黄连解毒汤的抗血栓作用研究

黄连解毒汤提取物 4 5 0、90 0、1 80 0mg/kg ,连续灌胃 3d,末次给药 1h后能显著延长小鼠体外凝血时间。家兔灌胃黄连解毒汤 1 5 0、30 0、6 0 0mg/kg,连续给药 3d,末次给药 1h后能明显延长血浆凝血酶原时间、白陶土活化部分凝血活酶时间及凝血酶时间 ,并能显著抑制ADP引起的血小板聚集。实验结果表明 ,黄连解毒汤具有明显的抗血栓形成作用。     

黄连解毒汤抗感染作用的研究进展

黄连解毒汤是清热解毒的经典古方,现代药理学及医学方解研究,黄连解毒汤中各味药中部分有效成分如小檗碱、黄芩苷、黄芩素等均具有一定的抗感染作用,尤其是在抑制体外细菌、真菌以及病毒性感染的效果尤为突出。综述黄连解毒汤抗细菌感染、抗真菌感染、抗病毒感染和临床上治疗感染性疾病的文献资料,对其研究进展作一分析。     

Comparative effects of tramadol on vascular reactivity in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of tramadol on vascular reactivity in aortic rings from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Aortic rings, with or without endothelium, were obtained from male WKY rats and SHR (15-20 weeks old) and prepared for isometric tension recording. Aortic rings were precontracted with phenylephrine (10 micromol/L) or 40 mmol/L KCl and then exposed to cumulative concentrations of tramadol (0.1-1 mmol/L). Tramadol produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of precontracted aortic rings from WKY rats and SHR, which was not dependent on functional endothelium. Vascular relaxation was significantly greater in rings from SHR than WKY rats. The concentration of tramadol necessary to produce a 50% reduction of the maximal contraction to phenylephrine (IC(50)) in rings with and without endothelium from SHR was 0.47 +/- 0.08 and 0.44 +/- 0.03 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.76). Tramadol attenuated the contracture elicited by Ca2+ in depolarized tissue, suggesting that it may inhibit L-type Ca2+ channels. However, pretreatment with nicardipine (1 micromol/L) prevented the relaxation induced by tramadol in aortic rings from WKY rats and partially reduced its inhibitory effect in aortic rings from SHR. 6. Pretreatment of endothelium-denuded aorta with glybenclamide (3 micromol/L), 4-aminopyridine (3 mmol/L), tetraethylammonium (3 mmol/L) and naloxone (100 micromol/L) did not affect tramadol-induced vasodilation of aortic rings from either WKY rats or SHR. Intravenous administration of tramadol (10 mg/kg) to conscious SHR significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure from 171.4 +/- 5.3 to 129.3 +/- 5.3 (P = 0.002) and from 125.0 +/- 6.5 to 57.8 +/- 8.9 mmHg (P = 0.003), respectively.     

酸性染料比色法测定黄连解毒汤中总生物碱的含量

目的建立黄连解毒汤中总生物碱的含量测定方法。方法采用酸性染料比色法测定黄连解毒汤中总生物碱含量,并利用正交试验对反应条件进行优选。结果酸性染料比色法显色的最佳条件为pH=3.2的柠檬酸-柠檬酸纳缓冲溶液10.0mL,溴甲酚紫溶液1.0 mL,三氯甲烷萃取2次,每次5 mL,检测波长405 nm。盐酸小檗碱在0.022～0.111 g·L-1内,吸光度与浓度具有良好的线性关系。平均回收率为101.17%,RSD=1.91%。结论该方法简便易行,灵敏度高,具有一定的专属性和准确度。     

