小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡自控镇痛治疗晚期癌痛的临床研究

目的:观察小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡硬膜外、静脉或皮下自控镇痛用于顽固性中、重度晚期癌痛患者的可行性及止痛效果。方法:选择78例中、重度晚期癌痛患者,均为虽经三阶梯药物治疗方案治疗未能很好地控制疼痛,同时毒副作用较大的患者。按是否可以行硬膜外穿刺置管分成三组,硬膜外自控镇痛(patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)组(n=28例)、静脉自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)组(n=24例)和皮下自控镇痛(patient controlled skinanalgesia,PCSA)组(n=26例)。采用硬膜外自控镇痛组,镇痛液为200 ml,内含吗啡20 mg+氯胺酮100 mg。静脉和皮下自控镇痛组200 ml内含吗啡80 mg+氯胺酮400 mg。分别在安装止痛泵后24小时、48小时采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评估疼痛程度,统计两组不良反应的发生率。结果:经治疗,三组病例疼痛明显缓解。三组间视觉模拟评分各时段无统计学差异(P>0.05)。吗啡和氯胺酮用量PCIA组和PCSA组明显多于PCEA组。PCEA组生活总满意度明显高于PCIA组和PCSA组。恶心呕吐、便秘、嗜睡、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留PCIA组和PCSA组明显高于PCEA组。呼吸抑制、幻觉发生率三组无差异。结论:本研究结果表明,小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡硬膜外、静脉或皮下自控镇痛都可以有效治疗中/重度晚期顽固性癌痛。经硬膜外小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡自控镇痛具有镇痛作用强、用药量少、副作用小等优点。     

吗啡联合右美托咪定静脉自控镇痛用于难治性癌痛的临床研究

目的:探讨右美托咪定联合吗啡静脉病人自控镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia, PCIA)用于晚期难治性癌痛病人的效果及安全性。方法:选取晚期难治性癌痛病人119例,随机分为对照组(59例)和右美托咪定组(简称右美组,60例),对照组单纯使用吗啡注射剂,右美组使用吗啡联合右美托咪定注射剂,所有病人均采用PCIA给药。记录或评估PCIA前,PCIA后1 d、2 d、10 d、20 d和30 d病人的疼痛数字评分(numerical rating scale, NRS)、吗啡及右美托咪定的使用剂量、病人的生活质量、满意度和不良反应。结果:PCIA治疗后两组病人的NRS评分在各个时间段均显著低于治疗前(P <0.01),而在同一时间段两组病人的NRS评分无显著性差异。随着治疗时间的延长,两组病人使用吗啡剂量逐渐增多(P <0.05),但PCIA治疗后的各个时间点,右美组所需的吗啡剂量显著低于对照组(P <0.01)。随着治疗时间的延长,右美托咪定的注射量逐渐升高,在PCIA治疗2 d后的各个时间点,右美托咪定的增幅不显著。与PCIA前相比,两组病人PCIA治疗2 d、10 d、20 d和30 d的生活质量得分和满意度得分均显著改善(P <0.01),两组病人之间无显著性差异。PCIA后,两组病人便秘和恶心呕吐的人数逐渐增加,并且在PCIA治疗2 d时出现嗜睡的副作用,而右美组便秘、恶心呕吐和嗜睡的发生率显著低于对照组。结论:右美托咪定联合吗啡PCIA治疗晚期难治性癌痛可以明显的改善病人的疼痛和生活质量,减少吗啡的用量,降低病人的不良反应发生率,是晚期难治性癌痛WHO三阶梯药物治疗以外的一种良好的辅助治疗方法,值得临床推广应用。     

盐酸羟考酮控释片治疗晚期癌症疼痛的临床应用

目的:观察盐酸羟考酮控释片(奥施康定)治疗晚期癌症中、重度疼痛的临床效果、不良反应及患者生活质量的改善情况.方法:68例中、重度疼痛患者给予奥施康定镇痛治疗,初始剂量10ms/12h,正在用吗啡类镇痛药者,按照吗啡1/2剂量换算.根据疼痛情况调整剂量,直至患者无痛或基本无痛,每位患者至少治疗15d以上,同时进行疼痛强度、生活质量评分及不良反应观察.结果:奥施康定的最终滴定剂量为:≤30 mg/d的30例(44.1%),31～60 mg/d的16例(23.5%),61～120 mg/d的18例(26.5%),≥120 mg/d的4例(5.9%).总疼痛缓解率为95.6%,其中完全缓解27例(39.7%),明显缓解33例(48.5%),中度缓解5例(7.4%).患者生活质量明显提高,不良反应少且轻微.结论:盐酸羟考酮控释片治疗中、重度癌性疼痛疗效显著,不良反应较少,能显著改善癌症患者的生活质量.     

