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Lucy Phan Vo JoAnna Han Souksavong Annie Tran Janet Chang Kajua B. Lor 《Journal of the American Pharmacists Association》2017,57(3):326-332.e6
Objectives
To evaluate the impact of an Act FAST educational intervention performed by student pharmacists on knowledge of stroke recognition and management.Design
Stroke preparedness and knowledge of primary prevention were assessed with the use of pre- and post-intervention surveys targeting community members at health fairs. The intervention was an Act FAST educational session with blood pressure and blood glucose screenings provided by student pharmacists. Act FAST is a quick tool to help recognize and respond to a stroke. The acronym FAST stands for Face, Arms, Speech, and Time.Setting
Community health fairs in Vallejo, CA.Participants
Community members 18 years of age and older.Intervention
Act FAST educational session delivered by student pharmacists.Main outcome measures
Knowledge of signs, symptoms, management, and risk factors of strokes as defined by the American Heart Association.Results
Following the Act FAST educational intervention, total knowledge of signs, symptoms, and management of stroke significantly increased from moderate to high (n = 112; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.419-2.188; P <0.0001). Total knowledge of risk factors of stroke also significantly increased following the educational intervention (n = 88; 95% CI 0.6496-1.746; P <0.0001).Conclusion
The Act FAST educational intervention delivered by student pharmacists increased knowledge of signs, symptoms, immediate management, and modifiable risk factors of stroke. This suggests that student pharmacists may have a positive impact on community members’ preparedness and knowledge of primary prevention of stroke. The Act FAST campaign may be a useful tool for all training health care professionals. 相似文献2.
Lorah Hickman Susan G. Poole Ria E. Hopkins Diane Walters Michael J. Dooley 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2018,14(10):931-935
Background
Medication errors have the potential to cause significant harm and the final verification of dispensed medications is essential to patient safety. There is international evidence to demonstrate that trained pharmacy technicians can safely and accurately undertake the verification of medication orders in ward-based unit dose containers. There is a need for evaluation of pharmacy technician verification of medication orders in broader contexts including the hospital inpatient dispensary.Aim
To compare the accuracy of Accuracy Checking Pharmacy Assistants (ACPTs) to pharmacists when verifying inpatient medication orders within the hospital pharmacy setting.Method
This ‘real world’ single-blinded study was conducted in the inpatient dispensary of a major tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Inpatient medication orders were randomly allocated to an ACPT or pharmacist for final verification, before being reviewed for accuracy by an independent research pharmacist blinded to study allocation. Errors identified by the reviewing pharmacist were documented and severity was assessed by an independent Medication Safety pharmacist.Results
Between February and August 2014, three ACPTs verified 4718 items with 75 errors missed (1.59%), and twelve pharmacists verified 4194 items with 158 errors missed (3.77%). There was a statistically significant difference between both total and minor error rates, with pharmacists missing significantly more errors (total errors: p < 0.0001; minor errors: 1.42 vs 3.53%; p < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of major errors missed by the two groups (0.17 vs 0.24%; p = 0.48).Conclusion
This study is the first of its kind in the hospital dispensary setting, demonstrating that the overall accuracy of ACPTs was greater than pharmacists for verifying dispensed medication orders. ACPTs missed fewer minor and overall errors than pharmacists, indicating that trained pharmacy technicians can verify medication orders safely and accurately. This study provides support for the tech-check-tech model in the hospital setting. 相似文献3.
