药学干预对临床不合理用药医嘱的效果分析

目的 了解药师对临床不合理用药医嘱实施药学干预的效果,旨在促进临床合理用药。方法 回顾性抽取本院2013年7~12月病历300份作为非干预组,制定一系列干预措施后,选取2014年1~6月病历300份作为干预组,对两组患者临床不合理用药医嘱的情况进行对比分析。结果 与干预前相比,不合理用药医嘱比例从1.43%降至0.72%,干预前、后相比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 药师对临床用药实施药学干预能够提高合理用药水平。     

Structured pharmacist-led intervention programme to improve medication adherence in COPD patients: A randomized controlled study

Background

COPD is characterised by a progressive airflow limitation in the lungs. However, adherence to therapy improves management of symptoms and delays disease progression. Therefore, patients' knowledge and awareness about the disease are important. Hence, pharmacist-led educational interventions could achieve this and improve medication adherence.

Pharmacy-led interventions to improve medication adherence among adults with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundControl of blood glucose and a reduced risk of complications are important treatment goals in diabetes. Medication non-adherence can influence the outcome of diabetes. Involvement of a pharmacist in diabetes care might help patients to achieve better treatment outcomes. Existing literature reviews have focused on a limited number of interventions and outcome measures, and have involved different healthcare professionals. None of the previous reviews have used a standardized effect size to compare the effects of different pharmacist-led interventions and different outcome measures.ObjectiveTo review pharmacist-led interventions to improve medication adherence in patients with diabetes and to assess the effectiveness of these interventions on medication adherence.MethodsSix databases were systematically searched between March and September 2017 for randomized controlled trials: PubMed, Cochrane library, EMBASE, CINAHL, JSTOR, and Web of Science. The outcome measures used were: medication adherence, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post-prandial blood glucose (PPG), or random blood glucose (RBG). Cohen's d, a standardized effect size, enabled a comparison of studies with different outcome measures. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of the studies.ResultsFifty-nine studies were included in this review. Pharmacist-led interventions enhanced outcomes in patients with diabetes (standardized mean difference (SMD) ?0.68; 95% CI -0.79, ?0.58; p < 0.001). Sub-group analysis by intervention strategy, the type of intervention and outcome measures produced similar results. Further analysis showed that education, printed/digital material, training/group discussion, were more effective than other interventions.ConclusionThis finding supports the role of the pharmacist in diabetes care to enhance medication adherence.     

A systematic review of measures of medication adherence in consumers with unipolar depression

Objective

To identify and evaluate the range of adherence measures used to assess different phases of medication adherence (initiation, implementation, and discontinuation) to antidepressants, including the psychometric properties of the measures.

Impact of a pharmacist led diabetes mellitus intervention on HbA1c,medication adherence and quality of life: A randomised controlled study

Malaysia is situated in Western Pacific region which bears 36.17% of total diabetes mellitus population. Pharmacist led diabetes interventions have been shown to improve the clinical outcomes amongst diabetes patients in various parts of the world. Despite high prevalence of disease in this region there is a lack of reported intervention outcomes from this region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist led intervention on HbA1c, medication adherence, quality of life and other secondary outcomes amongst type 2 diabetes patients. Method: Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (n = 73) attending endocrine clinic at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) were randomised to either control (n = 36) or intervention group (n = 37) after screening. Patients in the intervention group received an intervention from a pharmacist during the enrolment, after three and six months of the enrolment. Outcome measures such as HbA1c, BMI, lipid profile, Morisky scores and quality of life (QoL) scores were assessed at the enrolment and after 6 months of the study in both groups. Patients in the control group did not undergo intervention or educational module other than the standard care at UKMMC. Results: HbA1c values reduced significantly from 9.66% to 8.47% (P = 0.001) in the intervention group. However, no significant changes were noted in the control group (9.64–9.26%, P = 0.14). BMI values showed significant reduction in the intervention group (29.34–28.92 kg/m²; P = 0.03) and lipid profiles were unchanged in both groups. Morisky adherence scores significantly increased from 5.83 to 6.77 (P = 0.02) in the intervention group; however, no significant change was observed in the control group (5.95–5.98, P = 0.85). QoL profiles produced mixed results. Conclusion: This randomised controlled study provides evidence about favourable impact of a pharmacist led diabetes intervention programme on HbA1c, medication adherence and QoL scores amongst type 2 diabetes patients at UKMMC, Malaysia.     

