吸烟对牙周基础治疗前后龈沟液量和弹性蛋白酶水平的影响

目的　评价吸烟是否影响牙周炎基础治疗前、后龈沟液 (gingivalcrevicularfluid ,GCF)量和龈沟液中弹性蛋白酶 (elastase ,EA)的水平。方法　将 37例男性慢性牙周炎患者分为吸烟组 (2 2例 ,12 2个牙位点 ,每日吸烟≥ 2 0支 )和非吸烟组 (15例 ,90个牙位点 )。牙周炎基础治疗前、后用滤纸条法收集GCF ,用Periotron 6 0 0 0龈沟液测量仪测定GCF量。对吸烟组 92个位点和非吸烟组 6 0个位点GCF样本 ,用底物分解法检测EA水平。结果　治疗前吸烟组GCF量 (139 2± 33 4 )U和EA水平(0 6 34± 0 5 87)明显低于非吸烟组 [GCF量 :(15 5 4± 39 7)U ,EA水平 :0 835± 0 5 72 ],P <0 0 1。治疗后 ,两组GCF量和EA水平均显著降低 (P <0 0 0 1)。但吸烟组 91个位点 (74 6 % )GCF和 70个位点(76 1% )的EA水平治疗后有改善 ;而非吸烟组高达 88个位点 (97 8% )GCF和 5 6个位点 (93 3% )的EA水平有改善 (P <0 0 1)。结论　治疗前探诊深度相同的情况下 ,吸烟组GCF量和EA水平均低于非吸烟组 ,治疗后吸烟组的GCF和EA的减少程度不如非吸烟组明显。     

Gingival crevicular fluid lactoferrin levels in adult per iodontitis patients

The present study was designed to determine in a cross-sectional study whether there was any relationship between the levels of lactoferrin in gingival crevicular fluid and clinical periodontal parameters. Crevicular fluid was collected from individual sites using standardized filter paper strips (clinically healthy sites, N=23; periodontitis sites, n=66) and evaluated for lactoferrin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data showed that: (1) the total amounts of lactoferrin were 0.003-0.021 ng (30 second sample) (average 0.009±0.005 ng) in a clinically healthy periodontium group and 0.016-3.847 ng (30 second sample) (average 0.575±0.069 ng) in adult periodontitis patients (statistically significantly higher in adult periodontitis patients); and (2) the total amounts of lactoferrin were significantly correlated with clinical parameters,     

楔状缺损与龈沟液流量和pH值的关系

目的研究龈沟液流量和pH值对楔状缺损发生的影响。方法选取43例楔状缺损患者,每例选择3颗楔状缺损患牙和3颗正常牙,分别检测龈沟液流量和pH值。经统计学分析,比较楔状缺损牙和正常牙的龈沟液流量和pH值。结果楔状缺损组的龈沟液量大于正常组（P〈0．05）,pH值小于正常组（P〈0．01）。结论龈沟液流量和酸性程度可能与楔状缺损的发生有关。     

牙周炎治疗后龈沟液中弹性蛋白酶水平的变化

目的 观察龈沟液中细胞外弹性蛋白酶和细胞内弹性蛋白酶在牙周基础治疗后的变化。方法用滤 要的袋内取样法取８例患者４３个牙位治疗前后的ＧＣＦ样本，以底物检测法测定其中的ＥＡ－Ｓ及ＥＡ－Ｐ水平。结果 治疗后的ＧＣＦ－ＥＡ－Ｓ、ＥＡ－Ｐ总量及ＥＡ－Ｓ浓度、ＥＡ－Ｓ／ＥＡ／Ｐ比值均较治疗前师表ＥＡ－Ｐ浓度治疗前后无显著差异。结论ＧＣＦ－ＥＡ水平反映牙周组织的炎症破坏程度，可作为评价疗效的客观指标，尤其是ＥＡ     

Debris and friction of self-ligating and conventional orthodontic brackets after clinical use

