CR乳腺钼靶X线检查的临床应用

[目的]讨CR(计算机X摄影)成像系统在乳腺钼靶摄影中的优越性及其临床应用价值.[方法]97例乳腺病女性患者应用高频钼铑双靶乳腺机及CR系统进行计算机乳腺摄影检查,并比较图像质量及X线诊断正确率.[结果]CR乳腺钼靶X线摄影照片中甲片率为68.6%,明显优于普通铝靶乳腺X线摄影(MO)组(39.1%),两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),且CR乳腺钼靶X线摄影照片的废片率为零.此外,CR乳腺钼靶X线诊断的正确率为91.4%,显著优于MO(77.8%).[结论]CR成像系统实现了乳腺X线检查的数字化摄片,为乳腺疾病的诊断提供高质量的图像,并提高了X线诊断正确率,对乳腺癌尤其早期乳腺癌的发现及诊断有重大价值.     

X线摄影数字化——CR与DR

近100多年来，X线摄影一直是用胶片记录X线影像，即屏／片系统成像、为临床提供了高品质的影像。这种方法产生的图像质量、剂量效率以及功能效用己成为医疗成像的标准。但20世纪70年代计算机X线断层摄影（CT）出现后，推动了X线摄影数字化成像的发展。上世纪80年代MR、DSA的成熟发展使X线摄影数字化成为趋势。上世纪80年代初日本富士公司生产的CR问世，开创了X线摄影实现数字化的先河。由于CR技术不是真正意义上的直接影像数字化，人们利用现代飞速发展的晶体管制作技术和计算机技术，开发研制了DR，从而完成了X线摄影直接数字化。     

防止滥用X线检查 尽量减少医疗照射

本文分析58,121例医用X线受检者的检查结果。常规透视(包括胃肠透视)的阳性率在20％以下,摄影阳性率不到30％,其中腰椎摄影阳性率仅为12.3％。探讨了阳性率低的原因和滥用X线检查的危害,提出了尽量减少不必要的医疗照射的意见。作者认为,应用X线检查,必须做到有的放矢,才能减少医疗照射的危害。     

X线乳腺摄影质量控制与评价

X线乳腺摄影是乳腺影像学检查的主要手段,《X线乳腺摄影质量控制与评价》一文就影响X线乳腺摄影质量的因素、X线乳腺摄影控制与评价的原则、X线乳腺摄影质量的评估准则和乳腺摄影成像质量的鉴定模型作了介绍。     

数字化CR乳腺钼靶摄影和传统X线钼靶摄影比较分析

目的 探讨CR数字化摄影在乳腺摄影中的优越性及其应用价值.方法 分别随机抽取100份钼靶传统X线乳腺片与CR乳腺片,按照常规评判标准进行优、良两个等级对比评分.结果 传统X线乳腺片甲片率为20%（20/100）,CR乳腺片甲片率为95%（95/100）.结论 用普通钼靶X线机与CR系统结合实现了乳腺X线检查的数字化,对临床诊断具有很高的应用价值.     

X线摄影数字化CR与DR

近100多年来，x线摄影一直是用胶片记录x线影像，即屏／片系统成像，为临床提供了高品质的影像。这种方法产生的图像质量、剂量效率以及功能效用已成为医疗成像的标准。但二十世纪七十年代计算机x线断层摄影（CT）出现后，推动了x线摄影数字化成像的发展。上世纪八十年代MR、DSA的成熟发展使x线摄影数字化成为趋势。上世纪八十年代初13本富士公司生产的CR问世，开创了x线摄影实现数字化的先河。由于CR技术不是真正意义上的直接影像数字化，人们利用现代飞速发展的晶体管制作技术和计算机技术，开发研制了DR，从而完成了x线摄影直接数字化。     

数字X线成像设备CR和DR

从80年代FUJI公司推出第一种数字化X线系统--CR产品后的十余年后,绝大部分的X线摄影检查仍然由传统的增感屏-胶片方式摄取的.CR的发明未能带来X线摄影的全面数字化.一方面当时的价格太高;更为重要的是不能满足临床的要求.要实现放射医学影像的全面数字化,最关键的是无片化,这就是后来诞生的DR系统.     

普通X线乳腺摄影的数字化

对原有普通钼靶X线乳腺摄影机进行改装,使之与AGFACR数字图像处理系统相匹配,实现普通X线乳腺摄影数字化。     

电视遥控X线机摄影用于社区医疗的体会

我院是一个主要面向公司职工的社区型门诊部,主要工作为职工的健康体检及其社区医疗服务.自1994年起,我科使用东芝DGW-20A 500 mA电视遥控X线机进行常规X线摄影.     

CR系统在床边X线摄影中的应用

20世纪90年代开始计算机X线摄影系统（computed radiography,CR）被广泛引入临床应用,是目前一种比较成熟的数字化X线摄影技术。传统的普通X线摄片尤其是床边X线摄片,由于受到诸多人为因素的影响,影像质量难以保证,一旦摄影完成,其影像质量很难改善,反照率极高,严重影响诊断。CR成像技术充分发挥图像后处理的优越性,在充分保证信息量的前提下,不但大大提高了成功率,而且影像质量有了很大的提高。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.