Impact of pharmacist care in the management of autoimmune disorders: A systematic review of randomized control trials and non-randomized studies

IntroductionAutoimmune disorders are chronic, self-mediated, misdirected immune responses against their own immune system. It required intensive, complex and costly drug treatment regimen increased the risk of pharmacotherapy error and adversely affects patients. Hence, pharmacist care will have vital roles in autoimmune disorders to achieve health related outcomes.ObjectivesThis review aimed to gather evidence on the impact of pharmacist care on clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes, adherence to medications, and drug related problems in the management of autoimmune disorders among the usual care group.MethodologyA comprehensive review conducted in compliance with the PRISMA statement and systematic search was performed across five databases included PubMed Central, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Cochrane Library and google scholar from inception until August 2020. This research included full-text articles of randomized and non-randomized studies that evaluated impact of pharmacist care in autoimmune disorders.ResultsA total of nine studies were included (seven RCTs and two non-RCTs), including 829 patients with autoimmune disorders. A total of four studies (80%) show an enhancement in at least one clinical parameter due to pharmacist care. A substantial improvement in at least one humanistic parameter observed in all five studies (100%). While four out of five studies (80%) clearly displayed a remarkable improvement in medication adherence in the pharmacist care group from baseline to the completion of follow-ups. One study quantified a 99.08% resolution of DRPs in the pharmacist care group. Another study estimated the cost of medical resources uses per patient and found no difference in cost-effectiveness over six months between groups.ConclusionThis review reinforces the vital contribution of pharmacists to achieve clinical outcomes, humanistic outcomes, adherence to medications and DRPs in the efficient management of autoimmune disorders. However, no notable changes in economic outcomes were observed in this review.     

慢病患者药物依从性量表的研究

目的:介绍几种常用的依从性评价量表,为临床以及科研中药物依从性量表的选择提供参考。方法:通过文献研究,总结归纳各种依从性评价问卷的特点。结果:不同量表具有各自的功能特点、适用人群。药物依从性问卷(MAQ)发展最早,条目少,简单易操作,适合初筛;8项Morisky药物依从性量表(MMAS-8)在MAQ的基础上发展而来,比MAQ具有更高的实用性,适用范围广,是现在使用最广泛的量表;适当用药的自我效能量表(SEAMS)侧重于自我效能的评估,但是分值计算较困难,比较耗时;简要药物依从性问卷(BMQ)包含了三方面的评估,包含详细的用药回顾但花费时间长;Hill-Bone量表只针对于高血压患者开发,包含钠的摄入和预约诊疗状况,更适用于黑色人种的高血压患者;药物依从性比率量表(MARS)是适用于慢性精神疾病患者依从性评价的工具,简单易评分。结论:现有的依从性评价工具中,并不存在一种金标准。在各种常用的依从性评价量表中,要根据临床及科研的目的、经济因素、时间因素等选择最适合的量表。     

The impact of clinical pharmacist and ID intervention in rationalization of antimicrobial use

What is known and objective

There is little research on the impact of implementing and monitoring antimicrobial policy in Saudi hospitals. The purpose of this study is to measure the impact of the clinical pharmacist (CP) and infectious disease consultant (ID) interventions on the use of three antimicrobials (caspofungin, imipenem, meropenem) in hospitalized patients in the King Abdullah Medical City hospital.

