不同手术方式对门体分流率和肝功能影响的实验研究

目的　通过动物实验检测肠腔侧侧分流术 (MCS)、远端脾腔分流术 (DSCS)及门奇断流术 (PAD)对门体分流率和肝功能的影响 ,为合理选择手术方式提供理论依据。方法　采用CCl4/乙醇诱导的肝硬变门脉高压大鼠模型行肠腔侧侧分流术 (MCS)、远端脾腔分流术 (DSCS)及门奇断流术(PAD)。观察术前及术后 1、2、3周时的自由门脉压力 (FPP)、门体分流率 (PSS)和肝脏功能的变化。结果　MCS组术后FPP明显下降 ,PSS显著升高 ,肝脏功能进一步恶化 ,至术后 3周仍未恢复 ;DSCS组和PAD组术后FPP及PSS变化较小 ;DSCS组肝脏功能无明显下降 ;PAD组术后 1周肝功能明显下降 ,2周后逐渐恢复到术前状态。结论　远端脾腔分流 (同时施行彻底的脾胰断流 )术有助于维持向肝血流 ,保护肝功能     

肝硬变门脉高压症及不同术式对大鼠肝脏储备功能的影响

用四氯化碳／乙醇诱导的大鼠肝硬变模型分为４组：①选择性远端脾腔分流术（ＤＳＣＳ）；②门奇断流术（ＰＡＤ）；③肠腔侧侧分流术（ＭＣＳ）和④肝硬变组。在术后１、３、５周进行口服糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）、胰高糖素负荷试验（ＧＬＴ），比较各组肝脏储备功能的变化。结果表明：术后第１周ＤＳＣＳ、ＰＡＤ和ＭＣＳ与肝硬变组比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；而术后第３和５周，ＤＳＣＳ和ＰＡＤ组与肝硬变组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＣＳ组与肝硬变组比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。本研究结果表明：ＤＳＣＳ和ＰＡＤ组大鼠肝脏储备功能明显优于ＭＣＳ组和肝硬变组。     

不同手术方式对门静脉高压症病人肝功能性血流量的影响

目的　探讨TIPS、断流术、断流加分流术对肝功能性血流量的影响。方法　本组肝硬化门静脉高压症病人 37例 ,行TIPS治疗 8例、断流术 10例、TIPS +门奇静脉断流术 10例、门奇断流+脾肾分流术 9例。采用超声多普勒、D 山梨醇 (SOD)清除率和直接门静脉测压检测手术前后肝总血流量、肝功能性血流量和门静脉压。结果　术前病人门静脉、肝动脉和肝总血流量显著增加 ,肝功能性血流量显著下降 ,ChildC级病人下降更为显著。TIPS、TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术后门静脉压力和肝功能性血流量均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。其中 ,TIPS术后肝功能性血流量下降显著大于TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术。断流术病人门静脉压和肝功能性血流量无明显变化。结论　肝功能性血流是评估肝脏储备功能的重要指标 ,分流术在降低门静脉压力同时减少肝功能性血流量。     

A comparison of the metabolic changes after the distal splenocaval and portacaval shunts

The distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) is the recommended procedure for selective variceal decompression, but its use may be limited in patients who have undergone left nephrectomy, those with an anatomically aberrant relationship between the splenic and left renal veins, and those whose preoperative angiographic findings suggest a risk of developing postoperative renal vein hypertension. For these clinical situations, the selective distal splenocaval shunt (DSCS) is a useful alternative to the DSRS. However, the metabolic consequences of the DSCS have not yet been studied in detail and therefore, using a canine model, the metabolic changes following the DSCS and the portacaval shunt (Eck) were compared. The metabolic changes observed following the Eck were hyperammonia and amino acid imbalance, while those following the DSCS were similar to those of the control dogs. In terms of the hepatic adenosine triphosphate level, which reflects hepatic mitochondrial function, the DSCS dogs were also similar to the control dogs. These data suggest that there was no metabolic disadvantage of the DSCS compared to the control.     

门静脉高压症联合手术前后血流动力学变化的临床意义

目的探讨门静脉高压症患者在联合手术前后血流动力学变化的临床意义。方法回顾性分析45例脾切除、贲门周围血管离断加脾肾静脉分流(简称联合手术)患者术前、术中、术后血流动力学的变化及其对临床疗效的影响。结果本组无手术死亡。术后门静脉自由压从(37±8)cmH_2O降至(30±4)cmH_2O,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);门静脉入肝血流量从(1098±338)ml/min减至(995±293)ml/min,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P>0.05);肠系膜上静脉血流量从(605±288)ml/min增至(735±293)ml/min,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。42例(93%)患者得到随访,平均随访时间2年6个月,再出血发生率为4%,其中1例死亡。门静脉高压性胃病得到明显缓解,肝性脑病发生率为4%,未发现脾静脉血栓形成,肝功能得到一定程度的改善。结论联合手术是治疗门静脉高压症较为理想的有效术式。     

Hemodynamic guidelines for surgical therapy of portal hypertension.

