应用体外膜肺氧合及人工肝技术救治重症H7N9禽流感患者的护理

目的 报告应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)及人工肝技术(ALSS)救治13例重症H7N9禽流感患者的护理体会.方法 护理重点是严密的病情观察和监测,严格的体外循环及人工肝仪器管理,安全的管路管理,及时观察和处理出血、栓塞、氧合器血浆渗漏、溶血、感染和过敏等各类并发症.结果 8例病情好转,成功撤离ECMO及ALSS,5例死亡,总存活率61.5％.结论 应用体外膜肺氧合及人工肝技术救治重症H7N9禽流感患者效果明显.     

15例人感染H7N9禽流感重症患者的护理

总结15例人感染H7N9禽流感重症患者的护理要点。严密监测病情,做好机械通气、体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)、人工肝和连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)的护理,落实各项消毒隔离及防护措施,是成功抢救人感染H7N9禽流感重症患者,提高危重患者生存率的关键。本组11例患者治愈出院,4例死亡。     

人感染H7N9禽流感极危重患者ECMO治疗13例的护理

总结13例人感染H7N9禽流感极危重患者ECMO治疗的护理。护理重点做好心理护理、高热护理及防压疮护理,加强ECMO治疗的护理,密切观察出血、感染等并发症并做好对症护理。1例患者死亡,12例经过积极治疗后成功撤除ECMO机器,康复出院。     

人感染H7N9禽流感病毒危重症患者的救治与护理

目的探讨人感染H7N9禽流感病毒危重症患者的救治与护理方法。方法回顾性分析并总结2013年3-4月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院重症医学科收治的6例人感染H7N9禽流感病毒危重症患者的临床资料。结果 6例人感染H7N9禽流感病毒危重症患者中,4例病情稳定已出院,其余2例生命体征平稳进入康复期;在6例患者的治疗和护理过程中,无医护人员受到H7N9禽流感病毒感染。结论高质量的专科护理是人感染H7N9禽流感病毒危重症患者抢救成功的保证。     

1例人感染H7N9高致病性禽流感老年重症患者的护理

目的 总结1例确诊人感染H7N9高致病性禽流感重症老年患者救治的护理过程.方法 2013年4月救治1例人感染H7N9高致病性禽流感(简称人H7N9禽流感)重症老年患者,对其给予精心全面的护理措施.结果 经过一系列的治疗及护理后,患者一度病情缓解,但最终因MSOF抢救无效而死亡.结论 对于人感染H7N9高致病性禽流感重症老年患者,科学有效的应急预案是实施救治的前提,而训练有素的人力资源是救治质量的保证.     

ECMO救治人感染H7N9禽流感患者的护理

ECMO (extracorporeal memberane oxygenation)技术是一种持续体外生命支持疗法,它是将血液从体内引到体外,经膜肺氧合再用血泵将血灌人体内.原理是静脉血在流经肺之前已有部分血液进行了气体交换,弥补肺功能的不足,替代或部分替代人的心、肺功能,为危重患者提供一定的氧供及稳定的循环血量,有效地维持心、脑等重要脏器的血供和氧供,为患者后续治疗获得宝贵时间[1].我院2013年4月救治1例人感染H7N9禽流感患者,应用ECMO的V-V方式治疗154 h后,成功撤机,患者救治成功.本文对人感染H7N9禽流感应用ECMO治疗的护理措施进行总结,现报道如下.     

1例重症H7N9禽流感病人早期康复功能锻炼的护理

正H7N9型禽流感是甲型禽流感中的一种,此病潜伏期一般为7d以内,病人一般表现为流感样症状,如发热、咳嗽、少痰,可伴有头痛、肌肉酸痛和全身不适~[1]。重症病人病情发展迅速,主要表现为肺部渗出进行性加重,肺纤维化、肺迅速进入白肺状态导致呼吸衰竭~[2],机械通气时间长,脱机困难。为提高人感染H7N9型禽流感重症病人的治疗效果,2017年1月—2017年2月我科应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)技术联合早期康复功能锻炼成功救治1例重症人感染高致病H7N9禽流感,现将护理总结如下。     

重症H7N9禽流感患者的协同护理

人感染H7N9禽流感是由H7N9亚型禽流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,是一种新型禽流感,本院作为江苏省人感染H7N9禽流感定点收治医院之一,共接收7例人感染H7N9禽流感患者。针对这一突发事件,本院采用协同护理模式,立即组建隔离病房,     

高原地区甲型H1N1流感危重患者救治特点分析

目的 探讨高原地区甲型H1N1流感重症、危重症患者的救治特点.方法 选择本院2009年10月10日至12月19日重症监护病房(ICU)收治的8例甲型H1N1流感患者,重症4例、危重症4例.经抗病毒、抗生素、激素、增强免疫功能、调节水和电解质平衡及对症支持、机械通气治疗后,分析高原地区甲型H1N1流感的治疗特点.结果 8例患者均给予抗病毒药奥司他韦、抗生素莫西沙星加头孢曲松或头孢哌酮治疗;液体补充应掌握宁干勿湿的原则;3例重症和3例危重症患者给予氢化可的松,1例危重症患者给予甲泼尼龙;7例患者根据病情给予丙种球蛋白.4例患者行无刨机械通气,给予双水平气道正压通气(BiPAP)或持续气道正压通气(CPAP),病情得到有效控制;1例危重症患者因病情需要行有创机械通气,初期行同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)+压力控制通气(PCV)+高呼气末正压(PEEP)通气模式,后改为自主呼气模式+压力支持通气(PSV)+低PEEP行脱机前治疗.最终成功拔除气管插管脱离有创通气治疗.8例患者均治愈出院.结论 对高原甲型H1N1流感重症、危重症患者应短期、足量、规范应用激素、及早给予无创机械通气治疗.     

重症H7N9禽流感并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者每日唤醒的护理

目的 总结重症H7N9禽流感并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者镇痛镇静治疗期间实施每日唤醒的安全护理.方法 13例重症H7N9禽流感患者,对其镇痛镇静治疗期间实施每日唤醒的安全护理.结果 患者唤醒期间无严重并发症或不良事件.结论 对H7N9禽流感并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者镇痛镇静治疗期间实施每日唤醒的安全护理,可以提高患者的治疗效果,有利于患者早日康复.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.