肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗-改良手术技术及初步结果报道

目的总结肱尺关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的手术治疗体会。方法回顾5例典型肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗结果。手术方法包括：经肘关节外侧入路予桡骨头骨折内固定、修补外侧副韧带及伸肌总腱止点。经肘关节内侧径路固定尺骨冠状突,修复肘关节周围关节囊和内外侧副韧带损伤。最后使用肘关节铰链式外固定支架固定肱尺关节脱位．恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性。于术后1、3、6个月及随访结束时,进行影像学和临床检查评估。结果5例平均手术时间为76min（60．150min）。平均随访时间8．8个月（3～13个月）。外固定支架拆除时间6周（4—9周）。至随访末患者肘关节活动度平均为（127±25）°。按照Mayo肘关节评分平均为87分（80～95分）,优2例,良3例。无浅表或深部感染、皮肤无坏死、无骨化性肌炎等并发症。结论通过手术内固定或修补肘关节稳定结构结合外固定支架维持肘关节同心圆解剖关系可以明显改善肘关节“恐怖三联征”患者肘关节的功能及预后．对此类损伤建议采用内固定结合外固定治疗。     

单纯外侧入路手术治疗肘关节恐怖三联征

目的探讨单纯外侧入路内固定治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2004-01—2016-12诊治的21例肘关节"恐怖三联征",均采用外侧入路手术,尺骨冠状突骨折及桡骨头骨折均用无头挤压螺钉内固定,撕裂的外侧副韧带用带线锚钉修复重建。结果 21例均获得随访,随访时间平均31.6(12~72)个月。骨折愈合时间10~16周,平均12周。末次随访时所有患者肘关节屈伸、旋转活动及内外翻应力时肘关节均保持稳定,屈伸活动范围均可达到15°~130°,旋转活动度平均140°。末次随访时肘关节功能MEPS评分平均89(75~100)分,其优8例,良11例,可2例。结论单纯外侧入路手术治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"可取得满意的疗效,尺骨冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折固定及修复外侧副韧带后,肘关节已经获得相对稳定,无需作内侧切口修复内侧副韧带。     

肘关节“恐怖三联征”诊断及治疗

以往对肘关节"恐怖三联征"多采取保守治疗,一般很难维持肘关节稳定性并有再脱位的倾向,目前学者们多主张采取积极的手术治疗。手术治疗策略有恢复尺骨冠状突稳定性、通过桡骨头骨折内固定或金属假体置换以恢复外侧柱稳定性、修复外侧副韧带及相关结构及必要时修补内侧副韧带或应用可活动铰链式外固定支架辅助固定以利于早期活动。该文就肘关节"恐怖三联征"诊断、治疗、并发症及预后作一综述。     

肘关节三联征的诊断和治疗进展

肘关节三联征是一种复杂的肘关节骨折脱位,复位后肱尺关节和肱桡关节可达到同心圆复位、肘关节稳定,桡骨及冠突骨折块较小可保守治疗,但需定期复查。若需手术治疗,必须修复桡骨头骨折及外侧副韧带复合体。可以采用单一外侧入路也可以联合前内侧入路。MorryⅠ型和Ⅱ型冠状突骨折是否需固定,是否附加外固定支架固定及同时修复内侧副韧带损伤仍存在争议。     

改良手术方法治疗肘关节恐怖三联征的短期疗效分析

目的观察改良手术方法治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的短期疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-10—2015-09采用改良手术方法治疗的10例肘关节"恐怖三联征"。术中对桡骨头、外侧副韧带复合体以及内侧副韧带复合体重建,而未修复尺骨冠状突。结果本组手术时间65~160(100.10±32.32)min,术中失血量150~500(287.20±132.17)ml。10例均获得随访6~15(10.90±2.77)个月,无切口感染、尺神经麻痹表现、肘关节再脱位、骨化性肌炎等并发症。X线片显示骨折均在术后3个月内愈合。末次随访肘关节屈曲活动度110°~130°(118.53±6.11)°,伸展活动度为0°~20°(13.40±6.33)°,前臂旋前活动度45°~80°(63.20±11.46)°,旋后活动度25°~75°(52.91±15.31)°。Mayo肘关节功能评分80~94(87.12±4.01)分,优8例,良2例。结论在不固定Regan-MorreyⅠ、Ⅱ型冠状突骨折的情况下,通过手术固定或修补肘关节其他结构,也能恢复"恐怖三联征"患者的肘关节稳定性,且短期疗效良好。     