A prospective study of 98 patients with portal hypertension who hemorrhaged revealed that certain hemodynamic parameters were valuable in confirming the cause of cirrhosis, aiding in the selection of patients best suited for a selective distal splenorenal shunt, and in providing an estimate of prognosis. The presence of a pressure gradient of 4 mmHg or more between the right atrium and inferior vena cava was observed only in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The shape of the "pull-back" tracing between the wedge and free hepatic vein positions was "smooth" in postnecrotic disease and "lumpy" in alcoholic disease. The ratio of the aortic diastolic pressure divided by the hepatic (vein) wedge pressure segregated patients by cause and direction of portal blood flow.     

Hemodynamics of the interposition mesocaval shunt.

Eighty interposition mesocaval shunts, using a knitted Dacron large diameter prosthesis, have been performed during the past five and one-half years. Patients were evaluated from the standpoint of protection from recurrent esophageal hemorrhage, shunt patency, encephalopathy and cumulative survival analysis. In a selected group of patients, hemodynamic measurements were also obtained in the pre, intra, and postoperative periods. These included measurements of wedged hepatic vein pressure, superior mesentric venous blood flow, and residual superior mesenteric, hepatic sinusoidal and inferior vena cava pressures following the shunt procedure. Additionally, direct shunt flow measurements utilizing a square wave of electromagnetic flowmeter were also performed. Results indicate that the shunt patency is 95%; adequate decompression of the portal system was accomplished; recurrent variceal hemorrhage did not occur if the shunt remained patent; the incidence of encephalopathy was low (11%); and the operative mortality for the entire series was 9%. Continued perfusion of the liver was documented in 44% of patients and appears to be a function of the residual total portal resistance largely controlled by inferior vena caval pressure at the level of graft replacement. Life survivhat the interposition mesocaval shunt appears to be an effective technique for the control of variceal hemorrhage, has important hemodynamic advantages and can be applied to most patients for the control of variceal hemorrhage due to portal hypertension.     

分流加断流联合手术治疗门静脉高压症

目的　探索分流加断流联合手术(联合术)治疗门静脉高压症的疗效。方法　通过对手术前后门静脉系血流动力学研究和前瞻性临床研究,对联合术治疗的150例门静脉高压症的临床资料进行分析。结果　联合术后近期无1例出血,远期再出血率为80%,术后肝性脑病发生率为48%,远期效果理想。血流动力学研究证明了本联合术的合理性。结论　脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术是治疗门静脉高压症的一种合理而可取的术式。     

Liver transplantation in patients with patent splenorenal shunts

Patent distal splenorenal shunts (Warren shunt) have been reported to cause decreases in the portal perfusion pressure and the total hepatic blood flow. Such hemodynamic alterations could have adverse effects on the transplanted liver. The experience with hepatic replacement in four patients with patent Warren shunts is reported. Operative findings were phlebosclerotic portal veins of small size and diminished portal blood flows. Hepatofugal collateral channels created by the construction of the Warren shunt were eliminated by division of the shunt and splenectomy in three patients and splenectomy alone in the other. All patients recovered; thus the presence of a patent Warren shunt should not be a contraindication for hepatic transplantation.     

99mTc动态显像观察TIPS加改良Sugiura术对门静脉高压症病人门静脉血流循环及门体分流的影响

目的　研究经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术 (TIPS)加改良Sugiura术对门静脉高压症病人门静脉血流循环、肝外门体分流情况的影响。方法　对 14例门静脉高压症病人 ,进行治疗前后的99mTc动态显像、直接门静脉测压自身对比研究。结果　术前、TIPS及改良Sugiura术后病人的肝脏、门静脉开始显影时间分别显著提前 ;门静脉压力逐步降低 ;TIPS术后门体分流率 (shuntindex ,SI)明显下降 ,而改良Sugiura术后无显著变化 ;肝脏放射性 时间曲线斜率上升。结论　TIPS加改良Sugiura术造成的门静脉及肝外门体分流的改变有助于提高治疗门静脉高压症的临床疗效。     