Objective:To compare the degree of debris and friction of conventional and self-ligating orthodontic brackets before and after clinical use.Materials and Methods:Two sets of three conventional and self-ligating brackets were bonded from the first molar to the first premolar in eight individuals, for a total of 16 sets per type of brackets. A passive segment of 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwire was inserted into each group of brackets. Frictional force and debris level were evaluated as received and after 8 weeks of intraoral exposure. Two-way analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were applied at P < .05.Results:After the intraoral exposure, there was a significant increase of debris accumulation in both systems of brackets (P < .05). However, the self-ligating brackets showed a higher amount of debris compared with the conventional brackets. The frictional force in conventional brackets was significantly higher when compared with self-ligating brackets before clinical use (P < .001). Clinical exposure for 8 weeks provided a significant increase of friction (P < .001) on both systems. In the self-ligating system, the mean of friction increase was 0.21 N (191%), while 0.52 N (47.2%) was observed for the conventional system.Conclusion:Self-ligating and conventional brackets, when exposed to the intraoral environment, showed a significant increase in frictional force during the sliding mechanics. Debris accumulation was higher for the self-ligating system.     

Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions

Objective:To evaluate the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with steel-ligated conventional brackets and self-ligating brackets on halitosis and periodontal health.Materials and Methods:Sixty patients, at the permanent dentition stage aged 12 to 18 years, who had Angle Class I malocclusion with mild-to-moderate crowding were randomly selected. Inclusion criteria were nonsmokers, without systematic disease, and no use of antibiotics and oral mouth rinses during the 2-month period before the study. The patients were subdivided into three groups randomly: the group treated with conventional brackets (group 1, n  =  20) ligated with steel ligature wires, the group treated with self-ligating brackets (group 2, n  =  20), and the control group (group 3, n  =  20). The periodontal records were obtained 1 week before bonding (T1), immediately before bonding (T2), 1 week after bonding (T3), 4 weeks after bonding (T4), and 8 weeks after bonding (T5). Measurements of the control group were repeated within the same periods. The volatile sulfur components determining halitosis were measured with the Halimeter at T2, T3, T4, and T5. A two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the groups statistically.Results:No statistically significant group × time interactions were found for plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and halitosis, which means three independent groups change like each other by time. The risk of tongue coating index (TCI) being 2 was 10.2 times higher at T1 than at T5 (P < .001). Therefore, the probability of higher TCI was decreased by time in all groups.Conclusions:The self-ligating brackets do not have an advantage over conventional brackets with respect to periodontal status and halitosis.     

自锁托槽与传统托槽矫治器对牙周健康影响的比较研究

目的 对比戴用自锁托槽与传统托槽矫治器后牙周指数的变化.材料和方法选取12～18岁正畸患者80例,按矫治器类型分为两组：实验组,40例采用AO公司生产的T3自锁托槽矫正的患者;对照组,采用杭州西湖公司生产的徐氏托槽矫正的患者40例.由同一牙周专科医师分别检测80例患者治疗前和治疗6个月的各项牙周指数（GI,PLI,SBI,PD）.结果 治疗6个月后两组间牙周指数（GI,PLI,SBI,PD）差异无显著性.结论 自锁托槽矫治器不会更有利于牙周组织的健康,牙周的健康状况取决于患者的口腔卫生状况.     

牙周炎患者治疗前后龈沟液中可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1的变化

了解成人牙周炎患者治疗前后龈沟液中可溶性细胞间粘附分子－１含量的变化。方法：采用常规滤纸条法收集正常成人以及成年人牙周炎患者治疗前后的ＧＣＦ样本,用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测其ｓＩＣＡＭ－１的含量。结果治疗后ＧＦＣ中ｓＩＣＡＭ－１的水平显著下降。     

牙周炎患者龈沟液和龈组织中IL—8的测定

采用ELISA间接夹心法测定了23名成人牙周炎患者34个患牙龈沟液中的IL-8.并用免疫组织化学法对相应的炎性龈组织进行检测.结果表明IL-8与牙周炎症密切相关,牙周炎龈沟液(GCF)中IL-8检出率为88.24%.IL-8含量范围为0.006～2.772ng/μl.其含量与牙龈指数相关非常显著,与牙周袋深度相关显著,与附着丧失、菌班指数无明显相关.炎性龈组织切片染色表明龈上皮组织和胶原组织中含有大量的阳性染色,从组织学上证明了GCF中IL-8的来源.提示IL-8可能在牙周炎发病机制中起着重要作用.     