Methods

The study was carried out in the King Abdullah Medical City, in Mekkah, Saudi Arabia. The hospital is a tertiary center that provides CCU, CSICU, Cardiac, Hematology, ICU, Medical, Neuroscience, Oncology, and specialized surgery services. The use of three antimicrobials (caspofungin, imipenem, meropenem) was reviewed by the clinical pharmacist for four periods, pre and post implementation of policy. Relevant data were collected in four periods. In the first period, before policy implementation, data were collected retrospectively to be used as baseline status reference, and in the three remaining periods that followed data were collected prospectively, and compared to baseline data, to evaluate the role of clinical pharmacist and ID interventions in optimizing antimicrobial therapy.

Results and discussion

Caspofungin duration of therapy was not affected significantly by the intervention. Statistically significant reduction in antimicrobial therapy duration was observed in imipenem (37%) and meropenem (37%) from baseline, which indicate a better control on antimicrobial use and reduction in antimicrobial resistance.

What is new and conclusion

The impact of the clinical pharmacist and ID interventions, in reducing antimicrobial therapy duration using imipenem and meropenem, is clear from the result presented above. However, lack of restriction and follow up in the antimicrobial policy in case of negative culture makes antimicrobial use uncontrollable in these cases. Establishing good and accepted policy may help reduce consumption and total cost of therapy.     

Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of pharmacist input at the ward level: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundPharmacists play important role in ensuring timely care delivery at the ward level. The optimal level of pharmacist input, however, is not clearly defined.ObjectiveTo systematically review the evidence that assessed the outcomes of ward pharmacist input for people admitted with acute or emergent illness.MethodsThe protocol and search strategies were developed with input from clinicians. Medline, EMBASE, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, The Cochrane Library, NHS Economic Evaluations, Health Technology Assessment and Health Economic Evaluations databases were searched.Inclusion criteria specified the population as adults and young people (age >16 years) who are admitted to hospital with suspected or confirmed acute or emergent illness. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in English were eligible for inclusion in the effectiveness review. Economic studies were limited to full economic evaluations and comparative cost analysis. Included studies were quality-assessed. Data were extracted, summarised. and meta-analysed, where appropriate.ResultsEighteen RCTs and 7 economic studies were included. The RCTs were from USA (n = 3), Sweden (n = 2), Belgium (n = 2), China (n = 2), Australia (n = 2), Denmark (n = 2), Northern Ireland, Norway, Canada, UK and Netherlands. The economic studies were from UK (n = 2), Sweden (n = 2), Belgium and Netherlands. The results showed that regular pharmacist input was most cost effective. It reduced length-of-stay (mean = −1.74 days [95% CI: 2.76, −0.72], and increased patient and/or carer satisfaction (Relative Risk (RR) = 1.49 [1.09, 2.03] at discharge). At £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY)-gained cost-effectiveness threshold, it was either cost-saving or cost-effective (Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) = £632/QALY-gained). No evidence was found for 7-day pharmacist presence.ConclusionsPharmacist inclusion in the ward multidisciplinary team improves patient safety and satisfaction and is cost-effective when regularly provided throughout the ward stay. Research is needed to determine whether the provision of 7-day service is cost-effective.     

Impact of community-pharmacist-led medication review programmes on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Background: The role of pharmacists has evolved over the past few decades from being product-oriented to being service-oriented. Community-pharmacist-led medication review programmes have been commissioned in different countries under different names. The services provided by general pharmacists can have a positive impact on patient health, but the impact of the services offered by community pharmacists is relatively unknown. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of community-pharmacist-based medication review programmes among patients with long-term conditions. Methods: The electronic databases Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and Embase were searched from their inception until January 2020 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in the English language assessing the effectiveness of community-pharmacist-led medication review programmes on patients’ clinical and healthcare utilisation outcomes. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool data statistically, where applicable. The study protocol was published in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020165693). Results: Forty-two reports of 40 RCTs were included in the systematic review, and 12 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to the control, a significant improvement was noted in the community-pharmacist-based medication review group for the following outcomes: blood pressure (BP) in patients with diabetes (mean difference [MD] in systolic blood pressure [SBP]: 6.82 [95% CI -11.33, ?2.32]; MD in diastolic blood pressure [DBP]: 2.13 [95% CI -3.35, ?0.92]) and in the hypertension patients (MD in SBP: 6.21 [95% CI -13.26, 0.85]; MD in DBP: 2.11 [95% CI -6.47, 2.26]), HbA1c in patients with diabetes (MD -0.61; 95% CI -0.96, ?0.25), and total cholesterol (TC) in patients with hyperlipidaemia (MD -0.18; 95% CI -0.32, ?0.05). Conclusion: Community-pharmacist-led medication review can improve certain clinical and healthcare utilisation outcomes in patients with long-term conditions.     

