继发性后半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕的诊治

目的 探讨继发性良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)的诊断和治疗。方法研究继发性后半规管BPPV的内耳疾病6例病历资料,诊断依据为病史及Dix-Hallpike试验诱导出现的眼震结果。结果 6例内耳疾病(分别为突发性聋3例, 梅尼埃病2例, 前庭神经元炎1例)伴有后半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕被确诊,通过Dix-Hallpike试验诱发出垂直扭转型眼震。结论 继发性BPPV临床较少见,常为后半规管受累,通过Dix-Hallpike试验和Epley手法复位可以确诊和治愈。     

Treatment of anterior benign paroxysmal positional vertigo by canal plugging: a case report

A 75-year-old man with incapacitating anterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) was relieved of symptoms following anterior semicircular canal occlusion using a transmastoid approach. The preoperative symptoms were similar to those of posterior canal BPPV. The preoperative findings on Dix-Hallpike's maneuver were a paroxysmal torsional nystagmus with a down-beating component that increased when the patient's gaze was directed towards the affected ear. The most provoking head movement for the vertigo/nystagmus was Dix-Hallpike's maneuver with the affected ear lowermost.     

不同变位试验在良性阵发性位置性眩晕的诊断价值

目的：探讨不同变位试验在诊断良性阵发性位置性眩晕（BPPV）中的价值。方法：对我科2000年2月～2004年4月诊断的后半规管（PC）源性良性眩晕72例,采用交叉设计,随机将其中36例先行Dix-Hallpike试验,再行侧卧试验;男36例试验排序与其相反。此后再行仰卧侧头位试验。结果：Dix-Hallpike试验和侧卧试验在诊断PC—BPPV中所得结果具有关联性（P〈0．01）,诊断阳性率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;两者裸眼观察到眼震的典型阳性反应分别为77．9％及77．1％,差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。2种试验诱发眩晕和（或）眼震具有的潜伏期、持续期及性质、方向等特征无差异。1例患者同时仰卧侧头位试验阳性,诊断同时存在PC—BPPV。结论：在诊断PC—BPPV中,侧卧试验与Dix-Hallpike具有相同的客观诊断价值。在活动受限的情形下,侧卧试验更易于操作及更具安全性,可完全取代Dix-Hallpike试验。在前2种试验出现水平眼震时应同时行仰卧头位试验,以确定是否同时伴有或为水平半规管源性病变。     

Approach to bilateral benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo

BACKGROUND: Bilateral benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (bBPPV) is rather rare, accounting for up to 10% in the reported benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (BPPV) series. Inappropriate head positioning during testing in unilateral BPPV causes the otolith debris in the uppermost ear to move toward the cupula, resulting in an inhibitory nystagmus and mimicking bBPPV. PURPOSE: We analyzed the clinical data of patients with bilaterally positive Dix-Hallpike maneuver and compared them with the characteristics of patients with unilateral BPPV. We further tried to propose a simple schematic approach to the treatment of patients with bilaterally positive Dix-Hallpike maneuver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 232 patients treated for BPPV at our dizziness clinic during 1999 to 2003 were reviewed. An algorithm used for the treatment of patients with bilaterally positive BPPV is discussed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients with bilaterally positive Dix-Hallpike test were found. Sixteen were diagnosed with bBPPV, and 12 were diagnosed with unilateral mimicking bBPPV. Thirty patients with unilateral posterior canal BPPV served as control subjects. No difference in age, sex distribution, duration of symptoms, number of treatments per ear, and recurrence was found between bBPPV and unilateral BPPV. The female sex appeared to be predisposed for more treatments. The total duration of BPPV symptoms obtained by history was found to correlate with the number of recurrences after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that bBPPV can be readily distinguished from unilateral mimicking bBPPV. Patients with bBPPV do not differ from patients with unilateral BPPV in clinical characteristics. The mechanism of otolith debris dislodgment appears to be the main cause of bilaterality, trauma being a more common trigger than other known causes of BPPV.     

Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo: diagnosis and therapy using video-oculographic control

In this prospective study, 82 patients (40 males, 42 females, aged between 15 and 80 years) with benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (BPPV) were treated with different positioning manoeuvres using video-oculographic control. The maximum age for females and males was 31 and 40 years respectively. After an interview about the special history related to vertigo imbalance symptoms and using video-oculographic control, we diagnosed 79 patients with BPPV of the posterior semicircular canal and 3 of the horizontal semicircular canal. The Dix-Hallpike and Cawthorne manoeuvres were used for the diagnosis of BPPV of the posterior semicircular canal and the McClure manoeuvre for the diagnosis of BPPV of the horizontal semicircular canal. 72% of the patients had an idiopathic BPPV and 12.2% were post-traumatic. 3.7% had BPPV after ear surgery and 2.4% were pregnant. 39 patients with posterior BPPV were treated with Semont's manoeuvre and 40 with Epley's. The 3 patients with horizontal BPPV were treated with Baloh's manoeuvre. More than half of the patients (52.5%) were free of symptoms after one session of Epley's manoeuvre and all of them after four sessions. 51.3% had no further symptoms after one session of Semont's manoeuvre and all of them after four sessions. These results, in agreement with the literature, show that the success rate of Semont's and Epley's manoeuvres is approximately the same. Video-oculographic control is helpful for the diagnosis and for the registration of the eye movements during the therapeutic manoeuvres.     

Three-dimensional eye rotation axis analysis of benign paroxysmal positioning nystagmus

We have developed a new technique for analyzing the rotation vector of eye movement with an infrared CCD camera [Imai et al.: Acta Otolaryngol 1999;119:24-28]. We used this technique to analyze the eye rotation axis of benign paroxysmal positioning nystagmus (BPPN) that was induced by the Dix-Hallpike maneuver in 14 patients with benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (BPPV). Eye rotation axes of BPPN in 8 patients were closely perpendicular to the posterior canal of the undermost ear in the provocative head position. Under the hypothesis that BPPN is due to a mechanical stimulation of the posterior canal by canalolithiasis, this finding suggested that the posterior canal of the undermost ear is the lesion. On the other hand, eye rotation axes of BPPN in the other 6 patients were closely aligned with the naso-occipital axis. It is suggested that canalolithiasis induces endolymphatic flow in both posterior and anterior canals via the common crus and the summation of the eye movements induced by stimulation of both the posterior and anterior canals rotates the eye along the naso-occipital axis.     

良性阵发性位置性眩晕的眼震图研究

目的:探讨视频眼震图(VNG)在良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)中的应用价值。方法:回顾126例BPPV患者的VNG资料,分析总结各型BPPV在Dix-Hallpike和滚转试验中VNG上的眼震特点。结果:126例BPPV患者中,后半规管BPPV(PSC-BPPV)98例(77.8%),水平半规管BPPV(HSC-BPPV)17例(13.5%),前半规管BPPV(ASC-BPPV)5例(3.9%),混合型BPPV6例(4.8%);28例PSC-BPPV记录到反转相眼震。VNG上显示PSC和ASC管石症Dix-Hallpike悬头位垂直相眼震分别向上、向下,水平相眼震均向对侧,回到坐位时眼震反向。HSC-BPPV滚转试验向两侧转头均可诱发出眼震,眼震与转头方向相同时,可判断为HSC管石症,以能够诱发较强眼震的转头侧为患侧;眼震与转头方向相反时,则为HSC嵴顶结石症,以能够诱发较弱眼震的转头侧为患侧。结论:VNG能够客观地记录BPPV患者的眼震情况,准确判断耳石所在的半规管,并且保存了眼震数据资料,可以进一步指导临床实践,值得推广。     

Surgical management for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the superior semicircular canal

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the superior semicircular canal is a rare form of BPPV. It accounts for 1% to 3% of cases. The characteristic nystagmus is positional, down‐beating, with a torsional component elicited by the Dix‐Hallpike maneuver. Symptoms of superior semicircular canal BPPV often resolve spontaneously; however, it can be refractory to repositioning maneuvers. Surgical management is described for posterior semicircular canal BPPV. To date, however, there is only one reported case of surgical management for superior semicircular canal BPPV. Here we show video documentation of positional, down‐beating nystagmus and describe a case of superior semicircular canal BPPV requiring canal occlusion with successful resolution of symptoms. Laryngoscope, 125:1965–1967, 2015     

