糖化血红蛋白水平对2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者心功能的影响研究

目的：评估2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并冠心病（CAD）患者糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平与心功能之间的关系。方法收集169例T2DM合并CAD患者,按HbA1c水平分成2组,A组67例（HbA1c<7.0%）,B组102例（HbA1c≥7.0%）。结果 B组与A组比较,TC、TG、LDL-C、FBG、NT-BNP均显著升高（P<0.05）;B组的左心室射血分数值（LVEF）明显低于A组。结论 T2DM合并CAD患者应长期有效地控制血糖水平,有助于患者心功能改善。     

3269例糖化血红蛋白检测的临床效果分析

目的 分析3 269例糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及血糖检测结果,了解糖尿病(DM)控制现状.方法以高效液相色谱法测定标本中HbA1c的含量;以葡萄糖氧化酶电极法检测标本中的葡萄糖含量.分别统计3 269例糖调节受损患者及其中1 208例确诊DM患者的HbA1c频数分布;并对其中116例DM患者在同一天检测HbA1c、空腹血糖及餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG),探讨其相关性.结果3 269份HbA1c结果的频数分布P50的HbA1c含量为6.6%.在1 208例确诊DM中,控制理想(HbA1c<6.5%)的为30.6%,控制良好(HbA1c为6.5%～7.5%)的为29.4%;控制差(HbA1c≥7.5%)的为40.0%.同一天检测的HbA1c与2 h PBG相关性更密切.结论2 h PBG检测在DM疗效观察上优于空腹血糖.     

2型糖尿病患者血清癌胚抗原水平变化及其影响因素分析

目的观察2型糖尿病患者血清癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA)水平变化及其影响因素。方法选取2018年1月—2020年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院内分泌科住院的40~70岁2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)患者共952例作为研究对象,将来自新华医院体检中心的年龄与性别匹配的471例非糖尿病人群(non-type 2 diabetes mellitus, Non-T2DM)作为对照组,比较两组人群血清CEA水平的差异性,分析年龄、血压（blood pressure, BP）、糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c)、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2h postprandial blood glucose, 2h-PG)、空腹C肽(fasting C-peptide, FC-p)、餐后2h C 肽(2h postprandial C-peptide, 2h C-p)、胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment, HOMA-IR)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C）、总胆固醇（total cholesterol, TC）、三酰甘油（triglyceride, TG）、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)及糖尿病病程与血清CEA的相关性,探讨无恶性肿瘤的T2DM患者血清CEA水平的影响因素。结果T2DM患者血清CEA异常者约占11%,Non-T2DM组血清CEA异常者约占4%,T2DM患者组血清CEA水平明显高于Non-T2DM组[2.62(1.82,3.83) vs 2.14(1.51,2.96)ng/mL,P<0.001],逐步回归分析显示血清CEA与年龄、HbA1c、FBG、2h-PG独立正相关,二元logistic回归分析显示校正多种混杂因素后,HbA1c、FBG、2h-PG是血清CEA升高的独立危险因素,校正后的OR值和95%CI分别为HbA1c： OR=1.338,95%CI(1.198~1.495), FBG： OR=1.102, 95%CI(1.016~1.195), 2h-PG： OR=1.065, 95%CI(1.009~1.123)。二元Logistic回归显示将HbA1c≤7%时血清CEA水平作为参考,当8%≤HbA1c＜9%时,血清CEA升高的风险是参考的3.459倍（95%CI： 1.373~8.713）。当HbA1c≥9%时,其OR值是5.084（95%CI： 2.230~11.589）。结论2型糖尿病患者血清CEA水平明显升高,年龄、HbA1c、FBG、2h-PG是其独立危险因素,HbA1c对CEA的影响最大,提示血糖控制越差,血清CEA水平越高,当HbA1c≥8%时,T2DM患者血清CEA升高的风险明显增加。     

糖化血红蛋白与空腹血糖诊断糖尿病效果比较

目的 比较2010年美国糖尿病协会(ADA)新增糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)≥6.5%糖尿病(DM)诊断标准和2003年ADA 空腹血糖(FPG)≥7.0 mmol/L的糖尿病诊断标准用于糖尿病诊断的效果,探讨HbA1c作为诊断标准的可行性.方法 对广州市海珠区568名无糖尿病史的常住居民进行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),以PG 2 h≥11.1 mmol/L为金标准,评价HbA1c和FPG诊断DM的敏感度和特异度.结果 根据2010年ADA中HbA1c≥6.5%的标准,诊断DM的检出率为6.34%,2003年ADA标准中FPG≥7.0 mmol/L诊断DM的检出率为7.8%.HbA1c≥6.5%和FPG≥7.0 mmol/L的敏感度分别为35.0%和37.3%,特异度分别为99%和98%.HbA1c和FPG两种诊断方法的吻合系数为K=0.57.结论 HbA1c≥6.5%与FPG≥7.0 mmol/L吻合度较好.作为诊断标准,HbA1c与FPG无明显差别.     

老年2型糖尿病患者尿液白蛋白水平与糖代谢指标的关系探讨

目的：探讨老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者尿液白蛋白水平与糖代谢指标之间的关系。方法选择2015年1月—2016年5月我院诊治的老年T2DM患者350例,测定尿白蛋白肌酐比值（UACR）、空腹血浆葡萄糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）和餐后2 h葡萄糖（2 hPG）。结果大量白蛋白尿组（UACR≥300 mg/g）患者FPG、HbA1c和2hPG均高于微量白蛋白尿组（30≤UACR<300 mg/g）患者水平,微量白蛋白尿组患者FPG、HbA1c和2hPG均高于正常白蛋白尿组（UACR<30 mg/g）患者水平（P<0.05）。196例FPG<7.0 mmol/L的患者微量白蛋白尿和大量白蛋白尿发病率均显著低于154例FPG≥7.0 mmol/L患者（P<0.05）。203例HbA1c<6.5%患者微量白蛋白尿和大量白蛋白尿发病率均显著低于147例HbA1c≥6.5%患者（P<0.05）。结论老年T2DM患者尿液白蛋白水平与FPG、HbA1c和2hPG含量呈正相关。     

糖化血红蛋白与空腹血糖诊断糖尿病效果的比较

目的 比较2010年美国糖尿病协会（ADA）新增糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）≥6.5%糖尿病（DM）诊断标准和2003年ADA 空腹血糖（FPG）≥7.0mmol/L的糖尿病诊断标准用于糖尿病诊断的效果,探讨HbA1c作为诊断标准的可行性。方法 对广州市海珠区568名无糖尿病史的常住居民进行75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,以PG2h≥11.1mmol/L为金标准,评价HbA1c和FPG诊断DM的敏感度和特异度。结果 根据2010年ADA中HbA1c≥6.5%的标准诊断DM的检出率为6.34%,2003年ADA标准中FPG≥7.0mmol/L诊断DM的检出率为7.8%。HbA1c≥6.5%和FPG≥7.0mmol/L的敏感度分别为35.0%和37.3%,特异度分别为99%和98%。HbA1c和FPG两种诊断方法的吻合系数为κ=0.57。结论HbA1c≥6.5%与FPG≥7.0mmol/L吻合度较好。作为诊断标准,HbA1c与FPG无明显差别。 【关键词】糖化血红蛋白; 空腹血糖 ;糖尿病 ;诊断标准     

安丘市2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白控制及药物情况调查

目的探讨安丘市2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)控制情况,并分析血糖控制治疗方法与治疗方法血糖控制的关系。方法采用横断面研究方法,将患者药物情况及糖化血红蛋白等实验室检查,填写调查表。结果 HbA1c≥6.5%的患者占76.9%;HbA1c未达标组的病程、WHR、BMI高于达标组(P<0.05)。结论安丘市T2DM患者有相当比例没有达到《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》推荐标准,应进一步提高糖尿病教育及管理水平,强调血糖监测及控制糖化血红蛋白达标的重要性,预防各种并发症的发生。     

糖化血红蛋白在2型糖尿病诊断中的应用

糖尿病（ diabetes mellitus,DM）是一组以慢性血糖水平增高为特征的代谢性疾病,是由胰岛素分泌和（或）作用缺陷引起。早期发现、早期诊断、及时干预是降低 T2DM 及其并发症的关键。2010年美国糖尿病协会（ADA）将糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）≥6.5%作为T2DM的诊断标准之一,并将其作为评价糖尿病患者长期血糖控制的“金标准”。现对HbA1 c在T2DM诊断中的应用做一综述。     