Gingival crevicular fluid levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in periodontal health and disease

Objectives

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) stimulates the chemotaxis of monocytes and also several cellular events associated with chemotaxis thus causes recruitment of inflammatory cells. Its increased gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels in periodontal disease have been reported in previous studies. The present study has been carried out to assess the role of MCP-1 in periodontal disease progression and also to determine the effect of periodontal treatment on MCP-1 concentration in GCF.

Design

A total of 60 subjects were divided into three groups (n = 20) based on gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL): healthy (group I), gingivitis (group II) and chronic periodontitis (group III). A fourth group (group IV) consisted of 20 subjects from group III, 6-8 weeks after treatment (i.e. scaling and root planing). GCF samples collected from each patient were quantified for MCP-1 using ELISA.

Results

The mean MCP-1 concentration in GCF was found to be the highest in group III, i.e. 72.60 pg/μl. The mean MCP-1 concentration in group I was 19.70 pg/μl and in group IV was 8.50 pg/μl. The mean MCP-1 concentration (37.00 pg/μl) in group II was found to lie in between the concentrations obtained in groups I and III.

Conclusions

GCF MCP-1 levels increased progressively with the progression of disease and decreased after treatment. Levels of MCP-1 correlated positively with clinical parameters like GI, PPD and CAL thus it can be considered as an inflammatory biomarker in periodontal disease and also deserves further consideration as a therapeutic target.     

人健康牙周组织龈沟液中细胞因子表达水平的初步研究

目的初步探讨人健康牙周组织龈沟液中细胞因子的普遍水平,为确立诊断指标及后续研究提供正常标准范围参考。方法选择牙周组织健康者每人4～8颗后牙(第二前磨牙及第二磨牙),检查相关临床指标,测定龈沟液分泌量,并通过微量龈沟液炎症标志物组合的Luminex液相芯片多因子检测体系测定19种细胞因子表达水平,包括3种集落细胞刺激因子、7种白细胞介素、6种趋化性细胞因子、血管内皮细胞生长因子、肿瘤坏死因子-α以及干扰素-γ。结果检测到人健康牙周组织中209颗后牙(第二前磨牙103颗、第二磨牙106颗)龈沟液分泌量及所含19种细胞因子表达水平。结论初步确定人健康牙周组织龈沟液中与骨代谢密切相关的19种细胞因子的大致标准范围。     

实验性龈炎的临床观察和龈沟液量的分析

目的　观察实验性龈炎发展过程中的临床表现及龈沟液 (GCF)量的变化 ,探讨GCF量与牙龈炎症发生和发展的关系。方法　选取 11名受试者 ,在其停止口腔卫生措施后 2 1d内 (第 0、7、14、2 1天 )和恢复口腔卫生措施 1周后 (第 2 8天 )记录临床指标的变化 ,并且测量GCF量 (每人测18颗牙 )。结果　在实验性龈炎发展过程中 ,各项临床指标 (菌斑指数、出血指数、牙龈指数、探诊深度 )和GCF量在基线时数值较低 ,停止刷牙后随着菌斑量的不断增多而逐渐上升 ,恢复刷牙后又下降到接近基线水平。GCF量与各项临床指标均为显著正相关。结论　临床指标和GCF量在基线、停止刷牙和恢复刷牙 1周后随菌斑量的改变而存在显著差异 ,反映了牙龈炎症的形成和发展过程     

Gingival crevicular fluid levels of SLIT3 are increased in periodontal disease

This study aims to investigate the levels of SLIT3 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of healthy and periodontal disease subjects, and their correlations to periodontal disease. A total of 45 periodontal patients and 45 periodontally healthy volunteers were enrolled. The clinical parameters, radiographic bone loss and the levels of SLIT3, receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in GCF were measured. The prevalences of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque were also analyzed. The expression of SLIT3 and RANKL was detected in the periodontium of experimental periodontitis in rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced mouse macrophage. The total amounts and concentrations of SLIT3 and RANKL were significantly higher in periodontitis than those in healthy, while the level of OPG was significantly lower (p < .05). Significant positive correlations were observed between the level of GCF SLIT3 and clinical attachment level and radiographic bone loss (p < .05). There existed a significant positive correlation between SLIT3 and RANKL (p < .05). Increased expression of SLIT3 and RANKL was observed in the periodontium of periodontal rats. SLIT3 expression was induced by LPS stimulation in macrophages. These results suggest that SLIT3 may act as a diagnostic indicator of periodontal disease and should be further investigated.     

The effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the glycosaminoglycan components of gingival crevicular fluid

Abstract In this study, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from around a canine tooth, in children, before and during orthodontic tooth movement. The aim was to identify and quantify the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) components of GCF and relate them to tooth movement, gingival inflammation, plaque accumulation, pocket probing depth and GCF volume recorded at the site of sampling. GAG in GCF samples, collected for a 15-min period into microcapillary tubes, were separated electrophoretically, stained with Alcian blue and quantified using a laser densitometer. 2 GAG components of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) were identified. The increase in GCF volume during orthodontic tooth movement was only partly due to increased gingival inflammation, GAG levels varied with different types of orthodontic tooth movement. In GCF, levels of CS, in particular, may reflect the changes in the deeper periodontal tissues which could be monitored during orthodontic tooth movements.     

Biomarker levels in gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with different periodontal conditions: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo compare five biomarker levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in different tooth-sites of subjects with healthy periodontium, aggressive periodontitis and severe chronic periodontitis, and to evaluate the value of these biomarker levels for diagnosis of the type and activity of periodontitis.Materials and methodsPrior to therapy, GCF samples were collected using filter paper strip at different tooth-sites of 10 subjects with healthy periodontium (H), 15 with severe chronic periodontitis (CP) and 15 with aggressive periodontitis (AgP). The strips were weighed and the periodontal clinical parameters were recorded. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in GCF were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsThe volumes of the GCF samples obtained in CP and AgP subjects were significantly higher than those from subjects with healthy periodontium (P < 0.05). Levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP and ALP were significantly higher in the untreated disease sites in the CP and AgP groups compared to those in control sites in the H group, while IL-10 levels were lower in the CP and AgP groups than those in the control sites in the H group. However, the levels of all five biomarker levels showed significant correlation with the clinical parameters.ConclusionThe measurement of five biomarker levels in GCF may facilitate overall screening of periodontitis patients in epidemiological studies and allow estimation of periodontitis activity.     

种植牙与自然牙龈沟液量及蛋白含量的比较

目的：观察比较修复后1年内种植牙龈沟液(PISF)和自然牙龈沟液(ISCF)量及其中蛋白含量的变化，初步探讨PISF在监测种植牙周状况方面的可能性。方法：以基台连接术后0．5～1个月为基线，在修复体完成后3、6、12个月时，对9名患者13颗Branemark种植牙及相邻同名自然牙的各26个位点的临床指标、龈沟液量及其中的蛋白含量进行检测。结果：在种植牙行使功能后，PISF与GCF的量及蛋白含量无显著性差异；PISF量与出血指数(BI)有较明显的正相关关系，PISF中的蛋白含量与BI未见明显的相关关系。结论：行使功能后1年内种植牙的PISF量及其中蛋白含量有着与自然牙相似的特征，对其在监测种植牙周组织状况的意义尚需进一步的研究。     

Gingival crevicular fluid and serum levels of APRIL,BAFF and TNF-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis patients with periodontal disease

Background

This study was performed to evaluate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) and B cell activating factor (BAFF) and compare this to differences between TNF-alpha levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis (OPR) and systemically healthy women with periodontal disease (SH).

Design

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum samples were obtained before any periodontal intervention from 17 RA, 19 OPR patients and 13 SH women with periodontitis. Full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. APRIL, BAFF and TNF-α levels were determined by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate analysis, ANOVA and Spearman correlation.

