The “PErFecTED Technique”: Proximal Embolization First,Then Embolize Distal for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Prostatic artery embolization requires a refined technique to achieve good imaging and clinical success. The PErFecTED (Proximal Embolization First, Then Embolize Distal) technique has produced greater prostate ischemia and infarction than previously described methods with clinical improvement of lower urinary symptoms and lower recurrence rates. The microcatheter should cross any collateral branch to the bladder, rectum, corpus cavernosum, gonad, or penis and be placed distally into the prostatic artery before its branching to the central gland and peripheral zone. This technique allows better distribution of embolic material in the intraprostatic arteries and reduces risk of spasm or thrombus. Because benign prostatic hyperplasia develops primarily in the periurethral region of the prostate, the urethral group of arteries should be embolized first. Subsequent distal investigation and embolization completes occlusion and stasis of blood flow to the prostatic parenchyma. Since we added the second step to the PErFecTED technique, we have observed infarcts in all patients submitted to prostatic artery embolization.     

Per rectal ultrasound in the investigation of prostatic disease

Primary prostatic disease is usually assessed by digital palpation of the prostate. This method lacks objectivity and has been shown to be inaccurate, especially in the staging of primary prostatic cancer. This paper describes the investigation of 200 subjects using per rectal ultrasound. Of 70 patients with histological evidence of carcinoma of the prostate, 96% were correctly diagnosed ultrasonically and 87% correctly diagnosed by digital palpation. Of the 37 patients with ultrasonic evidence of a capsular breach, only 65% were diagnosed as such by digital palpation. A study of 10 cadaver specimens confirmed the accuracy of per rectal ultrasound as a technique for staging primary prostatic cancer . The ultrasonic appearances of the prostate, seminal vesicles and bladder base are described. Per rectal ultrasound is acceptable to patients, and its use is recommended in all cases where accurate assessment of primary prostatic cancer is required.     

Prostatic pathology imaged by magnetic resonance. 58 cases

Forty-eight patients with prostatic disease (benign prostatic hyperplasia (B.P.H.), carcinoma, cysts, myoma and prostatitis) and 10 normal volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging (M.R.I.) of the prostate. The prostatic parenchyma was best evaluated by a T2-weighted spin-echo pulse sequence. The prostate in patients with B.P.H. often had a homogeneous or more rarely a nodular appearance on T2-weighted images. In most cases, a peripheral dark rim is observed. All prostate in patients with carcinoma had an heterogeneous appearance on T2-weighted images. While most of the prostatic carcinomas appeared hypo-intense relative to adjacent prostatic parenchyma, some of the neoplasms had a high or mixed-high and low signal. The myoma showed a low-signal nodule like carcinoma. The cyst appears as a liquid tumor. The prostatitis had an homogeneous bright signal. With the used methodology, MRI can differentiate prostatic diseases in many cases. Nevertheless the technique has to be optimized to improve its accuracy.     

Prostatic gland arteriography. Vascular supply, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of adenoma and carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]

Vascular supply and architecture of the prostate are studied by 100 arteriographic surveys of the pelvis. The prostatic arterial supply can be differentiated in urethral and capsular branches. In a further group of 38 patients with prostate gland disease selective bilateral arteriographies of the internal iliac arteries were performed. In 18 patients with the clinical diagnosis of prostatic adenoma, arteriography detected a carcinoma of the prostate gland. These diagnoses were proven by microscopy. In 10 patients with clinically suspected carcinoma, 5 were diagnosed by arteriography as malignant and also confirmed microscopically. The predominant angiographic criteria of prostatic carcinoma are irregular spotted stain of the involved parenchyma, hypervascularity of the urethral vascular branches, and pathological vessels.     

