显微镜下鼓膜置管治疗鼻咽癌放疗后

目的：探讨显微镜下鼓膜置管对鼻咽癌（NPC）放疗后的分泌性中耳炎（SOM）的疗效。方法：对27例、39耳NPC放疗后的SOM患者进行鼓膜置管和随访。结果：随访3个月～3年，治愈9耳(23.1%)，有效25耳（64.1%），总有效率87.2%。结论：显微镜下鼓膜置管治疗SOM创伤小，有利于咽鼓管功能的恢复。     

漂浮导管扩张咽鼓管治疗放疗后分泌性中耳炎

目的：了解鼻咽癌(NPC)放疗后分泌性中耳炎(SOM)咽鼓管功能，以及漂浮导管扩张咽鼓管治疗该病的临床价值。方法：使用咽鼓管功能综合检查仪检测21例(37耳)NPC放疗后SOM患者的咽鼓管功能；在鼻内镜直视下将漂浮导管导入咽鼓管内扩张咽鼓管，治疗NPC放疗后咽鼓管阻塞引起的SOM。结果：21例NPC放疗后SOM中，咽鼓管功能为正常型2耳，阻塞型21耳，闭锁不全型8耳，开放型6耳。漂浮导管扩张咽鼓管治疗NPC放疗后SOM，有效率为43．2％(16／37)。结论：NPC放疗后SOM的咽鼓管功能障碍，多以阻塞型为主，应用漂浮导管扩张咽鼓管是一种有效的治疗方法。     

咽鼓管置管在治疗鼻咽癌放疗后分泌性中耳炎中的价值

目的：探讨咽鼓管置管治疗鼻咽癌（NPC）放疗后分泌性中耳炎（SOM）的价值。方法：分析鼻内窥镜下经咽鼓管置管治疗106例(112耳) NPC放疗后SOM的疗效。结果：患者接受治疗后,耳鸣消失81耳(72.32%) ,好转 25耳(22.32%), 无效6耳(5.36%) ,总有效率94.64%。耳闷塞感消失 92耳(82.14%) ,好转18耳(16.07%),无效2耳(1.79%),总有效率98.21%。无1例发生耳漏。声阻抗检查：鼓室曲线A型56耳(50.00%),As型42耳(37.50%),B型2耳(1.79%),C型12耳(10.71%)。治疗前后0.5、1.0、2.0?kHz气导听阈均值分别为（47.0±5.0）dBHL和（28.5±3.0）dBHL,两者具有统计学差异(P<0.001)。结论：咽鼓管置管治疗NPC放疗后SOM,对咽鼓管具有一定的支撑作用,能有效地避免耳漏。     

鼓膜穿刺与鼓膜置管治疗鼻咽癌放疗后分泌性中耳炎的Meta分析

目的应用Meta分析方法评价鼓膜穿刺与鼓膜置管治疗鼻咽癌（nasopharyngealcarcinomal,NPC）放疗后分泌性中耳炎（secretory otitis media,SOM）的疗效差异,为临床治疗选择提供依据。方法电子检索Pubmed、Embase及中文期刊数据库（CBM,CNKI及CSTJ）,获取对照鼓膜穿刺与鼓膜置管治疗NPC放疗后SOM的临床研究资料;用Stata9.2统计软件包进行Meta分析。结果共纳入符合要求的研究5篇,合计患者352例（484耳）;Meta分析结果显示两者在有效率上的差异无统计学意义[RR=1.02,95%CI（0.78,1.32）];而鼓膜置管组并发症的发生率高于鼓膜穿刺组[RR=0.25,95%CI（0.14,0.44）]。结论在NPC放疗后SOM患者的初次治疗中,鼓膜穿刺和鼓膜置管的疗效相似,鼓膜置管比鼓膜穿刺更易发生并发症。以上分析结果提示,对于初次治疗的患者选择并发症发生率相对较小的鼓膜穿刺更合理。     

儿童分泌性中耳炎鼓膜置管后中耳功能的综合评价

目的:探讨儿童分泌性中耳炎(SOM)鼓膜置管后中耳功能综合评价的方法和临床意义。方法:选择31例(43耳)临床诊断为SOM的患儿,分别在鼓膜置管术前及术后1个月,进行纯音听阈测试、畸变产物耳声发射(DPOAE)、鼓室导抗图(记录外耳道容积,ECV)测试;术后1个月加咽鼓管功能正负压平衡测试,并在显微镜下观察置管情况。结果:置管后1个月,39耳置管通畅者ECV>2.0ml,听力比置管前明显提高;DPOAE引出率及部分频率幅值提高,与置管前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);咽鼓管功能尚无完全正常。结论:应用ECV、纯音听阈测试、DPOAE以及咽鼓管功能测试对患儿鼓膜置管术后中耳功能的恢复情况进行综合评价,具有临床指导意义。     