肘关节恐怖三联征10例手术治疗体会

[目的]介绍肘关节"恐怖三联征"的治疗体会。[方法]回顾了10例肘关节脱位合并桡骨小头和冠状突骨折("恐怖三联征")病人的治疗,手术方法包括:尽可能的固定冠状突骨折,固定桡骨小头,修复相关的关节囊和外侧韧带损伤,必要时修复内侧副韧带和辅助外固定。采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准进行疗效评估。[结果]肘关节Mayo评分平均得分75%,优3例,良5例,可2例,优良率80%。[结论]对肘关节"恐怖三联征"的损伤机制的充分认识,并重建其稳定性可以获得更好的术后功能。     

袢钢板技术治疗肘关节恐怖三联征的临床研究

目的探讨袢钢板技术修复尺骨冠状突骨折的手术策略及其在肘关节恐怖三联征中的应用价值和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年6月我院收治并完整随访的33例肘关节恐怖三联征患者资料,男21例,女12例;年龄26～68岁,平均38.6岁。致伤原因:摔伤21例,高处坠落伤7例,交通伤5例。所有患者均进行了手术治疗,由深部向浅层依次进行修复尺骨冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折、外侧韧带复合体。采用袢钢板技术修复尺骨冠状突骨折;采用内固定(微型钢板、桡骨头解剖钢板或空心钉)或桡骨头假体置换治疗桡骨头骨折;采用带线锚钉进行外侧韧带复合体的修复重建;内侧韧带复合体不做手术修复。所有患者术后均配戴肘关节铰链式可调支具固定,早期进行肘关节主被动功能锻炼。结果全部患者均获18～24个月随访,平均20.2个月,均获骨性结构和韧带结构的愈合。末次随访时Mayo肘关节功能评分(Mayo elbow performance score,MEPS)为55～100分,平均85.8分。其中优19例,良8例,可3例,差3例,优良率为81.8%。2例患者出现肘关节僵硬,3例患者出现异位骨化,1例患者出现伤口感染,经抗感染、伤口换药等治疗后痊愈。所有患者均无神经血管损伤、内固定物松动或断裂、肘关节脱位、骨折不愈合、严重感染等并发症。结论尺骨冠状突骨折的修复是肘关节恐怖三联征治疗的关键,袢钢板技术修复尺骨冠状突骨折能获得良好的固定效果,恢复肘关节的稳定性,早期功能康复,临床疗效满意。     

手术治疗肘关节恐怖三联征14例疗效分析

目的总结分析手术治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的临床治疗效果。方法回顾性分析自2010-03—2016-03手术治疗的14例肘关节"恐怖三联征",术中重建尺骨冠状突阻止肘关节后脱位,重建桡骨头的完整性以维持肘关节外侧柱的稳定。术后进行规范功能训练。结果 14例均获得随访6~36个月,平均21个月。13例切口一期愈合,1例切口延迟愈合。1例术后出现尺神经损伤症状,考虑术中牵拉尺神经所致,给予营养神经和高压氧治疗,3.5个月后尺神经恢复。末次随访时肘关节功能采用Broberg-Morrey评分标准评定:优4例,良7例,可3例。结论肘关节"恐怖三联征"手术目的是改善肘关节的功能,只有在重建结构稳定的基础上及早进行康复训练才能获得更好的关节功能。     

肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术治疗

目的 回顾分析手术治疗"恐怖三联征"的临床疗效.方法 2003年10月-2007年9月,收治10例"恐怖三联征"患者.其中男3例,女7例;年龄18～66岁.损伤原因:车祸伤4例,高处坠落伤4例,摔伤2例.冠突骨折按Regan-Morrey分型:Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型2例;桡骨头骨折按Mason分型:Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型1例,余2例曾行桡骨头切除术.术中按从深层至浅层依次修复冠突骨折、前方关节囊、桡骨头骨折、外侧副韧带及伸肌总腱起点,酌情修复内侧副韧带,并以铰链外固定支架固定.采用HSS2肘关节评分标准进行疗效评价.结果 1例术后7 d伤口感染,行脐胸带蒂皮瓣移位修复伤口愈合;其余伤口均Ⅰ期愈合.患者均获随访,随访时间6～51个月,平均24.9个月.术后6～20周骨折达临床愈合,平均9.6周.术后6个月,肘关节屈伸度85～130°,平均106.5°;旋转度100～160°,平均138°.按HSS2肘关节评分标准:优4例,良4例,一般2例.无关节僵硬、肱尺关节炎等并发症发生.1例术后1 d出现桡神经损伤症状,行松解术后4～6个月症状消失;6例术后6个月出现异位骨化,1例术后36个月X线片示肘关节半脱位,均未作特殊处理.结论 "恐怖三联征"造成肘关节严重不稳定,应采取手术治疗,尽可能恢复骨性解剖结构、修复关节囊及侧副韧带,并辅以外固定支架;术后早期功能锻炼,可最大限度避免关节僵硬,恢复关节功能.     

肘关节恐怖三联征的诊治

肘关节脱位可以分为简单型和复杂型两种。简单型脱位仅有关节囊和韧带的损伤,而复杂型脱位常合并有肘关节周围的骨折。1996年Hotchkiss首先将肘关节后脱位合并尺骨冠状突和桡骨头骨折的这种复杂型脱位命名为“terribletriedinjuriesoftheelbow”,国内学者大多将其翻译为“肘关节恐怖三联征”。2005年Armstrong重新定义为肱尺关节后脱位合并尺骨冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折及外侧副韧带损伤,伴或不伴有内侧副韧带、屈肌一旋前圆肌止点、伸肌总腱、肱骨头及尺骨滑车切迹等骨与软组织损伤。肘关节恐怖三联征可以引起肘关节僵硬、创伤性关节炎、异位骨化等各种并发症,因此,这种损伤越来越受到广大创伤学者的关注。本文将对肘关节恐怖三联征的诊治进行综述。     

Surgical reconstruction of comminuted coronoid fracture in terrible triad injury of the elbow

The terrible triad injury of the elbow is the combination of an elbow dislocation, a radial head fracture and a coronoid process fracture. In this study, we explored the outcome of a modified protocol for terrible triad injury of the elbow in a consecutive series of 14 patients, with a focus on reconstruction of comminuted coronoid fractures. Fourteen patients with terrible triad injuries of the elbow were retrospectively reviewed at a mean follow-up of 23?months (range, 15–30?months) and were clinically and radiographically evaluated. For comminuted coronoid fractures, autografting with resected radial head fragment or ilium fragment with cartilage surface and transosseous suture with non-absorbable suture were performed. Internal fixation of the radial head was performed in six cases and arthroplasty in five. The collateral ligaments were repaired. Mean flexion at last follow-up was 125°, ranging from 100° to 135°. Mean extension loss was 13°, ranging from 0° to 38°. Mean pronation was 70° and mean supination was 66°. No patient experienced dislocation of the radial head prosthesis. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was 87 (range, 75–100), with six excellent cases and eight good cases. According to our intraoperative examination, no patient demonstrated unacceptable residual instability in extension following restoration of all of the osseous and ligamentous lesions. In conclusion, our protocol can achieve stable reconstruction of the coronoid process, which promotes the functional outcome of surgical treatment on terrible triad injuries of the elbow.     

单一外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的修复技巧及疗效分析

目的 探讨采用单一肘关节外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的手术扩大显露、修复技巧及临床疗效.方法 对2007年5月至2010年3月收治的6例肘部损伤"三联征"患者采用单一肘关节外侧入路,由深至浅依次修复下列结构:冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折、外侧副韧带、伸肌总腱起点.并用自创的方法对冠状突骨折进行扩大显露,直视下复位与牢靠固定,对肘关节外侧结构的撕裂进行有效修复.本组患者均未做肘关节内侧副韧带的探查与修复.随访时采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)对患者肘关节功能进行评价.结果 本组患者随访3～24个月,平均11个月.所有患者骨折均获骨性愈合,肘部屈伸活动度105°～135°,平均120.0°;前臂旋转活动度150°～170°,平均168.3°;MEPS评分93～95分,平均93.3分,均为优.所有患者均无伤口感染,伤口一期愈合.结论 单一肘关节外侧入路结合相应手术技巧的改进,解决了肘部损伤"三联征"中冠状突骨折复位与固定的疑难问题,对肘关节外侧结构的修复也更加简单、牢靠,是一种临床可行且疗效满意的手术方式.     

