Analysis of early mortality and related risk factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To analyze the early mortality and related risk factors of new hemodialysis patients in Zhejiang province, and provide basis for reducing the death risk of hemodialysis patients. Methods The early mortality and related factors of new hemodialysis patients from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed using the database of Zhejiang province hemodialysis registration. The early mortality was defined as death within 90 days of dialysis. Cox regression model was used to analyze the related risk factors of the early mortality in hemodialysis patients. Results The mortality was the highest in the first month after dialysis (46.40/100 person year), and gradually stabilized after three months. The early mortality was 25.33/100 person year. The mortality within 120 days and 360 days were 21.40/100 person year and 11.37/100 person year, respectively. The elderly (≥65 years old, HR=1.981, 95%CI 1.319-2.977, P＜0.001), primary tumor (HR=3.308, 95%CI 1.137-5.624, P=0.028), combined with tumors (not including the primary tumor, HR=2.327, 95%CI 1.200-4.513, P=0.012), temporary catheter (the initial dialysis pathway, HR=3.632, 95%CI 1.806-7.307, P＜0.001), lower albumin (＜30 g/L, HR=2.181, 95%CI 1.459-3.260, P＜0.001), lower hemoglobin (every 0.01 g/L increase, HR=0.861, 95%CI 0.793-0.935, P=0.001), lower high density lipoprotein (＜0.7 mmol/L, HR=1.796, 95%CI 1.068-3.019, P=0.027) and higher C reactive protein (≥40 mg/L, HR=1.889, 95%CI 1.185-3.012, P=0.008) were the risk factors of early death for hemodialysis patients. Conclusions The early mortality of hemodialysis patients is high after dialysis, and gradually stable after 3 months. The elderly, primary tumor, combined with tumors, the initial dialysis pathway, lower albumin, lower hemoglobin, lower high density lipoprotein and higher C reactive protein are the risk factors of early death for hemodialysis patients.     

Prognostic analysis of aged end-stage renal disease patients receiving hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Objective To compare the survival rates of elderly hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and identify their independent prognostic predictors. Methods Patients aging ＞60 years old who initiated dialysis between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2014 were included. Propensity score method (PSM) was applied to adjust for selection bias. Kaplan-Meier method was used to obtain survival curves and a Cox regression model was used to evaluate risk factors for mortality. Results 447 eligible patients with maintenance dialysis were identified, 236 with hemodialysis and 211 with peritoneal dialysis. 174 pairs of patients were matched, with the baseline data [age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and the primary disease] between two groups showing no significant difference (P＞0.05). Cardiovascular events, cerebrovascular events and infection were major causes of death in both groups and there was no significant difference in the causes of death between two groups (P＞0.05). The overall survival rates at 1 and 5 year were 93.6% and 63.4% respectively in HD group, 91.9% and 61.5% in PD group. The differences of total survival rates between HD and PD patients were not significant (P＞0.05). Cox regression analysis showed age(≥80 year) (P＜0.001, HR=1.058, 95%CI 1.028-1.088), diabetic nephropathy (P=0.001, HR=2.161, 95%CI 1.384-3.373), CCI≥5 (P=0.007, HR=1.935, 95%CI 1.201-3.117) were independent prognostic risk predictors in HD patients; age(≥80 year) (P=0.022, HR=1.043, 95%CI 1.006-1.081), serum albumin level ＜ 35 g/L (P=0.025, HR=1.776, 95%CI 1.075-2.934), and prealbumin (P=0.012, HR=0.968, 95%CI 0.944-0.993) were independent prognostic predictors in PD patients. Conclusions The differences of total survival rates between aged HD and PD patients are not significant. Age, diabetic nephropathy, CCI≥5 and age, serum albumin＜35 g/L, prealbumin＞30 g/L respectively influence the survival of elderly HD and PD patients.     

心血管手术相关急性肾损伤患者行连续性肾脏替代治疗后的预后因素分析

目的探讨心血管手术相关急性肾损伤患者行连续性肾脏替代治疗后不同预后的相关因素。 方法本研究纳入2015年1月至2018年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院住院行心血管手术治疗且接受连续性肾脏替代治疗的患者,按90 d是否死亡和90 d内RRT治疗天数(≤14 d,15～90 d,>90 d)将患者分为4组,分析90 d死亡、90 d透析依赖、90 d延迟摆脱透析的相关影响因素。 结果本研究共纳入210例患者,平均随访400 d。其中90 d死亡114例,90 d生存且14 d内摆脱透析37例,90 d生存15～90 d内摆脱透析46例,90 d生存且透析依赖13例。多因素Cox回归显示：90 d死亡的独立危险因素包括高龄(HR＝1.029,95%CI: 1.013～1.045,P<0.001)、术前血清肌酐低(HR＝0.993,95%CI: 0.987～0.998,P＝0.008)、CRRT前APACHE Ⅱ高评分(HR＝1.043, 95%CI: 1.004～1.084,P＝0.028)、CRRT前SOFA评分高(HR＝1.130, 95%CI: 1.052～1.213,P<0.001)、CRRT前脓毒症(HR＝2.327, 95%CI: 1.591～3.403,P<0.001)、CRRT前过低的舒张压(HR＝0.979,95%CI: 0.963～0.996,P＝0.013)。90 d存活患者透析依赖的独立危险因素包括术前较低的eGFR(HR＝0.962,95%CI: 0.940～0.984,P<0.001)。90 d存活患者中延迟摆脱透析的危险因素有血清白蛋白低(OR＝0.837,95%CI: 0.717～0.977,P＝0.024)、机械通气时间长(OR＝1.434,95%CI: 1.175～1.749,P<0.001)、CRRT前尿量少(OR＝0.739,95%CI: 0.623～0.876,P<0.001)。 结论心血管手术相关急性肾损伤并行连续性肾脏替代治疗患者中,90 d死亡与高龄、CRRT前疾病的严重程度、脓毒症和过低的舒张压有关;90 d存活患者透析依赖与患者术前较差的肾功能有关;90 d存活患者延迟摆脱透析与血清白蛋白低、机械通气时间长、CRRT前尿量少有关。     