限制性脾肾分流加断流联合治疗门脉高压症15例报告

目的 观察采用限制性脾肾静脉端侧分流,门奇断流联合手术,对门静脉高压症的治疗效果。方法 采用限制性脾肾分流,门奇断流治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症１５例。结果 除１例术后４８小时死亡外,其余１４例术后随访１年,见其临床止血效果,肝功能改善,肝性能脑病发生,均明显好转;结论１４例限制性脾肾静脉分流,门奇断流在近期降低门静脉压力,止血作用,减少肝性脑病发生率方面,疗效是肯定的。     

The long-term effect of distal lienorenal shunt surgery on portal venous pressure

To assess whether portal venous pressure remains elevated following distal lienorenal shunt surgery, 11 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were assessed from 0.5 to 59 months following the creation of a distal lienorenal shunt. These were compared with five patients following mesocaval shunt surgery and nine with cirrhosis alone. Portal pressure was measured by direct transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein or by determining intrahepatic pulp pressure. Splenic pulp pressure was also measured in the shunt groups at the time of assessment of shunt patency by scintisplenoportography. All shunts were patent. Four of five patients studied within 10 months of distal lienorenal shunt surgery had persisting portal hypertension (comparable with that in the cirrhosis alone group) and persisting portasplenic gradient. In contrast, five of six patients studied more than 10 months following surgery had portal pressures similar to that following mesocaval shunt surgery and no portasplenic gradient. Thus, with time, selective decompression tends to become total decompression. Whether this correlates with deterioration of hepatic function requires further study.     

限制性分流与断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症

目的探讨限制性分流与断流联合手术治疗门静脉高压症的效果。方法对39例门静脉高压症患者行断流加肠腔静脉限制性分流术的临床疗效进行回顾性分析。结果患者术后自由门静脉压力水平下降8cm H2O，且皆保持门静脉的向肝血流，术后随访6～24个月，39例患者有18例肝功能有不同程度恢复，1例在围手术期有短暂的肝性脑病发作，38例患者腹水消失，食管胃底静脉曲张消失好转率82．1％，无再出血发生。结论断流限制性分流联合应用，既能保持一定的门静脉压力及门静脉肝脏血供，又能防止上消化道出血，降低肝性脑病发生率，是治疗门静脉高压症的较为理想的手术方法。     

�����ͷ������������Ƹ�Ӳ���ž�����ѹ֢��Ч�۲�

目的观察断流和分流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的效果。方法总结1987年4月至1999年4月采用断流加分流术治疗56例门静脉高压症的经验。结果择期手术54例,无手术死亡。急症手术2例,死亡1例。术后随访49例,再出血1例,肝性脑病2例,术后4年因肝功能衰竭死亡1例。术前门静脉压力平均为(3.42±0.46)kPa,术后为(2.50±0.35)kPa。结论断流加分流术既保留了断流术的优点,又降低了门静脉压力,同时还有利于门静脉向肝的血流灌注。     

Myeloproliferative disorders.

Forty-three operative procedures were performed on a population of 250 patients with myeloproliferative disorders, including polycythemia vera, myeloid metaplasia (MM) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The overall operative mortality was approximately 7% and the incidence of excessive bleeding which could be related to coagulopathy was 5%. Twenty-one patients with MM or CML underwent splenectomy for palliation of symptoms related to the enlarged spleen or hematologic problems. Eighty-four percent of the latter group were improved. Adverse hematologic effects which could be attributed to splenectomy in these patients were confined to two patients who developed marked thrombocytosis. Among the 23 patients with MM, 9 had portal hypertension. Three underwent portacaval shunt and one a splenorenal shunt for bleeding varices. One of the patients died of hepatic necrosis. Estimated hepatic blood flow determinations (EHBF) in 4 patients with portal hypertension demonstrated a marked absolute increase and an increase in the ratio of EHBF/Cardiac Index. Absence of any evidence of intrahepatic or extrahepatic obstruction in these patients and the demonstration that splenectomy relieved portal hypertension defined at surgery in 4 patients, suggests that augmented adhepatic flow contributes to portal hypertension in some cases. The review leads to the conclusions that: 1) Operative procedures in prepared patients with myeloproliferative disorders are not associated with prohibitive mortality and morbidity rates. 2) Splenectomy is indicated for patients with increasing transfusion requirements and symptomatic splenomegaly or hypersplenism and should be performed early in the course of disease. 3) When associated portal hypertension and bleeding varices are present, hemodynamic studies should be carried out to define if splenectomy alone, or a portal systemic decompressive procedure is indicated.     