肘部损伤"三联征"的手术治疗及入路选择

目的 探讨肘部损伤"三联征"(肘关节后脱位复合桡骨头骨折、尺骨冠状突骨折)的手术方法,分析各种手术入路的优缺点和适应证,以期优化肘部损伤"三联征"的治疗.方法 2003年6月至2008年8月共收治17例肘部损伤"三联征"患者,男11例,女6例;年龄22～48岁,平均34.5岁;受伤至手术时间3～7d,平均5.4 d.桡骨头骨折按照Mason分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型5例;尺骨冠状突骨折按照ReganMorrey分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型2例.采用外侧入路9例,外侧入路联合内侧入路2例,前侧入路6例.尺骨冠状突骨折行摘除1例,内固定16例;桡骨头骨折行内固定14例,单纯桡骨头切除1例,桡骨头置换2例.术后测量肘关节活动度,并对肘关节功能采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)进行评估.结果 所有患者获得12～48个月(平均21个月)随访.所有切口均一期愈合,无骨不连、骨不愈合及前臂缺血性肌挛缩发生.出现迟发性尺神经麻痹1例,异位骨化2例.末次随访肘关节平均活动度:屈伸128.3°±6.8°,旋转74.6°±4.2°.MEPS评分:优6例,良8例,可2例,差1例,优良率82.4%.除1例桡骨头切除患者外,其余患者术后肘关节稳定性好,影响评分的主要因素为运动受限和日常生活功能部分丧失.结论 肘部损伤"三联征"为复杂类型的肘关节损伤,应根据骨折和损伤类型选择合适的手术入路.     

Anterior approach for operative fixation of coronoid fractures in complex elbow instability

The coronoid process has been shown to play a critical role in ulnohumeral stability. Coronoid process fractures can occur in isolation or as part of a complex injury pattern. The most common complex pattern, known as the "terrible triad," includes a radial head fracture and elbow dislocation along with the coronoid fracture. Failure to address these fractures and ligamentous injuries can result in recurrent instability and progression to painful arthrosis. Both medial and lateral approaches to the coronoid have been popularized in recent literature, but there is no universally accepted approach. Common fixation techniques include suture lasso, suture anchors, lag screws, and plating all of which have various drawbacks. We describe a direct anterior approach to address coronoid process fractures made in addition to a lateral approach to address radial head and lateral collateral ligament injuries. Coronoid fractures addressed through the anterior approach were stabilized with anterior to posterior screw fixation combined with buttress plating, which allowed anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation at short-term follow-up.     

Anatomy,Definition, and Treatment of the “Terrible Triad of the Elbow” and Contemplation of the Rationality of this Designation

In the realm of orthopaedics, the terrible triad of the elbow is infamous, not simply because the prognosis is poor for most patients, but also, maybe to a greater extent, because the unique name of this malady attracts considerable attention and interest in both doctors and patients. The adjective terrible is bestowed on an elbow triad that comprises three coexisting complicated traumas; namely, radial head and ulnar coronoid process fractures and posterior dislocation of the elbow joint. In this review, the classification, treatment principles and prognosis for different forms of management of the radial head and ulnar coronoid process fractures and the ligaments lesions are introduced sequentially and various surgical procedures and their efficacy are discussed. This triad has long given orthopedic surgeons headaches. Nonetheless, in recent years a series of anatomical mechanical studies on the elbow joint have been published and there have been several breakthroughs in surgical techniques for managing this elbow triad. This review examines some memorable millstones and unveils trends in the current clinical norm for this triad. The accomplishments achieved recently have reportedly resulted in enhanced prognoses in the last two or three years compared with previous years. It is therefore high time to revise our thoughts about the justice and accuracy of defining this triad of the elbow as terrible. Lastly, we may safely conclude that the terrible triad of the elbow is much less terrible than previously, provided the commonly approved clinical approaches are undertaken.     

A rare combination of fractures around the elbow: Bony variant of terrible triad

Radial head and coronoid fractures without posterior dislocation of the elbow have not been recorded in the literature. There is no literature documenting the combined fractures of the radial head, capitellum and coronoid process together in the same elbow. This is a case report highlighting this combination of fractures in a 30 year old patient treated with open reduction and internal fixation of all three fractures. The patient was followed up for 28 months and had a good range of motion of the elbow without any instability. Thus such a triad with no ligamentous injuries could depict a bony variant of terrible triad and a mechanism for such an injury has also been explained.     