Relationship between coronary artery calcification and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the relationship between coronary artery calcification (CAC) and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods Eighty-six patients who were on MHD between October 2014 and May 2015 in the blood purification center of our hospital were enrolled prospectively. CAC was measured and scored by multiple slice computed tomography (MSCT). According to the CAC score (CACs), the patients were divided into mild CAC (CACs＜100) group and severe CAC (CACs≥100) group. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to analyze the survival rates of the two groups, and a COX proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the risk factors of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in MHD patients. Results Severe CAC (CACs≥100) was present in 62.8% (54/86) patients. The median of follow-up duration was 28.9(23.8, 29.4) months. During the follow up, 2(6.3%) patients in CACs＜100 group and 18 (33.3%) patients in CACs≥100 group died. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients in CACs≥100 group had higher all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality as compared with patients in CACs＜100 group (P=0.007, P=0.030). Multivariate COX regression analysis demonstrated that CACs≥100 (HR=7.687, 95%CI 1.697-34.819, P=0.008) and low single-pool Kt/V (HR=0.092, 95%CI 0.020-0.421, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality. Old age (HR=1.192, 95%CI 1.100-1.291, P＜0.001), short duration of dialysis (HR=0.598, 95%CI 0.445-0.804, P=0.001), low 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (HR=0.461, 95%CI 0.326-0.630, P＜0.001), and low total cholesterol (HR=0.405, 95%CI 0.213-0.772, P=0.006) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality. Conclusions The CACs is significantly related with overall survival in MHD patients. Large multicenter prospective studies are to be evaluated the association between CACs and long-term survival in MHD patients.     

Risk factors for mortality in diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the risk factors of all-cause mortality in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods As a single-center retrospective cohort study, all incident PD patients who were catheterized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University between November 1, 2005 and February 28, 2017 were included. Patients were divided into diabetes mellitus group (DM group) and non-diabetes mellitus group (NDM group). Outcomes were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to assess the risk factors of all-cause mortality. Results A total of 977 patients were enrolled. Compared with NDM group, patients in DM group were older (47.5±14.4 vs 59.3±11.3, P＜0.01), had more cardiovascular disease (CVD) (7.5% vs 20.3%, P＜0.01), higher levels of serum hemoglobin (78.2±17.2 vs 82.3±14.6 g/L, P＜0.01) , and lower levels of serum albumin (36.1±5.0 vs 32.7±5.6 g/L, P＜0.01). The one-, three- and five-year patient survival rates of DM and NDM group were 89.7%, 56.0%, 31.9% and 94.7%, 81.3%, 67.4%, respectively.Survival rate was significantly lower in DM group than in NDM group ( χ2=63.51, P＜0.01). Stratified analysis showed that DM group had significant lower survival rate than NDM group in patients younger than 70 years old ( χ2= 73.35, P＜0.01), while survival rate was similar between the two groups patients older than 70 years old ( χ2= 0.003, P=0.96). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that DM (HR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.27-2.38, P＜0.01), age (HR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.04-1.06, P＜0.01), leukocyte (HR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.00-1.12, P=0.04) and triglyceride (HR: 1.19, 95%CI: 1.07-1.32, P＜0.01) were all independent risk factors for all-cause mortality of PD patients. However, age (HR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.04-1.07, P＜0.01) and alkaline phosphatase (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.01, P=0.02) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality of diabetic patients. Conclusions Long-term survival rate was lower in diabetic PD patients than in non-diabetic PD patients. DM, age, leukocyte and triglyceride were independent risk factors of mortality in PD patients. Age and alkaline phosphatase were independent risk factors of mortality in diabetic patients.     