疑似糖尿病患者中HbA1c诊断糖尿病应用价值及其切点研究

目的评价糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)在疑似糖尿病患者中诊断糖尿病(DM)的应用价值及其诊断切点。方法研究对象来自2011年1～12月来笔者医院健康体检疑似糖尿病患者,共计1108名,男性636例,女性472例,年龄31～93岁(62.7±13.2岁)。研究对象行空腹口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)并同时测定HbA1c。按1999年世界卫生组织糖尿病诊断标准,以OGTT作为诊断DM的金标准。结果 1108例疑似DM患者中诊断为DM的患者298例(26.9%),空腹血糖受损(IFG)及糖耐量受损(IGT)患者428例(38.6%),正常糖代谢者382(34.5%)。受试者特征工作曲线分析显示,HbAlc诊断DM的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.881(95%CI:0.861～0.900),与空腹血糖(FPG)诊断DM的AUC为0.899(95%CI:0.880～0.916)无显著性差异(P=0.205)。以HbAlc≥6.2%为切点诊断DM的灵敏度为79.2%,显著高于FPG≥7.0mmol/L的65.8%和HbA1c≥6.5%的67.4%。结论在无法采用FPG或OGTT诊断DM时,HbA1c可用于DM的诊断;HbA1c≥6.2%是比较适合的DM诊断切点。     

冠心病合并糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白水平与冠状动脉Gensini评分的关系

目的探讨冠心病合并糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平与冠状动脉Gensini评分的关系.方法对2011-3.1-2012-3.1在我院住院由冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的糖尿病患者123例测定其HbA1c值,根据HbA1c值,分为血糖控制良好组(HbA1c<6.5%)共40例、血糖控制不良组(HbA1c≥6.5%)共83例;并通过Gensini评分系统对其冠状动脉进行评分.结果血糖控制良好组患者Gensini评分显著大于血糖控制不佳组;Gensini评分与糖化血红蛋白呈正相关.结论糖化血红蛋白可以作为预测冠状动脉病变严重程度指标之一.     

2型糖尿病患者血糖控制与内脏脂肪指数的关系

目的：探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)患者血糖控制情况与内脏脂肪指数(visceral adiposity index, VAI)的关系。方法：采用流行病学现场调查的方法,对社区40岁及以上T2DM患者人口学特征、生活习惯、疾病史、家族史、服药史等资料进行收集,并进行体格检查及空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c)、血脂等指标的血生化检测。以HbA1c ≥7.0%作为血糖控制不良的标准,分析其与不同水平VAI的关系。结果：共纳入1 607例研究对象,平均年龄为(59.4±8.1)岁,平均糖尿病病程为(7.0±6.4)年,其中78.3%在接受降糖治疗。按VAI四分位数升高的次序将研究对象分为Q1、Q2、Q3和Q4组,其血糖控制不良率依次为60.6%、65.7%、70.1%和71.0% (趋势χ2=12.20, P<0.001)。Logistic回归模型调整年龄、性别、收缩压、舒张压、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、吸烟情况、心脑血管疾病史、降糖治疗情况、糖尿病病程及家族史后显示,T2DM患者血糖控制情况与VAI水平关联显著。与Q1组研究对象相比,Q2、Q3和Q4组血糖控制不良的OR值分别为1.239 (95% CI 0.918~1.672)、1.513 (95% CI 1.117~2.050)和1.535 (95% CI 1.128~2.088, 趋势P=0.003);VAI每升高一个四分位数,血糖控制不良OR值为1.162 (95% CI 1.054~1.282)。结论：T2DM患者血糖控制情况与VAI显著相关,VAI水平高预示血糖控制不佳。     

Determinants for inadequate glycaemic control in Chinese patients with mild-to-moderate type 2 diabetes on oral antidiabetic drugs alone

Background  Prevalence of inadequate glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains high. We assessed glycaemic control in the real-life practice among people with T2DM in metropolises in China who were treated with oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) alone and to determine factors associated with inadequate glycaemic control in this population.

Methods  An observational, cross-sectional multicentre study was conducted in 16 metropolitan medical centers. People with T2DM who had been followed-up before the index visit which occurred from January to September 2007 were included in the study. All subjects were ≥30 years of age at the time of T2DM diagnosis and had received monotherapy or combination therapy of OAD for at least 6 months. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. The main study outcome was the inadequate glucose control rate, which was calculated by the proportion of patients with haemoglobin A_1C (HbA_1C) ≥6.5% detected on the index visit.

Results  In this cohort of 455 patients with T2DM whose mean age was 60.6 years and mean disease duration was 6.1 years, 45.5% had inadequate glycaemic control. The mean (SD) HbA_1C was 6.7% (1.3). Multivariate Logistic regression showed that physical inactivity, disease duration >10 years, body mass index (BMI) ≥24 kg/m², low homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) index, less frequency of medical visit and hypertriglyceridaemia were independent determinants of inadequate glycaemic control. Higher incidence of self-reported hypoglycemia experience (47.1% vs. 34.8%, P=0.008) and more fear of hypoglycemia quantified by Worry subscale of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey (HFS) II were happened in subjects with good glycemic control.