焦磷酸测序技术对前列腺癌GSTP1、CDH1、p16基因甲基化的检测研究

目的建立前列腺癌的焦磷酸测序技术为基础DNA甲基化的定量分析方法,并比较良性前列腺增生和前列腺癌组织中GSTP1、CDH1和p16基因DNA甲基化差异,为临床早期诊断前列腺癌奠定基础。方法取前列腺癌组织和良性前列腺增生组织石蜡切片标本,使用焦磷酸测序仪定量检测GSTP1、CDH1和p16基因启动子甲基化状态。结果前列腺癌组织与良性前列腺增生组织比较GSTP1基因超甲基化率为56%(14/25),CDH1基因超甲基化率为32%(8/25),p16基因超甲基化率为20%(5/25)。其中GSTP1、CDH1基因有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论 GSTP1、CDH1基因在前列腺癌组织中甲基化程度可作为前列腺癌早期诊断的标志物,焦磷酸测序实时定量检测DNA甲基化技术是快速、灵敏、高通量的检测方法。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the internal anatomy of the prostate gland

Previous reports on the value of magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate have been conflicting and frequently pessimistic, in part because of inability to visualize internal prostatic anatomy. Multiple spin-echo sequences were used to determine a sequence that clearly delineated the internal prostatic anatomy in normal volunteers. A thin section, T2-weighted, spin-echo technique displayed the internal prostatic anatomy in great detail, including the central and peripheral zones, the prostatic urethra, and the periprostatic venous plexus. Accurate depiction of the zonal anatomy of the prostate is important in characterizing focal prostatic disease because the vast majority of carcinomas begin within the peripheral zone, whereas benign hypertrophy originates centrally.     

超选择前列腺动脉栓塞术治疗TURP术后复发的前列腺增生的临床疗效

目的超选择前列腺动脉栓塞术（PAE）治疗经尿道前列腺电切（TURP）复发后的前列腺增生的有效性和安全性分析。 方法收集2018年1月—2020年8月经TURP治疗前列腺增生复发后行超选择前列腺动脉栓塞术的患者资料10例。采用Seldinger技术穿刺成功后,将5F的Cobra导管选择至左侧髂内动脉造影,采用同轴微导管技术将1.98F微导管超选择至左侧前列腺动脉造影。采用300~500 μm的栓塞微球对前列腺动脉进行栓塞,同样方法处理右侧前列腺动脉。比较术前和术后3、6、12个月的国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、生活质量评分（QoL）、最大尿流率（Qmax）和前列腺体积（PV）。 结果10例患者均成功行双侧前列腺动脉栓塞术,技术成功率100%。术后3、6、12个月的IPSS、QoL、Qmax和PV与术前比较,差别均具有统计学意义（P < 0.001）。术后4例出现了会阴部灼烧感,2例患者出现会阴部疼痛,所有的并发症在发生后1周内消失,无严重的并发症发生。 结论对于TURP复发后的良性前列腺增生的患者,PAE能明显改善IPSS、QoL、Qmax和PV,疗效明确,并且安全性好。     

Noise-reduced prostatic MR imaging. Work in progress

Measurement-dependent filtering, a nonlinear noise-reduction technique, was used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of in vivo T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of the prostate gland. In both normal and abnormal prostates, the technique considerably reduced noise in T2-weighted images. The technique may provide more accurate depiction of regions of benign prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma in the prostate.     

Methodologic basis for the radioimmunoassay of endogenous LH-like activity in human prostatic tissue

The aim of this study was to develop a technique for the radioimmunological determination of the activity of LH-like substances in the human prostate. The material comprised 19 specimens of prostatic tissue obtained during transbladder extirpation in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tissues of human testes and human sceletal muscle were used as controls. The method adopted for LH extraction from the membrane fraction of human prostatic tissue appeared to be sufficiently specific, accurate and sensitive for routine laboratory investigations. The concentrations of the LH-like immunoreactivity in human testicular tissue was found to be 57, 46 and 70 mU per g of the membrane fraction while those of the prostatic gland tissues ranged from 34 to 155 mU per g of the membrane fraction. However such LH-like substance was not found in human sceletal muscle tissue. It seems that the LH-type activity is an indirect proof for the existence of LH receptors in the human prostate.     