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Alla El-Awaisi Sundari Joseph Maguy Saffouh El Hajj Lesley Diack 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2018,14(10):863-882
Introduction
Pharmacists are key professionals in the collaborative working process and are integral members of the healthcare team. However, there is paucity of information regarding their perspectives towards interprofessional education (IPE) and collaborative practice.Aims
The aim of this systematic review is to synthesise, summarise and evaluate the quality of the quantitative and qualitative literature related to the perspectives of pharmacy students, pharmacy faculty and practising pharmacists toward IPE and collaborative practice. The perspectives included their views, experiences and attitudes with a special focus on their perceived benefits and challenges in relation to IPE and collaborative practice.Methods
An integrated mixed method systematic review was conducted. Four electronic databases were searched for articles published in English between 2000 and 2015. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to assess the quality of the studies.Results
Twenty-nine articles were identified meeting the selection criteria from the first initial search of 8512 articles. Seventeen articles (59%) targeted pharmacy students, 11 articles (38%) focused on practising pharmacists and 1 study (3%) was related to pharmacy faculty. The majority of studies were conducted in the United States (n = 13), were published in the last five years (83%, n = 24) and employed quantitative methods (52%, n = 15). The two commonly used survey instruments to measure the perspectives were: different versions of the RIPLS (35%, n = 6) and the IEPS scale (35%, n = 6). Fourteen of the 29 studies were rated as low quality (MMAT = 25%), eight studies were rated as average quality (MMAT = 50%), four were rated as high quality (MMAT 75%) and three were rated as very poor quality (MMAT 0%). No studies were rated with 100% MMAT quality. Overall, the findings suggest that pharmacy students, practicing pharmacists and faculty valued interprofessional education and collaborative practice and had positive attitudes towards it. Five main findings have been identified from this review: heterogeneity in reporting IPE research, traditional professional image of the pharmacist, lack of longitudinal follow-up, lack of IPE research on faculty and paucity in mixed method studies in terms of quality and numbers.Conclusions
These findings will provide an opportunity to stakeholders and policy makers to develop and implement IPE activities that are meaningful, comprehensive and unique. Sustained efforts are required not just in undergraduate curricula but also in healthcare settings to improve and promote an interprofessional culture at individual and organisational level. 相似文献9.
Jami E. Mann Lindsey B. Amerine Kayla Waldron Michael D. Wolcott Jacqueline E. McLaughlin 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2018,14(6):595-602
Background
Competency-based education models can serve as valuable resources for providing quality continuing education and professional development in healthcare. However, competency development programs can be stifled by scarce stakeholder involvement and insufficient recognition of resource challenges. Engaging pharmacists in program development can inform program design and prioritization of needs.Objective
To describe a process to assess pharmacist perceptions about competency development and to inform program design by identifying high priority topic areas based on perceived value, confidence in abilities, and frequency of use by pharmacists.Methods
Pharmacists at a large academic medical center were surveyed to examine opinions regarding competency development and identify perceived departmental value, personal confidence, and frequency of use for nine competency topic areas. Responses were aggregated to create scores for each of the three criteria related to the nine topics. Priority areas were topics with the highest relative scores in perceived value and frequency of use and lowest relative scores in confidence compared to the other areas.Results
Survey responses were collected from 105 pharmacists (78.9% response rate). A majority indicated that competency assessment is a shared responsibility between the organization and individual pharmacists. Therapeutic knowledge was identified as the competency requiring the most immediate attention as it was perceived to have the highest departmental value and highest frequency of use, yet participants indicated low confidence regarding the topic.Conclusions
Competency development is a critical aspect of ensuring pharmacists are prepared for the rapidly evolving needs of the healthcare system. Organizations play an important role in identifying and developing pharmacist competencies aligned with institutional and individual needs. This study suggests that pharmacists and leaders at an academic medical center identified a shared responsibility for competency development. The process described here may provide a model for other medical centers with similar competency development needs. 相似文献10.
Jena Jobin Adriane N. Irwin Jana Pimentel Matthew C. Tanner 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2018,14(7):695-699
Background
Transitioning activities that do not require clinical judgment from pharmacists to pharmacy technicians has been endorsed as a strategy to increase patient access to clinical pharmacy services. One role becoming increasingly common is using pharmacy technicians to collect the medication history within medication reconciliation processes.Objective
To assess the ability of pharmacy technicians to gather a complete and accurate medication history during the inpatient admission process at a regional medical center.Methods
Prospective study of unscheduled inpatient admissions at Salem Hospital. Patients where the initial information source was patient or caregiver interview, had two medication histories collected – one by a pharmacy technician through usual care processes and one by a student pharmacist with pharmacist oversight. Medication histories were then compared and a percent accuracy ranging from 0 – 100% was calculated for each of the pharmacy technician-collected histories.Results
A total of 101 patients were included from January 19 to March 6, 2016. Patients were on average 65 ± 19 years of age and taking 7 ± 6 medications at admission. The accuracy of the technician collected histories was 92.9 ± 14.2%. Accuracy was not impacted by age, number of medications, or admitting shift (all p > 0.05).Conclusions
Pharmacy technicians can collect complete and accurate medication histories. Results add to the growing body of literature supporting an expanded role for pharmacy technicians in medication reconciliation processes. 相似文献11.