鼻咽癌放疗后分泌性中耳炎的循证治疗

目的:分析鼻咽癌(NPC)放疗后分泌性中耳炎(SOM)的发生机制,依据循证医学(EBM)的原则,探索一种有效的、针对其发病机制各个环节的治疗方法。方法:对106例(112耳)NPC放疗后SOM患者,采用全身和局部抗炎、神经营养、扩张血管及激素治疗;加强鼻腔、鼻咽局部清理,治疗鼻腔鼻窦疾病;采用咽鼓管置管、冲洗及注药等综合治疗措施。结果:所有患者治疗前均有耳鸣、耳闷塞感及听力下降等症状,鼓室导抗图均为B型。经综合治疗后,耳鸣:消失81耳(72.32%),好转25耳(22.32%),无效6耳(5.36%),总有效率为94.64%耳闷塞感:消失92耳(82.14%),好转18耳(16.07%),无效2耳(1.79%),总有效率为98.21%。声阻抗检查:鼓室曲线A型56耳(50.00%),As型42耳(37.50%),B型2耳(1.79%),C型12耳(10.71%)。治疗后0.5、1.02.0kHz气导听阈均值为(28.5±3.0)dBHL,而治疗前为(47.0±5.0)dBHL,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)结论:依据EBM的原则,有针对性地对NPC放疗后SOM的发病机制的各个环节采取对因治疗,是非常有效和切实可行的,对提高NPC患者的生存质量具有重要意义。     

鼻内镜下咽鼓管置管治疗鼻咽癌放疗后分泌性中耳炎

目的 探讨鼻内镜下咽鼓管置管治疗鼻咽癌放疗后分泌性中耳炎的临床疗效。方法 对45例(58耳)鼻咽癌放疗后并发分泌性中耳炎者行鼻内镜下经咽鼓管逆行插管并注药治疗。结果45例(58耳)接受鼻内镜下咽鼓管置管治疗,治愈42耳(72.42％),好转13耳(22.41％),无效3耳(5.17％),总有效率94.83％。结论 鼻内镜下咽鼓管置管有利于咽鼓管功能的恢复,是治疗鼻咽癌放疗后分泌性中耳炎的可靠手段。     

鼻咽癌长期存活者咽鼓管异常开放

对21例放疗后已存活10年的鼻咽癌(NPC)患者的咽鼓管功能(ETF)进行研究。(1)充放气试验和清除功能试验。方法:如鼓膜完整行鼓膜切开术,观察中耳状况后行充放气试验。本实验正常被动开放压为364±222mmH2O,如开放压超过586mmH2O,认为咽鼓管闭塞,如低于142mmH2O,即属异常开放。以0.02ml0.4%靛洋红滴入中耳腔,计算在咽口出现染剂的时间,如超过15分钟,则咽鼓管功能受损。结果:21例放疗后10年的NPC患者中11例(男8例,女3例,年龄35～70岁)自愿接受ETF试验。被动开放试验示12耳(55%)异常开放,9耳正常,1耳阻塞,主动开放试验示20耳(91%)异常开…     

鼓膜置管治疗腭裂合并分泌性中耳炎疗效观察

目的探讨鼓膜置管术对腭裂合并分泌性中耳炎的疗效. 方法对45例(72耳)患有腭裂合并分泌性中耳炎经鼓膜穿刺抽液无效的患者行鼓膜置管术和随访. 结果随访1～4年,治愈36耳;好转24耳;无效和复发 8耳;并发症 4耳.腭裂修补组有效率93.3%;非腭裂修补组有效率 66.7%,总有效率 83.3%. 结论鼓膜置管治疗腭裂合并分泌性中耳炎有利于改善听力,但不能改善咽鼓管阻塞状况,已行腭裂修补术后置管的疗效明显优于非修补组.早期行腭裂修补术后置管对咽鼓管功能恢复,听力改善,提高生活质量至关重要.     

鼓室置管治疗儿童分泌性中耳炎疗效观察

目的 探讨鼓室置管治疗儿童分泌性中耳炎(SOM)的疗效和并发症。方法 回顾性分析了我科1997年～2001年经鼓室置管治疗的45例(78耳)儿童SOM的临床资料。结果 45例随访1-2年，85％耳(35例，66耳)听力明显改善，鼓室导抗图恢复成A型。结论 积极改善咽鼓管功能并适当延长留管时间，防止过早脱管对提高儿童SOM的治愈率有着积极的意义。     

Preservation of Tubal Function in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma,Post-irradiation

Nineteen nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients were subjected to eustachian tube function testing before and 5 years after irradiation. Tubal patency and clearance function of the eustachian tube showed deterioration if maximum irradiation dosage was more than 70 Gy, whereas dynamic function of the eustachian tube was preserved. Development of middle ear complications in NPC patients post-irradiation was caused by both tubal and inflammatory factors. To preserve tubal function, maximum irradiation dosage to NPC should be limited to 70 Gy. To decrease the inflammatory reaction, firstly, middle ear effusion should be drained by repeated myringotomies instead of grommet insertion, and secondly, sinusitis should be evaluated and treated, because sinusitis can aggravate otitis media with effusion.     