Prospective study of positional nystagmus in 100 consecutive patients

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the various diagnoses of patients who present with positional nystagmus. METHODS: Positional maneuvers were systematically performed in the plane of the posterior canal (PC; Dix-Hallpike maneuver) and the horizontal canal (HC; patients were rolled to either side in a supine position) on 490 consecutive patients essentially referred for vertigo and/or gait unsteadiness. RESULTS: One hundred patients (20%) presented positional nystagmus. This nystagmus had a peripheral origin in 83 patients, including 80 patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). In BPPV, the PC was involved in 61 patients, the HC in 18 patients (geotropic horizontal nystagmus in 11 and ageotropic in 7; changing from geotropic to ageotropic or the reverse in 4 patients), and both the PC and HC in 1 patient. There was evidence of central positional nystagmus in 12 patients, including positional downbeat nystagmus during the Dix-Hallpike maneuver in 7 patients with various neurologic disorders, and ageotropic horizontal nystagmus during the HC maneuver in 2 patients with, respectively, cerebellar ischemia and definite migrainous vertigo. The peripheral or central origin of the positional nystagmus could not be ascertained in 5 patients, including 1 patient with probable migrainous vertigo and another with possible anterior canal BPPV. CONCLUSIONS: A rotatory-upbeat nystagmus in the context of PC BPPV, a horizontal nystagmus, whether geotropic or ageotropic, due to HC BPPV, and a positional downbeat nystagmus related to various central disorders are the 3 most common types of positional nystagmus. Geotropic horizontal positional nystagmus and, most certainly, horizontal positional nystagmus changing from geotropic to ageotropic or the reverse point to HC BPPV. In contrast, an ageotropic horizontal positional nystagmus that is not changing (from ageotropic to geotropic) may indicate a central lesion.     

Persistent positional nystagmus

Involvement of the superior semicircular canal (SSC) in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is rare. SSC BPPV is distinguished from the more common posterior semicircular canal (PSC) variant by the pattern of nystagmus triggered by the Dix-Hallpike position: down-beating torsional nystagmus in SSC BPPV versus up-beating torsional nystagmus in PSC BPPV. SSC BPPV may be readily treated at the bedside, which is a key component in excluding central causes of down-beating nystagmus. We present an unusual video case report believed to represent refractory SSC BPPV based on the pattern of nystagmus and the absence of any other central signs.     

A novel maneuver for diagnosis and treatment of torsional-vertical down beating positioning nystagmus: anterior canal and apogeotropic posterior canal BPPV

IntroductionIn patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, BPPV; a torsional-vertical down beating positioning nystagmus can be elicited in the supine straight head-hanging position test or in the Dix-Hallpike test to either side. This type of nystagmus can be explained by either an anterior canal BPPV or by an apogeotropic variant of the contralateral posterior canal BPPV Until now all the therapeutic maneuvers that have been proposed address only one possibility, and without first performing a clear differential diagnosis between them.ObjectiveTo propose a new maneuver for torsional-vertical down beating positioning nystagmus with a clear lateralization that takes into account both possible diagnoses (anterior canal-BPPV and posterior canal-BPPV).MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted on 157 consecutive patients with BPPV. The new maneuver was performed only in those with torsional-vertical down beating positioning nystagmus with clear lateralization.ResultsTwenty patients (12.7%) were diagnosed with a torsional-vertical down beating positioning nystagmus. The maneuver was performed in 10 (6.35%) patients, in whom the affected side was clearly determined. Seven (4.45%) patients were diagnosed with an anterior canal-BPPV and successfully treated. Two (1.25%) patients were diagnosed with a posterior canal-BPPV and successfully treated with an Epley maneuver after its conversion into a geotropic posterior BPPV.ConclusionThis new maneuver was found to be effective in resolving all the cases of torsional-vertical down beating positioning nystagmus-BPPV caused by an anterior canal-BPPV, and in shifting in a controlled way the posterior canal-BPPV cases of the contralateral side into a geotropic-posterior-BPPV successfully treated during the followup visit. Moreover, this new maneuver helped in the differential diagnosis between anterior canal-BPPV and a contralateral posterior canal-BPPV.     

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo due to a simultaneous involvement of both horizontal and posterior semicircular canals

From April 2001 to November 2003, we investigated 8 patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) that was suspected to simultaneously affect both the horizontal and posterior semicircular canals (HSCC and PSCC). These cases showed typical vertical-torsional nystagmus induced by the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, followed by a horizontal nystagmus. They also showed a direction-changing geotropic or apogeotropic positional nystagmus triggered by lateral head rotations in the supine position. Using the three-dimensional analysis of the positional nystagmus, the rotation axis of the positional nystagmus had a component perpendicular to the plane of PSCC and another component perpendicular to the plane of HSCC. All these findings suggest that BPPV in these patients was a combination of posterior and horizontal canal BPPV. The observation of a vertical-torsional positional nystagmus should prompt the specialist to perform not only the canalith repositioning procedure, but also to execute lateral head turns in the supine position.     