Development and validation of a prognostic model for survival in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To develop and validate a nomogram for predicting the 1-and 3-year survival rates of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. Methods Patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis for the first time in Zhujiang hospital from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2017 were enrolled. The patients from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017 were enrolled in a training dataset. Baseline clinical data were collected and the primary endpoint was all-cause death. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyze risk factors affecting the survival rates. Nomograms were generated using the R rms package. The Harrell' concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic curve and calibration curve were used to verify the performance of the model. Patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013 were then selected to validate the external predictive accuracy of the prediction models. Results The prediction cohort enrolled 457 patients, with a median follow-up time of 27.67(18.37, 39.22) months, and 64 patients (14.00%) died during follow-up. The 1-and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 96.4% and 83.0%. Multivariate analysis showed that aging (every 1 year old increase, HR=1.07, 95%CI 1.04-1.09, P﹤0.001), stroke (HR=3.63, 95%CI 1.93-6.85, P﹤0.001), higher cholesterol (every 1 mmol/L increase, HR=1.51, 95%CI 1.20-1.89, P﹤0.001), higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (every 1 increase, HR=1.12, 95%CI 1.05-1.20, P=0.001), and lower albumin (HR=0.89, 95%CI 0.82-0.95, P=0.001) were independent risk factors affecting the survival rates of PD patients. The C-index of the prediction cohort and the validation cohort were 0.815(95%CI 0.765-0.865) and 0.804(95%CI 0.744-0.864, respectively). Both internally and externally verified calibration curves showed that the predicted results were close to the actual survival rates. Conclusion Based on age, blood total cholesterol level, stroke history, and NLR, the prognosis prediction model of peritoneal dialysis patients established with nomogram can help predict the 1-year and 3-year survival rates of peritoneal dialysis patients.     

Serum phosphorus variation is associated with mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum phosphorus variability and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods A total of 502 MHD cases from Renji hospital hemodialysis center were registered in Shanghai Registry Network from January 2007 to April 2015. They were recruited with general information, laboratory results and outcomes. According to their median of coefficient of variation (CV) of blood phosphorus, the patients were divided into high variation group (CV≥0.226 mmol/L) and low variation group (CV＜0.226 mmol/L). The relationship of serum phosphorus CV with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality was assessed respectively. Results The average age was (63.9±14.6) years, the median dialysis age was 82.0 (43.0, 139.0) months, 118 patients (23.5%) died for all cause and 64 patients (12.7%) died for cardiovascular disease. Compared with patients in low phosphorus variation group, patients had a higher all-cause mortality in high phosphorus variation group (27.7% vs 19.3%, P=0.028). Higher cardiovascular disease mortality was observed in high variation group as well, but this difference was no statistical significant (15.4% vs 10.0%, P=0.082). COX regression analysis showed that ＞60 years of age (HR=2.762, 95%CI 1.707-4.468, P＜0.001), low hemoglobin (HR=0.466, 95%CI 0.317-0.686, P＜0.001), low albumin (HR=0.555, 95%CI 0.366-0.840, P=0.005), high CV of phosphorus (HR=1.479, 95%CI 1.023-2.139, P=0.037) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality. Moreover, ＞60 years of age (HR=2.666, 95%CI 1.469-4.837, P=0.001), low hemoglobin (HR=0.480, 95%CI 0.238-0.801, P=0.005), and high CV of phosphorus (HR=1.655, 95%CI 1.003-2.729, P=0.049) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality. There was no significant statistical difference between patients phosphorus on target and patients phosphorus below target in all-cause disease mortality (P=0.065) and cardiovascular disease mortality (P=0.425). High variation group whose phosphorus on target had higher all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality than those in low variation group (29.2% vs 16.9%, P=0.047; 15.0% vs 6.0%, P=0.033). Kaplan-Meier method showed that patients with high phosphorus variation had higher all-cause (P=0.023) and cardiovascular disease mortality (P=0.047) than patients with low phosphorus variation. Conclusions The high CV of phosphorus is independently correlated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Patients with standard-reaching phosphorus in the low variation group have a lower mortality. A serum phosphorus level sustainably reaching the standard may improve the survival in MHD patients.     

Effects of serum uric acid level on all-cause death and cardiovascular death in patients of maintaining peritoneal dialysis

Objective To investigate the effects of serum uric acid (SUA) on all-cause death and cardiovascular death in patients of maintaining peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods One thousand and sixty-three PD patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College were included. The SUA levels at 6 months after PD start were measured. Patients with SUA≥420 μmol/L were grouped in hyperuricemia group (492 cases) and patients with SUA＜420 μmol/L were grouped in normal uric acid group (571 cases). The effects on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were retrospectively analyzed. Results The median age of the patients was 51(41, 62) years; 557 cases were male (52.40%); the median follow-up time was 33(20, 54) months (6-96 months); 167 cases (15.71%) died during the follow-up period, including 64 cases (6.02%) with cardiovascular causes. The mortality in hyperuricemia group was 19.11%(94/492) and the cardiovascular mortality was 7.93%(39/492), both rates were higher than those in normal uric acid group, and the differences were statistically significant (P=0.005, P=0.015, respectively). Hyperuricemia (SUA≥420 μmol/L) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.572, 95%CI 1.155-2.141, P=0.004), high uric acid level (continuous variable) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.002, 95%CI 1.001-1.004, P=0.008), and age≥65 years (HR=3.571, 95%CI 2.556-4.990, P＜0.001), serum albumin≤30 g/L (HR=1.907, 95%CI 1.278-2.845, P=0.002), high Charlson comorbidity index (HR=1.209, 95%CI 1.032-1.417, P=0.019) at the beginning of PD start were independent risk factors for all-causes death in PD patients. Hyperuricemia (SUA≥420 μmol/L) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.734, 95%CI 1.033-2.912, P=0.037) and age≥65 years (HR=1.761, 95%CI 1.024-3.209, P=0.041), with diabetes (HR=2.775, 95%CI 1.358-5.671, P=0.005) at the beginning of PD start were independent risk factors for cardiovascular death in PD patients. Conclusions SUA at 6 months after PD is an independent risk factor for all-cause death and cardiovascular death in PD patients.     