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Delesha M. Carpenter Courtney A. Roberts Salisa C. Westrick Stefanie P. Ferreri Korey A. Kennelty Kevin A. Look Olufunmilola Abraham Courtenay Wilson 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2018,14(10):968-978
Background
Many community pharmacists are uncomfortable educating patients about naloxone, an opioid reversal agent.Objective
To examine whether training materials prepare pharmacists to counsel patients and caregivers about naloxone, online naloxone education materials for pharmacists in the 13 states with standing orders were analyzed.Methods
Two coders reviewed 12 naloxone training programs and extracted data for 15 topics that were clustered in four categories: background/importance, naloxone products, business/operations, and communication. Programs that included communication content were coded for whether they: 1) suggested specific verbiage for naloxone counseling; 2) recommended evidence-based communication practices; and 3) included example naloxone conversations.Results
Most programs covered the majority of topics, with the exception of extended treatment for individuals who overdose and naloxone storage/expiration information. Eleven programs addressed pharmacist-patient communication, although information on communication was often limited. Only one program included an example pharmacist-patient naloxone conversation, but the conversation was 10 min long and occurred in a private room, limiting its applicability to most community pharmacies.Conclusions
Online naloxone training materials for pharmacists include limited content on how to communicate with patients and caregivers. Training materials that include more in-depth content on communication may increase pharmacists' confidence to discuss the topics of overdose and naloxone. 相似文献15.
Juanita A. Draime Douglas C. Anderson Timothy S. Anderson 《Journal of the American Pharmacists Association》2018,58(3):275-280
Objectives
1) To describe reported medication diversion within the practice of pharmacy; and 2) to compare diversion by employee type.Design
Retrospective study.Setting
A sample of state board of pharmacy records was examined from 9 states. Disciplinary actions were obtained from the records for the time period of May 2008 to May 2013.Participants
Pharmacy employees (pharmacist, technician, interns).Intervention
Not applicable.Main outcome measures
When a diversion case was identified, the following items were obtained for each case of medication diversion: 1) category of pharmacy employee (pharmacist, technician, intern); 2) type of substance (control, noncontrol, both); 3) use of diverted substance (sale, personal use, both, undetermined); and 4) action taken by the board.Results
A total of 811 medication diversion cases in 9 states were identified. Most cases involved a pharmacy technician (71.4%), controlled substances only (94.2%), and diversion for personal use (46.6%) and resulted in license or registration revocation or surrender (62.5%). When examining medication diversion use by purpose for diversion, there were significant differences by pharmacy employee type (sale use: P = 0.003; personal use: P = 0.032; unknown use: P < 0.001).Conclusion
Medication diversion is a pressing problem. There were 811 cases examined by 9 state boards, and many cases may be unreported. Technicians represent nearly three-fourths of diversions. It is essential that the practice of pharmacy identifies and assesses strategies to reduce medication diversion. 相似文献16.