The effects of grommet insertion on Eustachian tube function

A prospective study on the effect of grommet insertion on the passive Eustachian tube opening pressure was undertaken in children's ears with otitis media with effusion. After an initial immediate improvement following aspiration of the middle ear no further change in Eustachian tube function occurred over 4 subsequent weeks. Grommet insertion probably has no effect on Eustachian tube function.     

Mechanism of hearing loss in irradiated ears: a long-term longitudinal study

A 10-year longitudinal follow-up study of hearing was conducted in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in order to elucidate the mechanism of hearing loss in irradiated ears. Ten NPC patients were subjected to a battery of audiological tests before irradiation and 6 months, 5 years, and 10 years after irradiation. The tests included pure tone audiometry, tympanometry, eustachian tube function testing, and myringotomy to confirm middle ear effusion. The prevalences of otitis media with effusion (OME) were 25%, 25%, 40%, and 25% at the 4 testing periods described above, respectively. The prevalences of chronic otitis media were 0%, 0%, 15%, and 25%, respectively. In myringotomized ears (n = 17), the mean hearing levels for both air conduction and bone conduction were preserved from the preirradiation period to 10 years after irradiation. In contrast, in grommeted ears (n = 3), the mean hearing levels for both air conduction and bone conduction deteriorated progressively from the preirradiation period to 10 years after irradiation. We conclude that hearing can be preserved in NPC patients 10 years after irradiation if middle ear inflammation is well controlled. We do not recommend grommet insertion in irradiated NPC patients with OME, as it may result in persistent otorrhea and hearing deterioration.     

Grommets versus paracentesis in secretory otitis media. A prospective, controlled study

One hundred and ninety-three consecutive children with bilateral secretory otitis media were treated by adenoidectomy, bilateral paracentesis, and evacuation of middle ear effusion, but with insertion of a grommet in the right ear only. At follow-up one to three years later, the audiometric and tympanometric results were similar in right and left ears. The primary advantage of grommet insertion was normalization of the hearing ability for as long as the grommet was functioning. Thus, only 1% of the ears with grommets had hearing losses exceeding 30 dB HL, whereas this occurred in about 20% of ears without grommets. The adverse effects of grommet insertion included periodic aural discharge during the functioning period of the grommet in 14% and tympanosclerosis of the drum in 48%. In the group of ears treated with paracentesis only, tympanosclerosis occurred in 10%. However, reinsertion of grommets was indicated in 10% of right ears, and 23% of left ears required grommets as well. Of the various pre- and perioperative factors analyzed, only a granulating mucous membrane and copious middle ear effusion could be correlated to frequent and protracted episodes of secretory otitis that required repeated treatment. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

局麻下咽鼓管球囊扩张术加鼓膜置管术治疗顽固性分泌性中耳炎

目的：探讨局麻下咽鼓管球囊扩张术加鼓膜置管术治疗顽固性分泌性中耳炎的临床疗效。方法收集顽固性分泌性中耳炎患者20例（24耳）,于门诊局麻下,结合鼻内镜经鼻腔径路行咽鼓管咽口球囊扩张,并行鼓膜置管。所有患者均于术后3个月拔出T型管。结果术后随访6个月,18例患者耳闷塞感、听物朦胧感症状明显减轻,未再出现鼓室内积液。2例术后仍有耳内闷胀及听力下降,耳内镜检查示鼓室积液未吸收,再次置入T型通气管后症状改善。结论局麻下行咽鼓管球囊扩张术加鼓膜置管术治疗顽固性分泌性中耳炎疗效显著,对于改善咽鼓管功能方法安全可行,并发症极小,是一种微创的新方法。     

Implications of laser assisted tympanostomy in adults.