伊贝沙坦对结缔组织生长因子在自发性高血压大鼠心室肌表达的影响

目的:研究结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心脏中的表达及其与高血压心室重构和心肌纤维化的关系,并探讨血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂对其表达的影响以及改善高血压心室重构和心肌纤维可能的作用机制。方法:20只12周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠随机分为SHR组(n=10)和伊贝沙坦组(n=10),伊贝沙坦组每只大鼠予以伊贝沙坦50mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃,给药12周,同时取10只12周龄雄性京都种Wistar(WKY)大鼠作为对照组,用免疫组化的方法对TGF-β1、CTGF在三组大鼠的左室心肌的分布及表达进行半定量分析;用RT-PCR的方法检测TGF-β1、CTGFmRNA在心肌表达水平;用MASSON染色法观察左室心肌胶原形态,图象分析测量胶原容积分数(CVF)和血管周围胶原面积(PVCA)。结果:(1)左室重量指数(LVI)、CVF、PVCA在SHR组大鼠明显高于WKY组大鼠(P<0.01);相比SHR组,伊贝沙坦组则显著降低(P<0.05)。(2)CTGF主要在血管平滑肌和心肌间质中表达,WKY组在心肌间质中呈弱表达。(3)相关分析表明,CTGF与TGF-β1(r=0.562,P<0.05)的表达呈正相关。(4)CTGF及其mRNA在SHR组左室心肌中的表达较WKY组明显增强(P<0.05),相比SHR组,伊贝沙坦组则明显减少。结论:高血压大鼠心室肌CTGF表达增加,伊贝沙坦对高血压大鼠心室肌CGTF表达具有抑制作用,且能够明显改善高血压心室重构和心肌纤维化,此种作用可能是血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂抑制左室重构改善心肌纤维化新的机制。     

黄连解毒汤对小鼠急性脑缺血、缺氧的影响

目的研究黄连解毒汤对小鼠急性脑缺血缺氧的影响。方法采用了双侧颈总动脉结扎致脑缺氧、NaNO2 致缺氧、KCN致缺氧、常压密闭耐缺氧等实验方法。结果黄连解毒汤灌胃给药 2 0、4 0、8 0g(生药 ,下同 ) kg能明显延长双侧颈总动脉结扎小鼠存活时间 ;4 0、8 0g kg能够明显延长NaNO2 致缺氧小鼠存活时间 ;2 0、4 0、8 0 g kg对KCN所致缺氧小鼠出现翻正反射的潜伏期无明显影响 ,但能明显缩短小鼠翻正反射消失时间。黄连解毒汤不能影响常压密闭状态下小鼠耗氧速度 ,但 4 0、8 0 g kg可以通过提高小鼠对氧的利用能力使小鼠存活时间延长。结论黄连解毒汤具有一定的抗小鼠脑缺血缺氧作用     

银杏内酯B对自发性高血压大鼠左室肥厚及心肌纤维化的影响

目的:观察银杏内酯B对自发性高血压大鼠模型左室肥厚心肌纤维化的影响。方法:选择12周龄雄性SHR大鼠(二级)40只,随机分成4组,每组10只,分别为银杏内酯B大剂量组(YH,120 mg.kg-1.d-1)、银杏内酯B小剂量组(YL,60mg.kg-1.d-1)、氯沙坦组(LOS,30 mg.kg-1.d-1)和SHR大鼠模型对照组(SHR),以及周龄、性别相匹配的Wistar Kyoto(WKY)大鼠10只作为空白对照。每日灌胃给药一次,对照组给等量CMCNa溶液。治疗12周后尾袖法测定动脉血压,称量后处死。计算左室质量与体质量比(LVM/BW)。天狼星红染色,计算机图像分析计算心肌胶原容积分数。结果:给药后,YH、YL组大鼠SBP均明显低于SHR组(P<0.01),YH、YL2组组间比较无显著性差异;YH组大鼠给药前后SBP比较有显著差异(P<0.01),给药后明显低于给药前,而YL组给药前后比较无统计学意义。YH、YL组大鼠心肌胶原纤维含量均明显低于SHR组(P<0.01),YH、YL2组间比较无显著性差异。结论:银杏内酯B可以抑制SHR大鼠的心肌纤维化,改善高血压所致的心肌重塑。     