Prostatic urethra: experimental dilation in dogs

An animal study was undertaken to develop a balloon dilation technique that could be used in humans to treat the common ailment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Dogs were used as a model because of the similarities in the prostate between the two species and the ready availability of the canines. A retrograde transurethral approach was used for dilation. Balloon catheters, 8-20 mm in diameter, were used. Significant, long-lasting dilatation of the prostatic urethra was not accomplished until 20-mm balloons (or two 10-mm ones) inflated for 10 minutes were used. The animals were followed for up to 14 months. No deleterious histologic effects of dilation were identified within the urethra or prostate that could lead to stenosis of the prostatic urethra in later stages.     

前列腺腺癌中EPCA的表达及意义

目的 评价早期前列腺癌抗原(early prostate cancel antigen,EPCA)在前列腺腺癌活检标本病理诊断中的应用价值.方法 观察EPCA在196例前列腺腺癌和相关疾病[良性前列腺增生(BPH)、前列腺上皮内肿瘤(PIN)、不典型小腺体增生(ASAP)、炎症性萎缩后增生(PIA)]前列腺标本中的免疫...     

Elastography in the detection of prostatic cancer

We describe a simple, practical technique for producing elastography images of the prostate. Our standard technique for the detection of prostatic cancer is ultrasound guided systematic biopsy of the prostate, with extra targeted biopsies of any abnormal areas detected by grey-scale ultrasound. The aim of this study to determine whether adding elastography imaging with targeted biopsies of abnormal areas detects more cancers. The results of elastography imaging were evaluated against grey-scale images and biopsy data in 100 patients. Elastography detected an additional 5 cancers in the 100 patients and detected an extra 3 patients with cancer at the expense of 8 extra biopsies. This represents a significant improvement in the detection rate of prostatic cancer.     

Prostatic Artery Embolization (PAE) for Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Part 2, Insights into the Technical Rationale

Rationale of prostatic artery embolization (PAE) in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia is conventionally believed to include two parts: shrinkage of the enlarged prostate gland as a result of PAE-induced ischemic infarction and potential effects to relax the increased prostatic smooth muscle tone by reducing the number and density of α₁-adrenergic receptor in the prostate stroma. This review describes new insights into the likely mechanisms behind PAE, such as ischemia-induced apoptosis, apoptosis enhanced by blockage of androgens circulation to the embolized prostate, secondary denervation following PAE, and potential effect of nitric oxide pathway immediately after embolization. Studies on therapeutic mechanisms in PAE may shed light on potentially new treatment strategies and development of novel techniques.     

Prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia: inability of MR imaging to distinguish between the two diseases

Forty patients with prostatic carcinoma or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the prostate. In vitro MR images of six prostate specimens were also obtained. The prostatic parenchyma was best evaluated by a T2-weighted spin-echo pulse sequence. The prostate both in patients with prostatic carcinoma and patients with BPH often had an inhomogeneous and nodular appearance on T2-weighted images. While most of the prostatic carcinomas appeared hyperintense relative to muscle and adjacent prostatic parenchyma, some of the hyperplastic nodules had a signal intensity similar to carcinoma. With current imaging techniques, MR imaging cannot differentiate prostatic carcinoma from BPH with certainty.     

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomy of the prostate and application of MRI in radiotherapy planning

Radiotherapy planning for prostate carcinoma has traditionally been performed on computed tomography (CT)-images, on which both the high dose areas (prostate with or without seminal vesicles) as well as the low dose areas (surrounding structures, such as the rectum and bladder) are anatomically delineated. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides much more information than CT; it can superbly demonstrate the internal prostatic anatomy, prostatic margins and the extent of prostatic tumours. Hence, MRI becomes a powerful tool to improve the accuracy of planning delineations in radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma and is rapidly gaining popularity in the radiotherapy community. The present paper reviews some important anatomical landmarks and acquisition protocols relevant to radiotherapy planning and explains the rationale and importance of close collaboration between radiotherapists and radiologists in optimizing radiotherapy for patients with prostate carcinoma.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the efficacy of specific inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase in canine spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia.