Conclusion  Approximately one half of these outpatients with T2DM from the metropolitan medical centers in China had inadequate glycaemic control treated with OAD alone, which raises the need for more effective educational and therapeutic approaches on management of hypertriglycemia, enhancing physical exercise and weight control, and at the same time, lowering the hypoglycemic risk and diminishing the hypoglycemic fear of patients.

     

2型糖尿病中血糖达标对肾小管重吸收功能的影响

目的:调查分析2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者中血糖达标对肾小管重吸收功能的影响。方法:收集149例住院T2DM患者和50例正常对照者的血液和尿液,测定糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、尿α1微球蛋白（α1-MG）、尿肌酐浓度,计算尿α1-微球蛋白尿肌酐比值(α1/CR)。根据HbA1c水平将糖尿病患者分为血糖达标（HbA1c <7%）和不达标（HbA1c ≥7%）两组,分析两组间肾小管重吸收功能指标之间的差异。结果:2型糖尿病组的尿α1/CR水平显著高于对照组（P＜0.001）,其中血糖达标和不达标两组间的尿α1-MG （P =0.309）和 α1/CR（P =0.838）不存在显著性差异。结论:在2型糖尿病患者中广泛存在肾小管重吸收功能损伤,控制血糖达标能否改善肾小管重吸收功能尚不明确,有待进一步研究。     

2型糖尿病患者抑郁情绪对血糖控制的影响

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者抑郁情绪对血糖控制的影响.方法 应用Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)评估抑郁情况,276例T2DM患者分为SDS≥53分(A组)、SDS＜53分(B组).比较两组糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等,分析T2DM患者血糖控制的影响因素.结果 T2DM患者SDS标准分与HbA1c呈正相关(r=0.26,P＜0.05).多元回归分析显示T2DM患者SDS标准分与HbA1c仍相关(β=0.30,t=5.1,P＜0.05).A组HbA1c水平高于B组(t=3.685,P＜0.05);当校正性别、年龄、受教育程度等因素后,A组HbA1c仍高于B组(F=47.8,P＜0.05).结论 抑郁情绪不利于T2DM患者血糖控制.     

Glycemic variability in insulin treated type 2 diabetes with well-controlled hemoglobin A1c and its response to further treatment with acarbose

Background  Glycemic variability, an HbA1c-independent risk factor, has more deleterious effects than sustained hyperglycemia in the development of diabetic complications. This study analyzed the characteristics of glycemic variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with HbA1c <6.5% in duration of twice daily premixed insulin treatment and the effect of further treatment with acarbose.

Methods  Eighty-six T2DM patients who used premixed insulin analogue (insulin aspart 30) twice daily and had HbA1c <6.5% and 20 controlled subjects with normal glucose regulation (NGR) were monitored using the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system. The mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), mean of daily differences (MODD) were used for assessing intra-day, inter-day glycemic variability. Hypoglycemia was defined as glucose level <3.9 mmol/L for at least 15 minutes in CGM. According to reference values of MAGE, T2DM patients were classified into two groups: low-MAGE group with MAGE <3.4 mmol/L (L-MAGE) and high-MAGE group with MAGE ≥3.4 mmol/L (H-MAGE). H-MAGE group received further treatment with acarbose for 2 weeks and was monitored a second time with CGM system.

Results  After first CGM, L-MAGE group had 41 cases, and H-MAGE group had 45 cases. The MAGE and MODD of T2DM group were all higher than those of subjects with NGR (P <0.01). Twenty-four percent (n=11) in H-MAGE group had a total of 13 hypoglycemic events, 10 of the 13 events occurred at night, meanwhile 5% (n=2) in L-MAGE group had a total of 2 hypoglycemic events, which also occurred at night (hypoglycemic events: 24% vs. 5%, χ²=6.40, P <0.01). MAGE value was correlated with hypoglycemia value and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose value (r=–0.32 and 0.26, respectively, P <0.05). After further acarbose therapy and secondly CGM, MAGE and MODD values in H-MAGE group were all significantly decreased (40%, P <0.01, and 15%, P <0.05, respectively), but remained higher than in the subjects with NGR (P <0.05); 2% (n=1) had a total of 1 hypoglycemic event, incidence significantly decreased (2% vs. 24%, χ²=9.61, P <0.01).