Use of the transtheoretical model in medication adherence: A systematic review

BackgroundMedication nonadherence is an important public health issue that has individual and system-level implications. Nonadherence can lead to negative health outcomes and illness, which in turn produce increased healthcare costs for both the individual and system. The transtheoretical model of change (TTM) can be a useful basis for interventions, as it can identify patients' current stages of change and guide them from nonadherence to adherence.ObjectiveThe objective of this systematic review was to determine the utilization of the TTM to predict or improve medication adherence in patients with chronic conditions.MethodsA systematic review of current literature was conducted to obtain an overview of the use of TTM-informed interventions for medication adherence in chronic conditions. PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo and CINAHL databases were searched in July 2020. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Downs and Black checklist. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed for data extraction, analysis, and reporting.ResultsTen studies were included in the final data synthesis of this review. Eight of the reviewed studies supported the utility of TTM to predict or improve medication adherence in patients with chronic conditions, while two studies did not find any significant improvement in medication adherence after using a TTM-based intervention. The Downs and Black checklist revealed the overall methodological quality of the included studies to be fair [mean (SD) = 16.3 (4.5) of a possible maximum score of 28].ConclusionThis systematic review provides an overview of the utility of TTM in predicting and improving medication adherence in patients with chronic conditions. Although TTM-based interventions in patients with low or moderate medication adherence were effective, there were few studies identified, suggesting the need for further research.     

The impact of digital interventions on medication adherence in paediatric populations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,depression, and/or anxiety: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe growing prevalence of mental health disorders in children and adolescents coupled with poor medication adherence in the paediatric population is a major problem within healthcare systems affecting patient outcomes. Digital health interventions (DHIs) are primed to optimise medication adherence given the expansion of digital health markets and the increased usage of digital technologies by children and adolescents.ObjectiveThis rapid systematic review evaluates the impact of DHIs on optimising medication adherence amongst children and adolescents with mental health disorders compared to treatment as usual (TAU).MethodsA rapid systematic search in electronic databases CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus was conducted. The scope of the rapid systematic search included randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies (non-randomised controlled trials) evaluating DHIs optimising medication adherence in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression and/or anxiety. Meta-analyses were conducted based on estimating pooled odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval using a random-effects model. Thematic analysis identified key avenues DHIs offer to optimise medication adherence.ResultsFour studies were found, with 502 participants included in the meta-analysis. An improvement in medication adherence was observed following DHIs for studies measuring dichotomous and continuous outcomes. However, the effect was not significant for the former. DHIs were shown to help bridge the gaps between patients and healthcare professionals, allowing for more frequent monitoring, communication, and assessments.ConclusionsMedication adherence amongst children and adolescents with acute or chronic ADHD, anxiety or depression may be positively impacted by DHIs, but better-powered studies with a lower risk of bias are necessary. The evidence currently remains inconclusive on DHIs improving medication adherence in children and adolescents.     

Effect of dosing frequency on chronic cardiovascular disease medication adherence

Abstract

Background:

Many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) require patients to take one or more long term medications, often administered multiple times a day. We sought to determine the effect of chronic CVD medication dosing frequency on medication adherence.