, when ELCA has been used as part of the interventional strategy.