Results

Pocket depths differed in site-specific comparisons, but otherwise clinical measurements were similar in the three study groups. Multivariate least squares regression ANOVA adjusted for age and for plaque index indicated that total amounts of TNF-α and concentrations of TNF-α, BAFF and APRIL were significantly greater in the RA patients than in the SH group (p < 0.05), and GCF concentrations of BAFF were greater in OPR patients than in SH. Serum TNF-α and BAFF were significantly higher in the RA group compared to SH (p < 0.05) and serum TNF-α was greater in RA than in OPR (p < 0.05). APRIL and BAFF correlated with RANKL levels in GCF and serum (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Despite long-term usage of anti-inflammatory drugs in the RA and OPR patients, increased TNF-family cytokines, might suggest that these patients have a propensity to overproduce these inflammatory mediators but whether this results from greater disease activity or contribute to greater disease activity remains moot.     

Gingival crevicular fluid transforming growth factor-beta1 in several forms of periodontal disease

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) has significant effects on periodontal host response regulation. Limited knowledge on the role of TGF-beta(1) in various periodontal disease types and particularly in advanced periodontitis forms warranted the present study. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) TGF-beta(1) levels in patients with different forms of periodontal disease. METHODS: GCF TGF-beta(1) levels were investigated in 32 chronic periodontitis (CP), 30 generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 15 gingivitis patients and 16 periodontally healthy subjects. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque and bleeding on probing. TGF-beta(1) levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were expressed in terms of total amount (pg) and concentration (pg/microl). RESULTS: G-AgP and CP groups had significantly elevated GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount compared to healthy group (p<0.008). Moreover, GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount of G-AgP group was significantly higher than that of gingivitis group (p<0.008). G-AgP and CP groups had similar GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount (p>0.008). Significant correlation was found between GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount and all clinical periodontal parameters (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest contribution of TGF-beta(1) to the pathogenesis of advanced chronic and aggressive periodontitis. TGF-beta(1) may thus be one of the components modulating exaggerated host response together with other major mediators of inflammation.     

Gingival crevicular fluid and plasma oxidative stress markers and TGM-2 levels in chronic periodontitis

ObjectiveThis study was aimed to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma transglutaminase-2 (TGM-2), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in patients with chronic periodontal disease.Materials and methodsTwenty patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 20 patients with gingivitis and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Clinical periodontal parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index and papillary bleeding index were recorded. GCF and plasma levels of TGM-2, TAC, TOS, TBARS and FRAP were analyzed.ResultsGCF TGM-2 was significantly lower in CP group than in gingivitis patients (P = 0.006). GCF FRAP in CP and gingivitis groups was significantly lower than in healthy subjects (P < 0.001). Plasma FRAP level was lower in gingivitis group when compared to healthy subjects (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in GCF and plasma TAC, TOS, TBARS and plasma TGM-2 levels among the study groups (P > 0.05). GCF TGM-2 level was positively correlated with GCF TAC and negatively correlated with CAL.ConclusionsDecreased FRAP in GCF and plasma indicating lower antioxidant status of CP patients might suggest the role of oxidative stress in periodontitis. GCF TGM-2 data might suggest that TGM2 is associated with stabilization of the extracellular matrix and wound healing in periodontium rather than gingival inflammation.     

牙周基础治疗对龈沟液白细胞介素-35水平的影响

目的 探讨牙周基础治疗对牙周炎患牙龈沟液(gingival crevicular fluid,GCF)中白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-35水平的影响.方法 选取30例慢性重度牙周炎患者的患牙30颗,收集龈上洁治和龈下刮治治疗前后患牙的GCF并记录相关的临床指标.酶联免疫吸附测定法检测GCF中IL-35含量,Pearson相关分析GCF中IL-35与牙龈指数(gingival index,GI)、平均探诊深度(probing depth,PD)、附着丧失(clinical attachment loss,CAL)平均值的相关性.结果 牙周洁、刮治后患牙牙龈GCF中IL-35含量显著低于治疗前,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=4.043,P＜0.01).牙周洁、刮治后患牙GI值和PD值均低于治疗前,治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗前GCF中IL-35含量与GI值呈正相关(r=0.557,P＜0.01),而与患牙牙周袋的PD值和CAL值均无相关性(P＞0.05).结论 牙周基础治疗可明显影响患牙GCF中IL-35水平,IL-35可能在牙周炎的发生发展过程中具有重要作用.