Early stage elevated platelet count is an independent risk factor for the poor prognosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis

Objective To determine whether the early stage platelet count can predict the outcome of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP). Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted by selecting PDAP patients who were hospitalized in the First People's Hospital of Foshan from January 2012 to January 2019. According to the final treatment outcome, the patients were divided into cured group and withdrawn group. The withdrawn group included patients who transferred to hemodialysis or died. Basic data on demography, blood routine examination, peritoneal fluid, biochemical indicators were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the withdrawn risk factors of PDAP. Results There were 180 patients included in the study, including 112 cases in the cured group and 68 cases in the withdrawn group. Compared with the cured group, there were older age [(53.38±14.17) years old vs (48.41±13.04) years old, t=2.407, P=0.017] , longer age of dialysis [(49.20±26.05) months vs (30.36±32.97) months, t=4.034, P＜0.001], longer hospital stay [(23.88±11.50) d vs (17.80±3.95) d, t=5.133, P＜0.001] and higher platelet count [(285.55±107.23)×109/L vs (234.90±74.03)×109/L, t=3.450, P=0.001], lower serum albumin [(31.72±7.47) g/L vs (35.40±4.93) g/L, t=-3.972, P＜0.001] in the withdrawn group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that longer dialysis age (OR=1.012, 95%CI 1.007-1.024, P=0.015) and higher platelet count (OR=1.013, 95%CI 1.004-1.026, P=0.008) were independent risk factors, and higher serum albumin (OR=0.941, 95%CI 0.896-0.988, P=0.005) was an independent protective factor of withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis in PDAP patients. Conclusions The long dialysis age, early high platelet count are independent risk factors and high serum albumin level is an independent protective factor for withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis in PDAP patients.     

Long-term survival analysis of the elderly peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To analyze the clinical data of the elderly peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), and to find the risk factors for the long-term survival. Methods Baseline data and the outcome of maintenance PD patients from 1996-03 to 2015-09-30 were collected for a retrospective cohort study. Patients were divided into the non-elderly group (＜65 years old), the 65-79 years old group and the ≥80 years old group, and were follow to 2016-09-30. The survival rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and the risk factors of outcome were analyzed by the Cox's regression model. Results Among 577 PD patients, about 243(42.1%) were elderly patients, including 207 patients aged between 65 and 79 years (35.9%) and 36 patients aged 80 or more (6.2%). The most common primary disease causing PD was diabetic nephropathy (DN) for both elderly and non-elderly patients. The 1-year, 3-year, 5-year survival rate of patients aged between 65 and 79 years were 87.0%, 61.9%, 32.4% respectively, and 72.5%, 48.5%, 27.3% for the ≥80 years old group. The dominating reasons of death were cardiovascular events and infection. There was no difference of technical survival rates among three groups, and the most common reason for technical failure was peritonitis. For elderly patients, diabetes (HR=2.193, 95%CI 1.445-3.328, P＜0.001) and lower baseline serum albumin (HR=0.968, 95%CI 0.940-0.996, P=0.026) were independent risk factors for death. However, for non-elderly patients, diabetes (HR=3.746, 95%CI 2.149-6.529, P＜0.001) was the only independent risk factor for death. Conclusions Cardiovascular diseases and infection are the main reasons for death among the elderly PD patients in PUMCH. Diabetes and lower baseline serum albumin may predict the mortality of elderly PD patients independently. Better management of nutrition might improve survival in elderly PD patients.     