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the anterior semicircular canal: atypical clinical findings and possible underlying mechanisms

Anterior semicircular canal (ASC) lithiasis is uncommon and usually self-treated. In the rare cases when such patients seek medical advice, diagnosis requires careful consideration of the patient's symptoms and the clinical characteristics of the nystagmus triggered by the Dix-Hallpike (D-H) examination. In this study, two atypical cases of ASC benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) are presented and the relevant literature is reviewed. Regardless of their unique symptoms, both participants in this study were diagnosed with lithiasis of the left ASC. The clinical manifestations of ASC BPPV may differ significantly from typical symptoms seen in the more common posterior semicircular canal BPPV. The possible mechanisms responsible for this intriguing variance, as well as guidelines for diagnosing the affected side, are discussed.     

Clinical features of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Our understanding of the pathomechanism of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) has improved dramatically. A type of BPPV featuring mixed torsional and vertical nystagmus induced by the Dix-Hallpike maneuver involves the posterior semicircular canal (P-BPPV). The other type of BPPV featuring horizontal nystagmus induced by spine-to-lateral head positioning involves the horizontal canal BPPV (H-BPPV). In complaints of vertigo or dizziness, 619 patients visited our department last year. Of these, 142 (23%) was had positional nystagmus consistent with a diagnosis of BPPV, 118 (19%) had no nystagmus but were suspected of BPPV due to vertigo episodes. BPPV was the most frequent diagnosis. H-BPPV was not rare, but accounted for 30% of BPPV. Of H-BPPV, 73% featured direction changing geotropic nystagmus, and 27% direction changing apogeotropic nystagmus. H-BPPV resolved faster than P-BPPV. Most cases caused by head trauma were P-BPPV. Transition between P- and H-BPPV was found in 6 cases. Women outnumbered men by about 3 to 2 in both P- and H-BPPV. Peak incidence was found in the those in their 60s and 70s, suggesting that the etiologies of both types of BPPV are essentially the same.     

Anterior Canal benign paroxysmal positional Vertigo following surgical Management of superior canal dehiscence

Objective

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common post-surgical finding in patients managed for superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD). The posterior semicircular canal has been reported as the involved canal in the majority of cases of post-surgical BPPV, with only two cases reported of lateral canal involvement. The objective of this report is to present a case in which an anterior semicircular canal BPPV response was identified in a patient following surgical management for SSCD.

Multiple positional nystagmus suggests multiple canal involvement in benign paroxysmal vertigo

CONCLUSION: Video-oculography demonstrates a higher occurrence of atypical positional nystagmus in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). This includes anterior and horizontal canal variants and multiple positional nystagmus, suggesting combined lesions affecting several canals. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the video-oculographic findings of positional tests in patients with BPPV. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy individuals with symptoms of BPPV and positional nystagmus were included in this study. The diagnosis was based on a history of brief episodes of vertigo and the presence of positional nystagmus as confirmed by video-oculographic examination during the Dix-Hallpike test, the McClure test or the head-hanging manoeuvre. Patients were treated by means of different particle repositioning manoeuvres according to the affected canal (Epley's manoeuvre for the posterior or anterior canals and Lempert's manoeuvre for the lateral canal) and the effectiveness was evaluated at 7 and 30 days. RESULTS: Twenty-nine individuals (41.43%) presented an affected unilateral posterior canal. Fifteen patients (21.43%) presented a pure horizontal direction-changing positional nystagmus consistent with a diagnosis of horizontal canal BPPV. Twelve individuals (17.14%) presented a unilateral down-beating nystagmus, suggesting possible anterior canal BPPV. In addition, 14 patients (20%) showed multiple positional nystagmus during the examination corresponding to simultaneous multi-canal BPPV, 5 had bilateral posterior canal BPPV and 2 presented a positional down-beating nystagmus in both left and right Dix-Hallpike manoeuvres and the head-hanging manoeuvre, which is highly suggestive of anterior canal BPPV. However, seven individuals showed positional horizontal and vertical side-changing nystagmus that could not be explained by single-canal BPPV. These patients with multiple positional nystagmus showed changing patterns of positional nystagmus at follow-up.     

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the horizontal and superior semicircular canals

The incidence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) of the horizontal and superior semicircular canals is much less than that of BPPV due to affection of the posterior semicircular canal. Their diagnosis is however much more difficult and still prone to controversies. The provocative manoeuvre of the BPPV of the horizontal canal (BPPV-HSC) is the manoeuvre of rotation of the head in dorsal position. A horizontal positional nystagmus is obtained. There are two forms of BPPV-HSC: the geotropic form and the ageotropic form. In the geotropic form, the liberatory manoeuvre is a "barbecue" rotation of 180 with 360 degrees towards the healthy side. In the ageotropic form, there is no universal liberatory manoeuvre. Moreover as some cases of neurological aetiology have been recognized, it is not appropriate to apply ineffective manoeuvres. The BPPV of the superior canal (BPV-SSC) is very rare. The provocative manoeuvre is the Dix and Hallpike's manoeuvre. It causes positional torsional and vertical nystagmus with an opposite direction to that obtained for a BPPV of the contra-lateral posterior canal. The liberatory manoeuvre is a Semont manoeuvre, which is identical to that we would make for a contra-lateral BPPV of the posterior canal.     

Combined horizontal and posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in three patients with head trauma

We report 3 patients who complained of positional vertigo shortly after head trauma. Positional maneuvers performed in the plane of the posterior canal (PC; Dix-Hallpike maneuver) and the horizontal canal (HC; patients were rolled to either side in a supine position with the head raised 30 degrees) revealed a complex positional nystagmus that could only be interpreted as the result of combined PC and HC benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Two patients had a right PC BPPV and an ageotropic HC BPPV, and 1 patient had a bilateral PC BPPV and a left geotropic HC BPPV. All 3 patients were rapidly free of vertigo after the PC BPPV was cured by the Epley maneuver and the geotropic HC BPPV was cured by the Vannucchi method. The ageotropic HC BPPV resolved spontaneously. Neuroimaging (brain computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging scans) findings were normal in all 3 patients. From a physiopathological viewpoint, it is easy to conceive that head trauma could throw otoconial debris into different canals of each labyrinth and be responsible for these combined forms of BPPV. Consequently, in trauma patients with vertigo, it is mandatory to perform the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, as well as supine lateral head turns, in order to diagnose PC BPPV, HC BPPV, or the association of both. Early diagnosis and treatment of BPPV may help to reduce the postconcussion syndrome.     

水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕的诊断

目的探讨水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕（BPPV）的诊断。方法自2003年1月至2006年9月，本眩晕中心共确诊为水平半规管BPPV（HSC BPPV）患者46例。诊断依据为典型的病史及用红外视频眼震电图仪记录患者在Dix—Hallpike试验和滚转试验中的眼震结果，并排除其他疾病。研究HSC BPPV的眼震特点。结果441例诊断为BPPV患者中，46例（10．43％）为水平半规管BPPV。其中38例（82．61％）为单侧病变，5例（10．87％）患者合并同侧后半规管病变，3例（6．52％）为双侧病变。35例患者通过两种试验诱发出水平眼震，11例患者仅通过滚转试验诱发出水平眼震。25例患者眼震方向向地，13例患者眼震方向背地，3例患者眼震方向不固定，5例患者各种手法诱发出同一方向的眼震。29例患者在双侧手法中出现眼震，17例患者在一侧手法中出现眼震。结论HSC BPPV眼震为完全水平性且多为快相向地。通常受累耳在双侧手法中均可出现眼震，以向患侧为重。一侧水平半规管和后半规管可同时受累。滚转试验在HSC BPPV检查中比Dix—Hallpike试验更加敏感。Dix—Hallpike试验结合滚转试验可使更多的HSCBPPV患者得到确诊．     

上半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕的诊断及治疗

目的探讨上半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕（benign paroxysmal positional vertigo，BPPV）的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析了上半规管BPPV患者31例，并对所有患者采用管石复位法治疗后的效果进行评估。结果在Dix-Hallpike检查中，所有患者均诱发出垂直向下的眼震。22例（70．97％）患者一侧诱发出眼震，其中17例眼震伴有扭转成分，5例眼震不伴扭转成分。其余9例（29．03％）患者双侧诱发出现眼震，眼震伴有扭转成分的7例，其中2例眼震扭转方向指向同一侧，4例眼震的扭转方向不固定，1例患者仅一侧出现扭转成分。另外2例患者眼震不伴扭转成分。受累侧别明确诊断的19例（61．29％），其中11例为左侧上半规管受累，8例为右侧上半规管受累。受累侧别未明确诊断的12例（38．71％）。所有患者中，11例（35．48％）患者同时合并后半规管受累。对所有患者采取管石复位法治疗，21例（67．74％）痊愈，29例（93．55％）有效、2例（6．45％）无效。其中首次治愈14例（45．16％），平均治愈次数为1．71次。随访期间5例复发。结论上半规管BPPV临床中少见。在变位检查中，眼震的扭转成分较弱，临床中不易观察。在部分单侧上半规管BPPV患者中，双侧检查均能诱发眼震。管石复位法是治疗上半规管BPPV简单有效的手段。