Milena McLaughlin Lori A. Gordon Thomas J. Kleyn Melody Lamsen James Scott 《Journal of the American Pharmacists Association》2018,58(2):168-173.e3
Objectives
To ascertain the reasons for, benefits of, and barriers to pursuing the American Academy of HIV Medicine (AAHIVM) HIV Pharmacist (AAHIVP) credential.Methods
A cross-sectional study using an electronic self-administered survey was used. Two separate invitations to participate in online surveys were sent to pharmacists who practice in HIV-related settings: 1 to pharmacists with the AAHIVP credential and 1 to members of key pharmacy organizations and employers without the credential. The surveys assessed demographics, concurrent credentials and certifications, and factors influencing the pursuit of and benefits gained from having the AAHIVP credential (credentialed population) or barriers to pursuing the AAHIVP credential (credentialed and noncredentialed populations).Results
There were 192 participants (survey response rate 38.8%) in the credentialed population and 212 participants in the noncredentialed population. Perceived recognition as an HIV expert from pharmacist (n = 174; 90.6%) and physician (n = 162; 84.4%) peers was the main reason for credentialing; only 20.4% (n = 23/113) of participants’ employers reimbursed for the credential. Common reasons for nonpursuit included lack of employer incentive (n = 46; 26.6%) and lack of fee reimbursement (n = 38; 21.9%) in those aware of the credential. However, a majority of these noncredentialed participants reported they would be interested in pursuing credentialing (n = 152; 80.4%).Conclusion
AAHIVP credentialing is sought and maintained on the basis of perceived intangible benefits, such as peer recognition, over tangible benefits, such as increased salary and reimbursement by third-party payers. Despite interest, a lack of employer reimbursement is perceived to be a barrier to AAHIVP credentialing among those who have not yet been credentialed. 相似文献17.
Stephanie J. Bridges 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2018,14(3):290-294
Background
Pharmacy students start to develop their professional values through engagement with the course, practice exposure, staff and fellow students. Group working is an element of pedagogy which draws on the social aspects of learning to facilitate knowledge and skills development, but its potential role in facilitating professional identity formation has as yet been under researched.Objectives
This study aimed to explore the potential of mutual learning through group work to contribute not only to academic knowledge and understanding, but also to the development of students' professional values and selves.Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 home and international first year undergraduate pharmacy students in a UK School of Pharmacy, to explore their experiences of interacting for learning with other students on the course.Findings
Thematic analysis of the interview data highlighted four main benefits of mutual learning, which are that it: promotes friendly interactions; aids learning about the subject and the profession; opens the mind through different opinions and ways of thinking; and enables learning about other people. Through working together students developed their communication skills and confidence; reflectively considered their own stance in the light of others' experiences and healthcare perspectives; and started to gain a wider worldview, potentially informing their future interactions with patients and colleagues. Some difficulties arose when group interactions functioned less well.Conclusions
Opportunity for collaboration and exchange can positively influence development of students' professional outlook and values. However, careful management of group working is required, in order to create a mutually supportive environment wherein students feel able to interact, share and develop together. 相似文献18.
Objectives
To determine a) the impact of pharmacy setting (chain vs. independent) and b) pharmacists' communication styles on patients' pharmacist selection preferences and their perceptions of pharmacists.Design
A 2 (pharmacy setting) × 4 (communication style of pharmacist) mixed-design experiment using online vignettes, where pharmacy setting (chain vs. independent) was the between-subjects factor and the communication style of the pharmacists (paternalistic, informative, interpretive, or deliberative) was the within-subjects factor.Setting and participants
A total of 502 adult U.S. participants completed an online survey.Main outcome measures
Participants completed measures of perceived expertise, quality of medical care, and patient satisfaction after exposure to each vignette. They also selected which of the 4 pharmacists they would want to visit, along with answering an open-ended prompt explaining their decision.Results
Mixed analysis of variance results revealed that pharmacy setting had no impact on the dependent variables, although pharmacists adopting more patient-centered communication (i.e., deliberative or interpretive) were perceived to have greater expertise (P < 0.001). These pharmacists were also predicted to provide a higher quality of care (P < 0.001) and greater patient satisfaction (P < 0.001). Although the majority of participants would choose to visit a patient-centered pharmacist, about 1 in 6 stated that he or she would prefer a pharmacist adopting a paternalistic communication style. Participants' rationale for their selections focused primarily on how the pharmacists would communicate or recommend treatments.Conclusion
Although patient-centered care is seen as a criterion standard in pharmacy practice, there is a large subset of patients who prefer pharmacists who communicate from a more biomedical perspective. Future research and interprofessional educational opportunities with colleagues in communication disciplines may be fruitful in helping pharmacists to better assess patient cues that might signal their willingness to be more or less active participants in their care. Pharmacies may also find it useful to improve how they market pharmacists so that patients can more effectively choose pharmacists who fit the style of care they would like to receive. 相似文献19.
Rasha M. Arabyat Dennis W. Raisch Ludmila Bakhireva 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2018,14(2):162-169