Effects of altered portal hemodynamics after distal splenorenal shunts

Patients with cirrhosis who had undergone the distal splenorenal shunt were grouped based on preoperative to early postoperative changes in hepatic portal perfusion and corrected sinusoidal pressure. Early and late postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were determined for each hemodynamic group. Morbidity was least when both hepatic portal perfusion and sinusoidal pressure were maintained near preoperative levels (Group 1). Survival for this group was significantly better than for patients who lost portal flow to the liver during the early postoperative interval (Group 4). Patients with absent hepatic portal perfusion had the worst survival and greatest morbidity. Intermediate results were achieved for the two groups of patients that had postoperative preservation of portal perfusion but significant preoperative to postoperative alterations in sinusoidal pressure. Although survival curves for these two groups were not significantly different from Group 1, morbidity was greater, especially for patients with an increase in sinusoidal pressure (Group 2).     

脐静脉桥式选择性分流术

目的　建立一种扩展远端脾腔分流术和冠腔分流术治疗门静脉高压症应用范围的手术方法。方法　在远端脾腔分流术和冠腔分流术的技术方法基础上 ,取中段脐静脉进行搭桥 ,构成脐静脉桥式远端脾腔分流术和脐静脉桥式冠腔分流术。结果　 4例肝炎后肝硬变门静脉高压症病人中 ,3例接受了脐静脉桥式远端脾腔分流术 ,1例接受了脐静脉桥式冠腔分流术。 4例术后食道静脉曲张均减轻 ,肝功能改善。随访无再出血 ,吻合口通畅。结论　脐静脉桥式选择性分流术能够克服远端脾腔分流术和冠腔分流术在部分病例解剖学方面的局限性 ,是一种扩展远端脾腔分流术和冠腔分流术应用范围的有效术式     

联合手术治疗儿童门静脉海绵样变性肝前性门静脉高压症

目的评估联合手术治疗儿童门静脉海绵样变性引起的肝前性门静脉高压症的疗效。方法2例门静脉海绵样变性和反复上消化道出血的患儿行脾切除脾肾静脉分流加贲门周围血管离断术;1例因断流术后再出血,行肠系膜上-腔静脉分流加贲门周围血管离断术,分析这3例的临床疗效。结果手术并发症和手术死亡率为0,随访13~31个月,肝功能正常,贫血纠正。无再出血、门静脉高压性胃病和肝性脑病。结论联合手术,特别是脾切除脾肾静脉分流加贲门周围血管离断术,安全、有效,适用于各种血流动力学状态,应成为治疗儿童门静脉海绵样变性引起的肝前性门静脉高压症的首选术式。     

Effects of nonshunting operations on portal venous pressure and hepatic blood flow

A comparative analysis has been presented of the effect of the nonshunting operation on portal venous pressure and effective hepatic blood flow in patients with liver cirrhosis and idiopathic portal hypertension. A reduction of portal pressure after splenectomy with esophagogastric devascularization in 17 patients with idiopathic portal hypertension was significantly greater than that in 79 patients with liver cirrhosis (-21 +/- 4.1 percent versus -8.9 +/- 1.6 percent, p less than 0.01). Clearance of galactose from the blood, which approximates effective hepatic blood flow, was decreased after the nonshunting operation by 6.7 percent in five patients with liver cirrhosis (p value not significant). On the other hand, there was a 19.4 percent reduction (statistically significant) in galactose clearance in four patients with idiopathic portal hypertension (p less than 0.05). Based on these data, we suggest that in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension, the splenic circuit largely contributes to the portal hypertension, the effective hepatic blood flow, or both. We recommend a nonshunting operation for the treatment of esophageal varices from the hemodynamic viewpoint in cirrhotic patients.     

Effects of a somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on hepatic haemodynamics in the pig and on intravariceal pressure in man

The effects of a somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995, on hepatic haemodynamics in the pig and on intravariceal pressure in man were studied. An infusion of 250 micrograms/h SMS 201-995 significantly reduced portal pressure, portal venous flow and hepatic artery flow in the pig. These changes in hepatic haemodynamics were accompanied by a reduction in cardiac output, a reflex slowing of the heart and an increase in arterial blood pressure. Splanchnic vascular resistance was increased following SMS 201-995 administration but hepatic vascular resistance remained unchanged. Administration of 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 reduced the intravariceal pressure from 27.4 +/- 2.5 to 15.8 +/- 2.1 mmHg in 9 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Administration of 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 also reduced portal pressure from 29 to 22 mmHg in a patient undergoing an elective portacaval shunt. These results suggest that SMS 201-995 may be of value in the control of bleeding oesophageal varices. Furthermore, because of its prolonged duration of action SMS 201-995 may be useful in the long term management of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis.