Salter截骨联合股骨转子下截骨对髋关节发育的影响

目的探讨Salter截骨联合股骨转子下截骨对髋关节发育的影响。方法对51例（59髋）发育性髋关节发良不良行Salter截骨联合股骨转子下旋转、短缩截骨治疗。测量术前、术后X线片臼头指数、CE角、髋臼指数、患、健侧股骨头骨化中心直径比率（FHDR）,比较术前、术后变化。结果随访1～5年,经Salter截骨联合股骨转子下旋转、短缩截骨治疗后,臼头指数、CE角、髋臼指数及患、健侧FHDR都有明显改善,尤其是在术后2～3年变化最为显著。疗效：优66.1%（39/59）,良27.1%（16/59）,可6.8%（4/59）,优良率93.2%。结论Salter截骨联合股骨转子下截骨是一种早期治疗发育性髋关节发育不良疗效良好、可靠的手术方法。     

改良髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋臼发育不良

[目的]研究改良的髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋臼发育不良的方法及有效性.[方法]自2002年10月～2007年8月采用改良的Ninomiya方法治疗27例髋臼发育不良的患者,其中男3例3髋,女24例27髋;平均年龄29.4岁(15～42岁).术前、术后拍摄骨盆正位、双髋侧位及外展位像,测量髋臼的CE角(中心边缘角)和AC角(臼顶倾斜角),记录髋关节旋转中心及Shenton氏线变化、骨关节炎的严重程度并进行随访,行髋关节Harris评分并进行评价.[结果]所有患者截骨术后股骨头覆盖均得到改善,CE角由术前的3.2°(-15°～15°)矫正为28.5°(20°～40°),AC角由术前的26.6°(15°～38°)矫正为3.9°(0°～12°),髋臼旋转中心内移率为63.3%(19/30),Shenton氏线不连续率由67%降为23%.平均随访4.2年(1.5～7年),1髋失随访,28髋疼痛减轻、骨关节炎得到控制,1髋疼痛加重,Harris评分由术前82.7分(67～96分)改善为97.8分(87～100分).术后2例患者出现耻骨纤维愈合,1例出现耻骨下支应力骨折,无截骨块或大粗隆不愈合病例.[结论]改良的髋臼旋转截骨术能有效地治疗髋臼发育不良,是一种有效、安全的手术方式.     

Pemberton手术加短缩截骨治疗大龄发育性髋脱位临床分析

[目的]应用Pemberton截骨术加股骨近端粗隆下短缩旋转截骨为主多种辅助手段一期手术治疗大龄发育性髋脱位,评估术后髋脱位股骨头坏死和关节僵硬的发生率.[方法]自2002年6月～2006年12月用Pemberton截骨术加股骨粗隆下短缩旋转截骨为主多种辅助手段治疗大龄(7～14岁)发育性髋脱位149例,随访到101例(136髋),随访1年2个月～5年6个月,平均2年7个月.辅助手段包括:(1)术中髂腰机及内收肌切断;(2)单髋人字石膏制动;(3)术后4～6周拆石膏住院CPM活动髋关节加主动功能锻炼;(4)髋关节早活动晚负重.[结果]术后髋关节脱位16髋,占11.76%.按照Salter提出的股骨头坏死的诊断标准,136髋中股骨头坏死38髋占27.94%.髋关节屈曲少于90°者31髋占22.79%.[结论]Pemberton髋臼周围截骨结合股骨粗隆下短缩截骨一期手术治疗大龄发育性髋脱位,疗效可靠,降低了术后再脱位、股骨头坏死率及髋关节僵硬等并发症的发生率.     

髋臼内壁截骨术在发育不良髋关节全髋置换髋臼重建中的应用

目的探讨髋臼内壁截骨术在发育不良髋关节髋臼重建中的应用。方法2001年5月至2002年12月,采用结合髋臼内壁截骨术的全髋关节置换术治疗髋关节发育不良患者17例18髋,男1例1髋,女16例17髋,年龄35～70岁,平均51.4岁。其中CroweⅠ期4髋,Ⅱ期7髋,Ⅲ期4髋,Ⅳ期3髋。通过在手术前、后X线片上绘制Ranawat三角,对照手术前、后髋关节旋转中心与理想旋转中心的距离,测量术后臼杯穹顶与Kohler线的距离、臼杯直径等研究髋关节旋转中心重建与臼杯固定的效果。结果所有人工臼杯均安置于真臼位置,臼杯直径44～56mm,平均50.78mm。术前股骨头中心距理想旋转中心水平距离为12～40mm,平均21.09mm;术后股骨头中心距理想旋转中心水平距离为-3～10.1mm,平均3.73mm;手术前、后比较差异有统计学意义(t=7.95,P<0.01)。术前股骨头中心距理想旋转中心垂直距离为5～32mm,平均15.39mm;术后股骨头中心距理想旋转中心垂直距离为-18～26.3m m,平均4.98mm;手术前、后比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.42,P<0.01)。随访3个月以上者,截骨部位均骨性愈合。结论内壁截骨术有助于将发育不良髋关节的髋臼安置于真臼位置,保留髋臼底部的骨量,避免髋臼外上方植骨的并发症。     

改良Chiari截骨髋臼加盖延伸成形术治疗小儿发育性髋关节脱位58例远期疗效观察

[目的]探讨应用改良Chiari截骨髋臼加盖延伸成形术治疗发育性髋关节脱位的方法与疗效,减少再脱位、股骨头坏死等并发症的发生.[方法]1998年5月～2007年10月采用改良Chiari截骨+髋臼加盖延伸成形/联合股骨近端短缩旋转截骨术治疗小儿发育性髋关节脱位58例(63髋)为治疗组,随机选取同时期Chiari截骨术治疗小儿发育性髋关节脱位60例(60髋)为对照组.[结果]两组术后均随访5 ～ 12年,两组手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量比较无统计学意义,再脱位并发症、远期功能疗效满意度方面均有显著统计学差异.[结论]应用改良Chiari截骨+髋臼加盖延伸成形/联合股骨近端短缩旋转截骨术治疗小儿发育性髋关节脱位疗效好,容易掌握,治疗风险较低;便于在相关医疗机构推广应用.     