透析开始残余肾功能与维持性透析患者预后的关系

目的 评估终末期肾病患者透析开始残余肾功能与维持性透析预后的关系.方法 收集2005年1月1日至2009年9年30日新进入血透或腹透治疗的终末期肾病成年患者资料,随访至2010年3月31日.根据透析开始时估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)分为≥10.5、8～＜10.5、6～＜8、＜6 ml· min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 4组.eGFR评估采用MDRD简化公式.终点事件为全因死亡和心脑血管死亡.结果 (1)共562例患者入选,透析开始中位eGFR为5.60(2.26～12.62) ml· min-1·(1.73 m2)-1;中位随访时间为17(0～58)个月 ;死亡141例,中位生存期为45.48(43.05 ～47.90)个月.随着透析开始eGFR下降,4组患者Scr、BUN、血尿酸(SUA)、血前白蛋白、血磷、血钙磷乘积、整段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、平均动脉压(MAP)逐渐升高 ;血红蛋白(Hb)、男性患者比例、并发糖尿病比例、Charison并发症指数≥5比例逐渐下降,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜ 0.05).随着透析开始eGFR下降,并发左室肥大比例有逐渐升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义.(2)Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示4组患者总体生存率差异无统计学意义.Cox回归分析显示透析开始eGFR与透析预后无显著关系.对透析非早期(＞3个月)死亡患者进行Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析,4组患者1年生存率差异无统计学意义.多因素Cox回归分析显示透析开始eGFR是透析1年生存预后的保护因素(HR =0.791,95％CI 0.669～0.935,P＜0.01).(3)以心脑血管死亡为终点事件,多因素Cox回归分析显示,透析开始eGFR是心脑血管生存预后(HR =0.868,95％CI 0.777～0.971,P＜0.05)和1年心脑血管生存预后(HR=0.937,95％CI 0.851～0.992,P＜0.05)的保护因素.(4)多因素Cox回归分析显示,透析开始eGFR增高1 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1,腹膜透析患者死亡风险下降10％(HR=0.90,95％CI 0.81～0.99,P＜ 0.05).血液透析方式4组患者Kaplan-Meier生存率分析显示,差异有统计学意义(Log-rank检验,P=0.047),8～＜10.5组生存率最低,与6～＜8组、＜6组差异有统计学意义(Log-rank检验,P=0.033,P=0.005).多因素Cox回归分析并未显示透析开始eGFR与预后相关.多因素Cox回归分析提示透析开始eGFR增高1 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1,慢性肾小球肾炎患者和慢性肾小球肾炎腹膜透析患者死亡风险分别降低16.6％(HR=0.834,95％CI 0.736～0.946,P＜0.01)和32.1％(HR=0.679,95％CI 0.535～0.862,P＜0.01).以心脑血管死亡为终点,多因素Cox回归分析显示透析开始eGFR增高1 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1,慢性肾小球肾炎患者心脑血管死亡风险下降18.2％(HR=0.818,95％CI 0.669～0.999,P＜0.05).结论 本组患者透析时机明显晚于国际透析指南的标准.随着透析开始eGFR降低,并发症增多及程度加重.早期透析可能无法提高透析患者的总体生存率,但可能有助于改善患者心脑血管及1年总体生存预后和腹膜透析、慢性肾小球肾炎患者的预后.     

Association between body-mass index and survival in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the association between body-mass index and prognosis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods In this observational study of a single nephrology unit in Shanghai East Hospital, 81 incident continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) patients were included from Jan 2008 to Dec 2013, whom were followed-up by 36 months or until death. The patients were classified as underweight (BMI＜18.5kg/m2); normal weight (18.5～23.9kg/m2); overweight (24～27.9kg/m2) and obese (BMI≥28kg/m2). The patients and technique survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to elucidate relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality and technique failure in PD patients. Results The overall survival rate was similar between normal and overweight groups (P=0.96), but significantly lower in underweight group and obese group (P＜0.01 respectively). The overall technical survival rate of obese group was lower compare with normal group (P＜0.01). The main cause of technical failure was peritonitis (81.3%). BMI was positively correlated with albumin (r=0.24, P＜0.05), hemoglobin (r=0.56, P＜0.01), glucose(r=0.23, P＜0.05) and cholesterol (r=0.41, P＜0.01), but negatively correlated with Kt/V (r=-0.36, P＜0.01) and Ccr(r=-0.34, P＜0.01). In adjusted Cox proportional hazard mode 3, obese was independently associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 5.93, 95%CI: 1.10～31.79). Obese and peritonitis were independently associated with technical failure (HR: 10.33, 95%CI: 1.04～78.02 and HR: 2.74, 95%CI: 1.17～6.40 respectively). Conclusions Underweight and obese CAPD patients have poorer outcome. Obese CAPD patients also have lower technical survival rate. Obesity was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in CAPD patients.     

Association of serum magnesium with cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the association of serum magnesium with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods A retrospective study was performed in patients who initiated peritoneal dialysis from January 1, 2013 to July 31, 2019 in the Shaoxing People's Hospital. According to the standard of serum magnesium, the patients were divided into control group (Mg≥0.7 mmol/L) and low-magnesium group (Mg﹤0.7 mmol/L). The differences in baseline biochemical variables, comorbidities, medications, and clinical outcomes between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of hypomagnesemia. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Fine-Gray model were used to compare the difference in cumulative survival rate between the two groups. Cox regression model and competitive risk model were used to analyze the risk factors of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. Results A total of 381 peritoneal dialysis patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 321 patients were in control group and 60 patients in low-magnesium group. The total median follow-up time was 27(15, 43) months. There were significant differences in serum albumin, magnesium, phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone, low-density lipoprotein chloesterol, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and 4-hour dialysate-to-plasma creatinine (4 h D/Pcr) between the two groups. CVD was the main cause of death in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypoalbuminemia (OR=0.901, 95%CI 0.831-0.976, P=0.011), hypophosphatemia (OR=0.217, 95%CI 0.080-0.591, P=0.003), higher hsCRP (OR=1.276, 95%CI 1.066-1.528, P=0.008), and higher 4 h D/Pcr (OR=1.395, 95%CI 1.014-1.919, P=0.041) were independent risk factors for patients with hypomagnesemia. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed the cumulative survival rate of patients in low-magnesium group was significantly lower than that of control group (Log-rank χ2=5.388, P=0.020). Fine-Gray model analysis showed the cumulative CVD survival rate of low-magnesium group was significantly lower than that of control group (Gray=6.915, P=0.009). Multivariate-corrected Cox regression model and competitive risk model analysis showed that higher serum magnesium level was a protective factor for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality when serum magnesium was used as a continuous variable (HR=0.137, 95%CI 0.020-0.946, P=0.044; SHR=0.037, 95%CI 0.002-0.636, P=0.023, respectively). Hypomagnesemia was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality when serum magnesium was used as categorical variable (HR=1.864, 95%CI 1.044-3.328, P=0.035; SHR=2.117, 95%CI 1.147-3.679, P=0.029, respectively). Conclusions Hypomagnesemia is susceptible to peritoneal dialysis patients with hypoalbuminemia, hypophosphatemia, higher hsCRP and higher peritoneal transport characteristics. Hypomagnesemia is an independent risk factor for CVD mortality and all-cause mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients.     

Associations of low serum total bilirubin level with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the association of low serum total bilirubin (TBIL) level with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods As a single-center, retrospective, cohort study, all the patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis catheterization in the Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and started peritoneal dialysis for more than 3 months from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2010 were included. Demographics, baseline clinical and laboratory test results were collected. All patients were followed up until December 31, 2012. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to their baseline serum TBIL levels (interquartile range). Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the survival rate of each group. Cox regression model was used to analyze the association of TBIL with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of low TBIL level. Results A total of 880 peritoneal dialysis patients with baseline TBIL data were enrolled in this study, with age of (48.0±15.4) years old, among whom 59.0% were male. Median TBIL was 4.5 μmol/L and interquartile range was 3.4-5.8 μmol/L. The comparison between TBIL quartile groups showed that the difference in proportion of diabetics, Charlson comorbidity index, hemoglobin, serum albumin, serum calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was statistically significant (all P＜0.05), while the difference in body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid and phosphorus was not statistically significant. After a median follow-up of 31 months, 194 patients died, 104 of which were cardiovascular deaths. Kaplan-Meier curves showed higher all-cause mortality in patients with TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L (Q1 group) (P=0.032) and there was no statistical difference in the cardiovascular mortality among different groups. After adjusting for biochemical indicators such as demographics, comorbidities, and liver function, taking baseline TBIL Q2 level (3.4＜TBIL≤4.5 μmol/L) as a reference, the hazard ratio for all-cause death in patients with TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L was 1.702 (95%CI 1.093-2.650, P=0.019), and the hazard ratio for cardiovascular death was 1.760 (95%CI 0.960-3.227, P=0.068). Multiple logistic regression analysis results showed that diabetes (OR=1.065, 95%CI 1.010-1.122, P=0.019) and high BMI (OR=1.838, 95%CI 1.056-3.197, P=0.031) were risk factors for baseline serum TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L. However, high hemoglobin (OR=0.990, 95%CI 0.982-0.998, P=0.011), high serum albumin (OR=0.950, 95%CI 0.916-0.985, P=0.006) and high ALT (OR=0.998, 95%CI 0.976-0.999, P=0.036) were the protective factors for patients with baseline serum TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L. Conclusion Baseline serum TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L in peritoneal dialysis patients is independently associated with all-cause mortality, and is not significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality; and baseline serum TBIL≤3.4 μmol/L occurred is associated with diabetes, high body mass index, low levels of hemoglobin, serum albumin and ALT.     

Survival analysis in automated peritoneal dialysis patients

Objectives To compare the clinical characteristics, long-term survival and associated risk factors of automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) patients and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Methods As a retrospectively study, adult patients started peritoneal dialysis in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from September 1st, 2002 to September 30th, 2016 were enrolled. Baseline information and dialysis associated parameters were collected. The primary outcome was death and the secondary outcome was technical failure. The risk factors of death were analyzed in APD patients by Cox's regression model. Homochromous gender and age matched CAPD patients were analyzed as control. Results The baseline condition of 69 APD patients were similar to those of 138 CAPD patients. The survival rates of APD patients at 1-year、3-year and 5-year were 95.4%, 88.0% and 73.0% respectively, which were superior to CAPD patients. No significant difference in technical survival was found between APD and CAPD patients. Single-factor Cox's regression analysis showed that all-cause mortality of CAPD patients was 2.2 times higher than that of APD patients (95% CI 1.221-3.837). In the multi-factor Cox regression analysis model, adjusted by age, complications (including cardiovascular disease and diabetes), nPCR and serum creatinine, dialysis modality was not an independent risk factor of dialysis patients. Age (HR=1.077, 95%CI 1.016-1.142, P=0.013), diabetes (HR=3.608, 95%CI 1.117-11.660, P=0.032) and serum albumin (HR=0.890, 95%CI 0.808-0.982, P=0.020) were independently associated with all-cause death of APD patients. Conclusions Dialysis modality was not an independent risk factor for the all-cause mortality of peritoneal dialysis patients. Age, diabetic nephropathy and hypoalbuminemia were independently associated with the death of APD patients.     