Surgical treatment of “terrible triad of the elbow”: technique and outcome

Objective: To describe the authors' surgical technique and to evaluate the final functional outcome of surgical treatment of the “terrible triad of the elbow”. Methods: Eight patients identified with “terrible triad” injury patterns, including posterior elbow dislocation, radial head fracture and coronoid fracture, were available for a minimum of 11 months follow‐up. Evaluation of functional outcome was based on Mayo elbow performance, Broberg‐Morrey scores, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Complications were also recorded. Results: Five elbows redislocated while in a splint after manipulative reduction. Three had residual subluxation after operative treatment. The final mean extent of forearm movement was as follows: 21° of extension deficit (range, 5° to 45°), 126° of flexion (range, 110° to 140°), 75° of supination (range, 45° to 90°), and 71° of pronation (range, 30° to 90°). The mean Mayo, Broberg‐Morrey, and DASH scores were 78.0 ± 13.4, 76.0 ± 14.0, and 28.0 ± 24.7, respectively. Conclusions: When an elbow joint is affected by the terrible triad, it is very unstable and prone to numerous complications. With operative treatment, the surgeon should attempt to perform internal fixation of the coronoid fracture, to regain normal radiocapitellar contact (either by preserving the radial head with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or by replacing it with a prosthesis), and to repair the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Thus early functional recovery and a successful final functional outcome can be achieved.     

肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗及疗效分析

目的探讨手术治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的要点,分析影响临床疗效的因素。方法回顾性分析2010年6月~2013年1月收治的11例肘关节"恐怖三联征"患者的临床资料,均行手术治疗:肘外侧入路修复桡骨小头骨折和肘外侧副韧带,肘前内侧或肘内侧入路修复冠突、前侧关节囊及内侧副韧带,恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性。早期进行针对性康复训练。结果本组术中出血平均250(200~600)ml,手术时间平均2(1~2.5)h。本组11例均获随访,平均随访7.5(4~26)个月。肘关节活动度屈曲平均125°±30°,伸展25°±15°,前臂旋转120°±35°。无感染和皮肤坏死,无骨不愈合病例,4例发生骨化性肌炎。按Mayo肘关节功能评分:优4例,良5例,可2例。结论肘关节"恐怖三联征"手术治疗选择肘外侧入路联合肘前内侧或肘内侧入路可以获得良好的手术显露;骨支持结构特别是冠状突的解剖复位是手术成功关键因素,也是软组织得以良好修复的前提;早期合理的康复方案是保证手术疗效的重要环节。     

Surgical management of elbow dislocation associated with non-reparable fractures of the radial head

BackgroundThe “terrible triad” of the elbow is the combination of an elbow dislocation, radial head and a coronoid process fracture. Because of a combined sagittal, frontal and transverse instability, these injuries are notoriously difficult to treat. We report our results with a technique for reconstruction of “terrible triad” injuries with either no facture or a type I fracture of the coronoid process in addition to a non-reparable radial head fracture. The hypothesis of this study was that standard surgical treatment of this lesion using a “deep to superficial” stabilisation by a single lateral approach and radial head replacement enables early and reliable functional results.PatientsFrom June 2004 to January 2007, 13 patients with an average age of 40 years at the date of trauma (range 18–77) underwent reconstruction of a “terrible triad” injury of the elbow with the same technique. The mean follow-up was 25 months (range 15–48).ResultsEighty-four percent of the patients were very satisfied and satisfied. Average flexion was 131° (110–140). Average extension was ?11° (?30–0). Average pronation was 72° (40–80). Average supination was 70° (50–80). The grip strength averaged 75% of that of the non-injured side (50–105). All elbows were stable at review. Eight complications occurred.ConclusionOur results suggest that some terrible triad injuries can be successfully managed with deep to superficial stabilisation by lateral approach, consisting in three-dimensional stabilisation done by anterior capsular reinsertion with absorbable anchors, radial head replacement and lateral collateral ligament repair. This standard management provides enough stability to allow early active rehabilitation, preventing post-operative instability and stiffness. This procedure appears to be reliable and reproducible.