超大剂量吗啡联合氯胺酮经自控镇痛泵治疗晚期癌痛5例临床护理

目的:探讨超大剂量吗啡联合氯胺酮经自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗晚期癌痛的效果及护理方法。方法:对5例晚期顽固性癌痛患者应用自控镇痛泵静脉泵入超大剂量吗啡以及氯胺酮治疗,采用数字评估量表法对疼痛缓解程度进行评估。结果:本组完全缓解1例,明显缓解2例,中度缓解2例,有效缓解率达100%。结论:晚期顽固性癌痛治疗中应用吗啡联合氯胺酮经自控镇痛泵静脉泵入给药,操作简便、镇痛作用强、效果满意,既可减轻反复肌内注射的痛苦,又可提高癌痛患者的生活质量。     

吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗晚期癌痛的观察及护理

目的：评价吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗晚期癌痛的效果。方法：选取15例晚期顽固性癌痛患者,应用吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗,采用视觉模拟评分法对疼痛缓解程度进行评估。结果：本组患者完全缓解1例,明显缓解2例,中度缓解8例,轻度缓解4例,有效缓解率达100%。结论：晚期顽固性癌痛治疗中应用吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入给药效果满意,且简单易行,提高了癌痛患者的生活质量。     

口服吗啡滴定和静脉吗啡滴定治疗癌性疼痛的疗效比较

目的:探讨阿片类药物治疗癌性疼痛,口服吗啡滴定和静脉吗啡滴定这两种方法的完成时间,不良反应,偏移程度及生活质量的改善情况。方法:两组癌性疼痛患者(n1=n2=30)分别进行口服吗啡滴定和静脉吗啡滴定。记录疼痛缓解程度,生活质量,不良反应,完成时间及偏移程度。结果:两种方法均能很好地缓解疼痛,口服和静脉滴定的缓解率[完全缓解(complete remission,CR)+部分缓解(partial remission,PR)]分别达到96.7%和93.3%。口服吗啡滴定在躯体功能(physicalfunction,PF)、角色功能(role function,RF)、情感功能(emotional function,EF)和认知功能(cognitivefunction,CF)提高率分别为6.8%、13.6%、8.5%和5.3%;静脉吗啡滴定组评分提高率分别为8.5%、13.0%、11.5%和7.7%;口服滴定时不良反应的发生率高于静脉滴定组(p<0.05)。口服吗啡滴定完成时间3.7±2.9天,静脉吗啡滴定完成时间2.9±2.3天(p<0.01),平均偏移程度分别是12%和19.2%。结论:口服滴定反应的吗啡消耗量准确,不良反应稍多,完成时间长,提高生活质量稍逊;而静脉滴定则相反。两种滴定方法各有优缺点,可根据患者实际情况选择使用。     

盐酸羟考酮控释片治疗老年癌痛体会

目的 观察盐酸羟考酮控释片(商品名:奥施康定),治疗老年恶性肿瘤患者中、重度疼痛的临床效果及不良反应,明确该药在治疗老年癌痛中的有效性及安全性.方法 2005年3月至2009年2月中、重度疼痛老年恶性肿瘤患者(年龄≥60岁)106例,给予盐酸羟考酮控释片镇痛治疗,初始剂量10 mg/12 h,正在用吗啡类镇痛药者,按照口服吗啡1/2剂量换算,根据疼痛情况调整剂量,直至患者无痛或基本无痛,每位患者至少治疗4周以上.同时进行疼痛强度、睡眠、食欲、疲乏、精神状态、日常生活、理解配合程度评分及不良反应观察.结果 盐酸羟考酮控释片在老年癌痛患者最小有效剂量为10 mg/d,每日剂量≥200 mg的23例(21.7%),100～180 mg/d的30例(28.2%),10～90 mg/d的53例(50.0%).疼痛缓解率为97.2%,不良反应主要表现为消化道反应(便秘、恶心和呕吐),便秘较常见,需要药物干预者26例(24.53%).结论 盐酸羟考酮控释片治疗老年中、重度癌性疼痛疗效显著,耐受性良好,不良反应较少,能很好地改善老年癌症患者的生活质量.     

晚期癌痛者使用硬膜外自控镇痛产生耐受的对策探讨

目的观察晚期癌痛患者使用硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)后逐渐产生耐受者，加大剂量的效果。方法癌症晚期剧痛使用吗啡PCEA镇痛，逐渐需增加至50mg/d以上者，根据需要逐渐增加吗啡剂量而无极量限制。结果所有病例疼痛明显缓解，睡眠和饮食均有显著改善，均保持无痛状态，带管时间为(42±28)d。硬膜外吗啡用量(118.8±41.3)mg/d，最大为180mg/d。均无明显呼吸抑制等副作用。结论晚期癌痛使用PCEA后逐渐产生耐受者，可逐渐增加吗啡用量和局麻药用量。     

吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗晚期癌痛的护理现状

癌性疼痛是中晚期肿瘤患者常见的并发症,据世界卫生组织统计,约有70％的晚期肿瘤患者伴有不同程度的疼痛,其中30％为难以忍受的剧烈疼痛［1］。癌痛患者镇痛使用吗啡无剂量限制,医师可根据患者病情需要和耐受情况决定剂量［2］。持续泵入吗啡后血清吗啡浓度维持恒定的有效水平［3］,可避免波峰和波谷现象,可取得连续稳定的镇痛效果,从而为患者最大程度的减轻痛苦。近年来,国内外学者对吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉持续泵入治疗晚期癌痛做了大量的研究和探索,本文就吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗晚期癌痛的护理干预现状进行综述,以期为临床护理工作者提供参考依据。     

舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛与吗啡硬膜外镇痛在爆发性癌痛治疗中的比较

疼痛和焦虑严重地影响了晚期癌痛患者的生存质量,有效的镇痛尤其重要.患者自控镇痛(Patientcontrolled analgesia,PCA)是国际上应用较多的止痛方法之一,通过观察晚期癌痛患者应用舒芬太尼患者自控静脉镇痛(Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)和吗啡患者自控硬膜外镇痛(Patient-controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA),来比较两种方法的临床镇痛效果和副作用,选择更适合控制爆发性癌痛的镇痛方案.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.