综合保髋手术治疗髋关节发育不良晚期病变远期疗效评价

目的:探讨Chiari截骨、血管束植入为基础的综合手术治疗髋关节发育不良晚期病变的远期疗效。方法:42例(61髋)髋关节发育不良晚期病变患者接受以Chiari截骨、血管束植入为基础术式的综合手术治疗。本组年龄27~42岁,平均36.1岁。61髋中行单纯Chiari骨盆截骨、股骨头内血管束植入术39髋,配合髋臼加盖术16髋,配合股骨近端旋转截骨术2髋,配合髋臼加盖术及股骨近端旋转截骨术4髋。结果:本组平均随访时间8.4年,最后随访时,5例5髋已行人工髋关节置换,其他37例56髋Harris评分术前平均58分,术后平均83分,疗效优良43髋(76.8%)。CE角:术前平均8.7°,术后平均28.5°。股骨头覆盖指数:术前平均61.4%,术后平均83.2%。结论:该综合手术方法对髋关节发育不良晚期病变可以显著缓解临床症状,改善髋关节功能,提高患者生活质量,大大延缓人工全髋关节置换术的时间。     

Pemberton截骨联合股骨截骨治疗高位脱位型发育性髋关节脱位

目的 探讨高位脱位型发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)手术治疗的体会.方法 65例高位脱位型DDFI,测量髋臼指数、股骨颈前倾角,手术行Pemberton髂骨截骨、股骨粗隆下短缩旋转截骨.结果 髋关节脱位完全复位,髋臼指数恢复到平均21以下,股骨颈前倾角恢复到平均15.1.术后早期获得满意头臼对位,髋关节功能恢复良好.术后3个月以上出现髋关节半脱位和脱位5例,术后1年出现股骨头坏死3例.结论 高位脱位型DDH采取手术综合治疗可取得良好的效果.     

Salter骨盆截骨术治疗发育性髋关节脱位

目的探讨髋关节切开复位、股骨转子下短缩旋转截骨、Salter骨盆截骨术治疗发育性髋脱位（DDH）的疗效。方法采用髋关节切开复位、股骨转子下短缩旋转截骨、Salter骨盆截骨术治疗DDH患儿54例（62髋）。结果 54例均获随访,时间2～5年。髋臼指数由术前30～45&#176;矫正至术后20～25&#176;。功能评定根据周永德等标准：优49髋,良12髋,差1髋,优良率为98%。X线形态按照Severin分级法：优51髋,良10髋,可1髋,优良率为98%。结论髋关节切开复位、股骨转子下短缩旋转截骨、Salter骨盆截骨术治疗DDH可获得较满意的治疗效果。     

Pemberton截骨术治疗大龄儿童髋关节发育不良的疗效分析

[目的]探讨Peruberton截骨术治疗大龄儿童髋关节发育不良的疗效.[方法]应用Pemlberton截骨术治疗大龄儿童髋关节发育不良共21例(24髋).手术时平均年龄为9岁7个月(7～13岁6个月).术中根据股骨头脱位高度、前倾角和颈干角联合行股骨短缩截骨、去旋转截骨和近端内翻截骨术.[结果]术后平均随访5年5个月(4～10年),有18髋达到McKay临床功能评价的优或者良;所有髋关节的髋臼指数(或者Sharp角)、CE角和头臼指数均得到明显改善,平均值恢复到正常范围;18髋的X线片评价达到Severin影像学评价的Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.新出现和在原基础上加重的髋关节活动受限9例,髋父节半脱位4例,股骨头缺血性坏死6例,髋关节骨关节炎3例.[结论]Pembenon截骨术治疗大龄儿童髋关节发育不良大部分可以得到一个临床功能优良、中心复位或包含良好的髋关节,同时需要注意减少术后并发症的发生.     

Salter骨盆截骨+股骨转子下短缩旋转截骨术治疗儿童发育性髋脱位

目的探讨Salter骨盆截骨+股骨短缩旋转截骨治疗儿童发育性髋脱位的疗效。方法对21例发育性髋脱位患儿采用Salter骨盆截骨+股骨短缩旋转截骨治疗,观察患儿治疗前后的髋臼指数,评价髋关节功能优良率,评价头、臼形态与相互关系及测量C-E角的优良率。结果患儿获得1～4年随访。治疗后患者的髋臼指数为21. 57±0. 24,明显低于治疗前的35. 02±0. 95(P 0. 05)。髋关节功能优良率治疗后1年为20/21(95. 24%),明显高于治疗前的3/21(14. 29%)(P 0. 01)。头、臼形态与相互关系及测量C-E角的优良率治疗后为19/21(90. 48%),明显高于治疗前的2/21(9. 52%)(P 0. 01)。结论 Salter骨盆截骨+股骨短缩旋转截骨治疗儿童发育性髋脱位具有显著的临床效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.