Conclusions  CGM system can detect the glycemic variability and asymptomatic hypoglycemic events of T2DM with well-controlled HbA1c in duration of insulin treatment. Combination therapy of premixed insulin twice daily with acarbose can flat glycemic variability and decrease hypoglycemic events.

     

基线25(OH)D水平与2型糖尿病发病风险无相关性:基于5044例人群的前瞻性队列研究

目的 探讨甘肃兰州城关区中老年人群基线血清25（OH）D水平与2型糖尿病（T2DM）发病和血糖控制的相关性。方法 选取2011年开展的“REACTION”研究兰州地区40~75岁居民的资料并于2014年开始随访,对2次调查资料完整的5044例对象进行研究。根据25（OH）D四分位水平将基线人群分为Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4组,比较不同糖代谢状态下各组的糖尿病发病情况和血糖控制情况及其相关性。结果（1）基线25（OH）D水平与空腹血糖（FPG）、OGTT-2h后血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）无相关性（P>0.05）;（2）平均随访3.4±0.6年后发现,无论在正常糖耐量人群中还是在糖调节受损患者中,与Q1组相比,Q2、Q3、Q4组的糖尿病前期亦或糖尿病的发病风险均未见显著降低（P>0.05）;（3）T2DM患者随访后血糖控制达标率高于随访前（63.4% vs 60.6%）,且随访后的HbA1c、FPG、2h-PG水平较随访前明显下降,但与Q1组比较,无论是血糖控制达标率还是HbA1c、FPG、 2h-PG水平,Q2、Q3、Q4组随访前后的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 本研究尚未发现基线25（OH）D水平的高低与糖尿病的发病风险及T2DM患者的血糖控制情况有关。     

糖尿病患者不同 HbA1c控制水平的肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿临床和超声特征

目的：比较糖尿病（DM）患者不同血糖控制水平下肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿（KPLA）的临床和超声特征。方法146例糖尿病肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿（KPLA‐DM ）患者根据糖化产物血红蛋白A1c（HbA1c）水平分为3组（控制好,HbA1c≤7％;控制良好,7％＜ HbA1c≤9％;控制差,HbA1c＞9％）。分别比较3组的一般情况、临床特点、超声特征及并发症情况。结果与血糖控制好和良好的患者相比,血糖控制差的患者发病年龄低、住院时间更长（P＜0．05）;更易合并高脂血症、慢性肾功能不全等基础疾病（P＜0．05）;并发症及需积极抢救的临床危象多见;转移性感染多发（P＜0．05）。KPLA‐DM可呈特征性的片状、团块状增强回声超声图像,血糖控制差的患者胆道系统积气、肝静脉血栓形成发生率较其他两组明显增高（P＜0．05）。结论 KPLA‐DM 超声图像具有特征性,超声观察到的胆道系统积气及肝静脉血栓形成与KPLA‐DM 患者血糖控制差相关,提示可能存在转移性感染等并发症。     

Therapy in type 2 diabetes: insulin glargine vs. NPH insulin both in combination with glimepiride

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients often fail to achieve adequate glycemic control with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). Insulin has been shown to improve glycemic control in these patients but with increased risk of hypoglycemia. This study compared the efficacy and safety of insulin glargine and NPH insulin, both in combination with a once-daily fixed dose of glimepiride, in terms of glycemic control and incidence of hypoglycemia. METHODS: In this open-label, 24-week randomized trial in ten Latin American countries, T2DM patients poorly controlled on OADs (HbA1c > or = 7.5 and < or = 10.5%) received glimepiride plus insulin glargine (n = 231) or NPH insulin (n = 250) using a forced titration algorithm. The primary endpoint was the equivalence of 24-week mean changes in HbA1c. RESULTS: Insulin glargine and NPH insulin achieved similar HbA1c reductions (adjusted mean difference -0.047; 90% CI -0.232, 0.138; per-protocol analysis). Confirmed nocturnal hypoglycemia was significantly lower with insulin glargine vs. NPH insulin (16.9 vs. 30.0%; p <0.01; safety analysis). Patients receiving insulin glargine were significantly more likely to achieve HbA1c levels < 7.0% without hypoglycemia (27 vs. 17%; p = 0.014; per-protocol analysis). There was a more pronounced treatment satisfaction improvement with insulin glargine vs. NPH insulin (p <0.02; full analysis). The proportion of patients who lost time from work or normal activities due to diabetes was lower with insulin glargine vs. NPH (1.8 vs. 3.3%; full analysis). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with T2DM, inadequately controlled on OADs, once-daily insulin glargine plus glimepiride is effective in improving metabolic control with a reduced incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia compared with NPH insulin.