Clinical features and treatment outcomes of early-onset peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a multi-center retrospective study

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of early-onset peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (EOP). Methods Clinical data of patients with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP) from 2013 to 2018 in four tertiary hospitals of Jilin province were collected retrospectively. According to whether the dialysis time of the first PDAP was ≤12 months or not, the subjects were divided into EOP group (≤12 months) and late-onset PDAP (LOP) group (＞12 months) , and clinical data, pathogenic bacteria, treatment outcomes of PDAP and prognosis of two groups were compared. Results A total of 575 patients were included, including 314 patients in the EOP group, with age of (56.53±15.57) years and 152 females (48.4%), and 261 patients in the LOP group, with age of (56.61±14.42) years old and 144 females (55.2%). Compared with LOP group, the proportion of pathogenic bacteria culture-negative in EOP group was higher and the proportion of streptococcal infection was lower (both P＜0.05). The initial treatment efficiency and cure rate of EOP group were higher than that of LOP group, while the extubation rate was lower than that of LOP group (all P＜0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that the cure rate of EOP was 79% higher than that of LOP (OR=1.79, 95%CI 1.13-2.82, P=0.012), and the extubation rate of EOP was 68% lower than that of LOP (OR=0.32, 95%CI 0.15-0.66, P=0.002). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the cumulative rates of multiple PDAP, technical failure, all-cause death, and composite end points (technical failure or all-cause death) in EOP group were higher than those in LOP group (P≤0.001). After correcting for confounding factors by multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression, the risk of multiple PDAP, technical failure, all-cause death, and composite endpoint (technical failure or all-cause death) in EOP group was 2.02 times (HR=2.02, 95%CI 1.26-3.24, P=0.004), 2.53 times (HR=2.53, 95%CI 1.58-4.05, P＜0.001), 2.66 times (HR=2.66, 95%CI 1.70-4.16, P＜0.001) and 2.48 times (HR=2.48, 95%CI 1.78-3.43, P＜0.001) of LOP group respectively. Conclusion The treatment outcome of the first PDAP of EOP patients is good, but the long-term prognosis is poor.     

Effects of abdominal aortic calcification progression on outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the effects of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) progression on outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods Patients who were on MHD between Jun. 2014 and Oct. 2014 in the dialysis center of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University and finished the AAC examination at baseline and two years later were included prospectively. The progression of AAC by AAC score (AACs) at baseline and two years later was evaluated. According to the change of AACs, the patients were divided into rapid AAC progression group and non-rapid AAC progression group. The effect of AAC progression on outcomes in MHD patients in the follow-up period was investigated. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare their survival rates. Multivariable Cox regression model was used to determine the risk factors of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events. Results A total of 111 MHD patients were included, including 51 males and 60 females, aged (52.24±12.69) years. Baseline AAC prevalence was 45.9% (51/111), and median AACs was 0 (0, 5); After 2 years, the prevalence of AAC was 78.4% (87/111), and the median AACs was 6 (2, 11). There were 54 cases in the AAC rapid progression group (AACs change value＞2) and 57 cases in the non-rapid AAC progression group (AACs change value≤2). The median follow-up duration was 27.9(27.1, 28.0) months. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients in rapid AAC progression group had a higher risk of mortality as compared to patients in non-rapid AAC progression group (Log-rank χ2=5.695, P=0.017). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that high baseline AACs (HR=1.135, 95%CI 1.001-1.286, P=0.048), hypoalbuminemia (HR=0.789, 95%CI 0.640-0.972, P=0.026) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality in MHD patients. High baseline AACs (HR=1.187, 95%CI 1.038-1.356, P=0.012), low spKt/V (HR=0.103, 95%CI 0.013-0.801, P=0.030) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in MHD patients. Low spKt/V (HR=0.018, 95%CI 0.003-0.115, P＜0.001), hypoalbuminemia (HR=0.736, 95%CI 0.608-0.890, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular events in MHD patients. Conclusions Abdominal aortic calcification progression may increase the risk of cardiovascular events and death in MHD patients. Severity of AAC, adequacy of dialysis, and nutritional status are predictors of outcomes in MHD patients.     

Risk factor analysis of pneumonia in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the risk factors of pneumonia in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods The clinical data of patients undergoing dialysis longer than three months at the Hemodialysis Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University from July 2013 to July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into pneumonia group and non- pneumonia group. Follow-up time started from admission to the beginning of hemodialysis. All patients were followed until the patient died, or withdrawn from hemodialysis, or transferred to another center, or until the study deadline (April 2019). Baseline clinical data were compared between the two groups, and the differences in clinical data between the pneumonia group and the baseline were also analyzed. Risk factors for pneumonia in hemodialysis patients was analyzed by binary logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to compare the survival prognosis of the two groups, and the Log-rank method was used for significant test. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze risk factors for MHD patients' death. Results (1) A total of 311 patients were enrolled in the study, in which 178 (57.2%) of the patients were male, and 75(24.1%) of the patients had pneumonia. Compared with non-pneumonia group, the pneumonia group patients were older (P=0.002), had higher level of white blood cells (P=0.001) and lower level of serum creatinine (P=0.003), albumin (P=0.001), and serum magnesium (P=0.039). There were also statistically significant differences between the two groups in the proportion of females and underlying diseases (all P＜0.05). (2) The time of pneumonia occurred from the initial time of dialysis was (10.69±9.82) months. Compared with baseline values, decreased hemoglobin and albumin level were found (both P＜0.01). (3) Logistic regression analysis showed male patients had lower risk of pneumonia than female patients (OR=0.438, 95%CI 0.242-0.795, P=0.007). For every 1 g/L increase in albumin, the risk of pneumonia was reduced by 6.4% (OR=0.936, 95%CI 0.885-0.991, P=0.022). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the difference in 5-year cumulative survival rate between pneumonia group and non-pneumonia group was statistically significant ( 60.6% vs 84.4%, χ2=16.647, P＜0.001). (4) Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that long dialysis time (HR=0.870, 95%CI 0.832-0.909, P＜0.001) and high serum albumin level (HR=0.898, 95%CI 0.845-0.955, P=0.001) were protective factors in patients with MHD. Pneumonia (HR=3.008, 95%CI 1.423-6.359, P=0.004) was an independent risk factor for death in MHD patients. Conclusions Hemoglobin and albumin level are reduced in MHD patients with pneumonia. Low albumin level is a risk factor for pneumonia in patients. MHD patients with pneumonia have a lower survival time than those without pneumonia.     