OBJECTIVES: To assess outcome in adult individuals undergoing laser-assisted tympanostomy without ventilation tube placement. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with 2-month follow-up. SETTING: Faculty practice, research protocol, tertiary care academic medical center. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Laser-assisted tympanostomy was performed on a total of 142 ears (108 individuals). Indications included serous otitis media with effusion (66 ears/47 patients), functional eustachian tube dysfunction (48 ears/36 patients), acute otitis media (19 ears/16 patients), and endoscopic visualization of the middle ear (9 ears/9 patients). INTERVENTION: The laser-assisted tympanostomy procedure is performed with a CO2 laser under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patency time of the tympanostomy, presence of fluid after the closure of the tympanostomy, tympanometry and tone audiometry findings, relief of symptoms. RESULTS: Middle ear disease was resolved after the closure of tympanostomy in 47.9% of patients with serous otitis media with effusion. In 79.1% of patients with functional eustachian tube dysfunction, symptoms were diminished. All patients with acute otitis media had a satisfactory outcome. Laser-assisted tympanostomy was found to be quite helpful in patients undergoing middle ear endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Laser-assisted tympanostomy without ventilation tubes provides a safe alternative surgical option in adult patients in certain cases. The selection criteria for this procedure are addressed in detail.     

Effect of nasal packing on eustachian tube function

Sixty-three patients undergoing surgery to the nasal septum followed by bilateral packing had pre- and post-operative tympanometry in order to determine the effect on eustachian tube function. Fifty-five of the 126 ears tested (46 per cent) developed a reduction in middle ear pressure of at least 50 daPa; 76 per cent became normal within 24 hours of removing the nasal packs. All ears were asymptomatic and no patient had evidence of middle ear effusion. Nasal packing following septal surgery is a frequent cause of short-lasting eustachian tube dysfunction but rarely severe enough to cause symptoms or middle ear effusion. Tubal dysfunction is most likely due to a combination of surgical oedema and a direct effect of the nasal packing.     

Structural changes in the rat middle ear mucosa due to endotoxin and eustachian tube obstruction

The middle ears of 48 rats were used to examine the effects of endotoxin injection, eustachian tube obstruction or a combination of eustachian tube obstruction and endotoxin injection. Animals were killed after 1, 2, 4, or 12 weeks and the middle ears processed for light and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the normal middle ear mucosa, the epithelial layer was more pseudostratified, cuboidal or cylindrical after endotoxin injection or obstruction of the eustachian tube. In the early phase, numerous ciliated cells occurred in areas originally almost devoid of these cells. At 3 months, degeneration of ciliated cells was observed. The combination of eustachian tube obstruction and endotoxin injection also induced a more pseudostratified, cuboidal or cylindrical epithelium with an increased number of goblet cells. However, an early decrease occurred in the number of ciliated cells in the tympanic orifice of the eustachian tube. Furthermore, inflammatory cells, mainly PMNs, macrophages and lymphocytes, invaded the subepithelial layer after eustachian tube obstruction and endotoxin injection. These structural changes resulted in an impairment of the mucociliary transport system for clearance of the middle ear cavity. For this reason we believe that both endotoxin and eustachian tube obstruction or dysfunction play an important role in inducing persistent mucosal changes in the middle ear cavity, thereby prolonging otitis media with effusion. Received: 13 February 1998 / Accepted: 4 August 1998     

27例鼻咽癌患者合并分泌性中耳炎的临床分析

目的探讨鼻咽癌患者放疗前后分泌性中耳炎的临床特点及治疗措施。方法回顾性分析2003年一2006年我院经治的27例鼻咽癌患者,将其放疗前、放疗后的情况进行回顾分析。21例（32耳）中耳炎患者被分为鼓膜穿刺组与鼓膜置管组。结果27例患者放疗前有14例（17耳）并发分泌性中耳炎,放疗后分泌性中耳炎的患者增至21例（32耳）,双耳发病11例,6例未发生分泌性中耳炎。鼓膜穿刺组12例（19耳）,显效率为78.9％（15／19）,1例患者发展为慢性化脓性中耳炎;置管组9例（13耳）,有5例（7耳）疗效显著,显效率为54％（7／13）,有2例患者鼓膜穿孔。MRI检查显示,21例分泌性中耳炎患者中,19例有明显咽鼓管挤压和腭帆张肌肿胀。结论MRI检查有助于鼻咽癌患者放疗前后并发分泌性中耳炎的评估;鼓膜穿刺抽吸是治疗鼻咽癌并发分泌性中耳炎的有效和实用的措施。     

Otitis media with effusion in children shows a progressive resolution with time

The course of chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) was studied in 117 children (207 ears). Diagnosis was based on otoscopy and a flat (type B) tympanogram. This was compared with the presence or absence of middle ear effusion at myringotomy carried out 0-3, 3-6, 6-9 and more than 9 months after diagnosis. There was a highly significant reduction in the number of effusions diagnosed at myringotomy in those patients who had waited longer for operation. The effects of previous ventilation tube insertion, adenoidectomy, medical treatment between diagnosis and operation, month of diagnosis and month of admission on the results were examined. Tympanosclerosis and atelectasis occurred in 7.3 and 6.3% of ears respectively and in most cases were associated with previous grommet insertion.