A leading role for prostatic levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia is well established, if incompletely understood. The present study provides initial confirmation that 5 alpha-reductase inhibition alone is sufficient to prevent prostatic accumulation of DHT and to produce epithelial regression in the canine prostate. In dogs treated with the specific 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride, prostatic volume decreased to one-third of the baseline volume, while the prostatic concentration of DHT fell fivefold: both were constant in placebo control dogs. Demonstration that MR imaging can serve as accurate modality to assess prostatic volume was provided by serial measurements of the canine prostate and by correlation of the last imaging measurement with the weight of the excised prostate. Significant intensity changes were observed in T2-weighted images measured post-treatment; these changes correlated with the histopathology of the prostate. These results suggest that beyond quantifying regression, multiecho T2 measurements can be useful in probing accompanying changes occurring on the cellular level.     

MRI对前列腺癌的诊断与分期

目的：探讨高场强MRI在前列腺癌的诊断和分期中的作用。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的26例前列腺癌的高场强MRI资料,并与病理结果和临床分期对照。结果：26例前列腺癌中MRI诊断前列腺炎2例,前列腺增生4例,前列腺癌20例,其中B期5例,C期13例,D期2例,定性诊断符合率为76.9%,20例前列腺癌分期符合率为85%;典型的前列腺癌在T1像呈稍低信号,与正常前列腺组织接近,在T2像上表现为正常较高信号的周围带内出现异常低信号灶,增强扫描多数早期较明显强化。结论：高场强MRI对前列腺癌诊断与分期有重要价值。     

前列腺特异性抗原密度在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)对良性前列腺增生与前列腺癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法采集80名健康人、160例良性前列腺增生患者和60例前列腺癌患者的血清,用化学发光免疫法测定前列腺特异性抗原(PSA),腹部前列腺B超检查计算前列腺体积,计算前列腺特异性抗原密度。结果前列腺癌患者PSA和PSAD水平分别为(82.66±20.62)μg/L和(0.68±0.2),前列腺癌患者中PSA和PSAD水平明显高于前列腺增生患者。160例良性前列腺增生患者血清PSA水平为4~10μg/L,明显高于正常对照组,前列腺癌组中PSA>10μg/L和PSAD>0.2明显高于前列腺增生患者。血清PSA>10μg/L诊断前列腺癌的敏感性和特异性分别为50.0%和91.3%,PSAD诊断前列腺癌的敏感性和特异性为96.7%和85.0%。结论 PSAD是诊断前列腺癌更敏感、更有效的指标,在前列腺癌和良性前列腺增生中有鉴别意义。     

MR depiction of zonal anatomy of the prostate at 1.5 T

Previous reports of magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate have described a homogeneous appearance to the normal prostate gland. The T2-weighted images of the normal prostate obtained at higher field strength (1.5 T) reveal an inhomogeneous appearance of the normal gland, with apparent differentiation of normal prostatic zones having differing histology. The anterior fibromuscular tissue of the normal prostate, the glandular tissue comprising the central zone of the prostate, and the glandular tissue of the peripheral zone of the prostate can be differentiated by differences in intensity in the T2-weighted images. The ability to differentiate histologically distinct regions of the normal prostate may be important since clinically important prostatic diseases (benign prostatic hypertrophy and carcinoma) arise in different prostatic zones.     

老年前列腺疾病的CT诊断（附120例分析）

为了估价ＣＴ对前列腺疾病诊断的价值，笔者对１２０例全部经ＣＴ检查的病例作了研究。有关前列腺大小与年龄的关系，在１２０例中其大小尽管有随年龄增长而有所增大的趋势，但均未超过正常数值范围。１２０例中３６例为前列腺癌，８４例前列腺肥大。ＣＴ表现为密度不均、结节、精囊角变钝或消失；此多见于前列腺癌，亦见于前列腺肥大。然而ＣＴ的复合征象主要见于前列腺癌，只是阳性率相对较少。重要的是ＣＴ对前列腺的良、恶性鉴别是困难的。但对病变的延伸范围及前列腺癌的分期可提供较可靠的依据。