Association between metabolic syndrome and prognosis in patients with peritoneal dialysis

Objective To investigate the incidence situation of metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and analyze the correlation between MS and prognosis of patients. Methods The patients who received peritoneal dialysis from June 1, 2002 to April 30, 2018 and followed up regularly were divided into MS group and non-MS group according to the diagnostic criteria of MS. Follow-up was until July 31, 2018. The differences of clinical data, metabolic indexes and clinical outcomes between the two groups were compared. The survival rates of the two groups were compared by Kaplan-Meier survival curve, and the risk factors of all-cause death and cardiovascular disease (CVD) death were analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 516 patients with CAPD were enrolled in this study, including 340 males (65.9%) and 176 females (34.1%). Their age was (47.29±12.20) years. The median follow-up time was 20 (9, 39) months. According to the diagnostic criteria of MS, the patients were divided into MS group (210 cases, 40.7%) and non-MS group (306 cases, 59.3%). At baseline, there was no significant difference in age, educational background, duration of peritoneal dialysis, smoking history and drinking history between the two groups (P＞0.05), but the patients in MS group were more exposed to high glucose peritoneal dialysate (P＜0.05). The body mass index (BMI), blood phosphorus, blood glucose, blood potassium, triglyceride, cholesterol and systolic blood pressure in MS group were significantly higher than those in non-MS group (all P＜0.05), and HDL-C level was significantly lower in MS group than in non-MS group (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in other indicators between the two groups (P＞0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the cumulative survival rate in MS group was significantly lower than that in non-MS group, and the difference was statistically significant (Log-rank χ2=14.87, P＜0.001). If CVD death was taken as the end event, the cumulative survival rate in the non-MS group was significantly higher than that in the MS group (Log-rank χ2=14.49, P＜0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that MS and high 4 h dialysate creatinine/serum creatinine ratio (4hD/Pcr) were independent risk factor for all-cause death (HR=1.982, 95%CI 1.240-3.168, P=0.004; HR=3.855, 95%CI 1.306-11.381, P=0.015) and CVD death (HR=2.499, 95%CI 1.444-4.324, P=0.001; HR=5.799, 95%CI 1.658-20.278, P=0.006) in patients with CAPD. Conclusion The prevalence of MS in patients with CAPD is high, and MS and high 4hD/Pcr are independent risk factor for all-cause and CVD death in CAPD patients. They can be used as valuable indicators to predict the treatment outcomes and long-term prognosis of patients with CAPD.     

Relationship between abdominal aortic calcification and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the relationship between abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods One hundred and seventy MHD patients in the dialysis center of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from June 2014 and October 2014 were enrolled prospectively. Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) was measured using AAC score (AACS) by abdominal lateral plain radiography. According to the AACS, the patients were divided into mild AAC (AACS＜5) group and severe AAC (AACS≥5) group for comparison, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare their survival rates. Multivariable COX regression models were used to determine the risk factors of all - cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in MHD patients. Results Severe AAC (AACS≥5) was present in 28.2% (48/170) patients. The median follow-up duration was 25.6 (22.0, 26.0) months. During the follow-up, 6 patients (4.9%) in AACS＜5 group and 14 patients (29.2%) in AACS≥5 group died. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients in AACS≥5 group had higher all-cause mortality rate and cardiovascular disease mortality rate as compared with patients in AACS＜5 group (χ2=9.746,P=0.002; χ2=9.697,P=0.002). Multivariate COX regression analysis demonstrated that high AACS (HR=4.373, 95%CI 1.562-7.246, P=0.005) and hypoproteinemia (HR=0.886, 95% CI 0.797 - 0.985, P=0.025) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality, while hypoproteinemia (HR=0.829, 95%CI 0.718-0.956, P=0.010) and low 1,25(OH)D3 (HR=0.769, 95% CI 0.627 - 0.944, P=0.012) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality. Conclusions AAC is significantly associated with overall survival in MHD patients. To further evaluate the relationship between AAC and outcomes in MHD patients, multi-center and long term follow up studies of large sample size are necessary.