艾力沙坦钾单次给药对自发性高血压大鼠血压的影响

目的本实验通过观察艾力沙坦钾（allisartan potassium,ALS3K）对自发性高血压大鼠（spontaneously hypertensirerats,SHR）单次给药前后血压变化的情况,研究艾力沙坦钾对SHR的降压作用及量效关系。方法SHR随机分为7个组,每组9只。SHR麻醉状态下行股动脉插管并造胃瘘管,恢复1d后,动物在清醒自由活动状态下,由计算机连续记录每搏收缩压（systolicblood pressure,SBP）,舒张压（diastolic blood pressure,DBP）和心动间期（heart period,HP）。记录给药前1h内血压和心动间期作为给药前基础值。然后每组SHR经胃瘘管分别给予0．5％的羧甲基纤维素钠（sodium carboxymathyl cellulose,CMC-Na）、艾力沙坦酯（allisartan,ALS-3）2．5mg／kg、氯沙坦钾（losartan potassium,Los）2．5mg／kg和受试药品ALS3K各1．0、2．5、5．0、10mg／kg;给药后连续记录6hSBP、DBP和HP的变化。结果ALS3K在2．5mg／kg剂量开始明显降压,与给药前比较,SBP和DBP分别下降15、16mmHg（P〈0．01）;ALS3K5．0和10mg／kg降压效果与2．5mg／kg相近;各剂量对HP没有明显的影响。ALS-3以及Los在2．5mg／kg给药剂量下无明显的降压作用。结论ALS3K单次给药能平稳持久地降低SHR的血压,在一定剂量范围内有较好的量效关系。经过结构改造,ALS3K可以通过更低的给药剂量而获得比ALS-3更好的降压疗效。     

Anticardiolipin antibodies in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), stroke-prone SHR and normal Wistar rats

1. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) can be detected in the serum of patients with autoimmune disturbances, ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, neurological disorders and other medical conditions. Elevated values of these autoantibodies can be associated with recurrent fetal loss, arterial and venous thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. 2. In the present study, we investigated the presence of ACA in three rat strains, namely normal Wistar rats (WR), spontaneously hypertensive rats Okamoto-Aoki (SHR) and stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP). All animals were examined at four ages: 1, 4, 10 and 12 months of age. Anticardiolipin antibodies were determined by ELISA. 3. Anticardiolipin antibody levels in normal WR, which were used as controls, were lowest at 1 month and increased significantly from the 4th month on. At the prehypertensive age (1 month), ACA levels in SHR and SHRSP were significantly higher compared with control WR, decreased with age and were significantly lower at 4, 10 and 12 months compared with age-matched WR. 4. These differences may be a result of immunological disorders in SHR.     

盐酸埃他卡林对自发性高血压大鼠肾组织细胞外基质降解系统的影响

目的观察埃他卡林(iptakalim hydrochloride,Ipt)对自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hyper-tensiverats,SHR)肾组织细胞外基质降解系统的影响。方法SHR于第12周龄进入实验,实验分组如下Ipt1、3、9mg·kg-1·d-1剂量组,苯那普利(benazepril)3mg·kg-1·d-1治疗组及SHR空白对照组,另设同月龄同种属正常血压大鼠(Wistar Kyotorat,WKY)为正常对照组,灌胃给药每天1次,持续给药12周,应用免疫组织化学和RT-PCR技术,观察埃他卡林对高血压大鼠肾组织Ⅳ型胶原(Col-Ⅳ)、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)及其抑制物(TIMPs)表达的影响。结果埃他卡林长期降压治疗同时上调肾组织局部MMP-9mRNA和蛋白水平,同时一致性降低TIMP-1、TGF-β1及Ⅳ型胶原转录和蛋白水平。结论埃他卡林对肾脏靶器官的保护作用机制可能通过抑制肾脏局部TGF-β1表达,纠正MMP-9/TIMP-1失衡,从而促进细胞外基质的降解,减少细胞外基质的积聚。     

黄连解毒汤有效组分通过激活Caspase-11靶点抗脓毒症的研究

目的 探讨黄连解毒汤有效组分通过激活Caspase-11靶点抗脓毒症的作用机制。方法 实验分为脂多糖（LPS）组、对照组及黄连解毒汤上清液醇洗（HLJDT-7）40、80、120 mg/mL组和黄连解毒汤沉淀水洗（HLJDT-5）40、80、120 mg/mL组。MTT实验检测各组对细胞活力的影响,Western blotting检测Caspase-1和Caspase-11蛋白在黄连解毒汤组分各浓度中的相对表达量。结果 黄连解毒汤组分对LPS处理的RAW264.7细胞进行干预后能够明显的降低LPS对细胞的抑制。当Caspase-11和Caspase-1蛋白敲除后,HLJDT-7 120 mg/mL组和HLJDT-5 40、80、120 mg/mL组对Caspase-11和Caspase-1蛋白表达水平具有明显的抑制作用（P<0.05、0.01）。结论 黄连解毒汤有效组分可降低细胞内的LPS,进而抑制Caspase-11,降低Caspase-11介导的Caspase-1依赖的细胞焦亡作用。     

丹参预防自发性高血压大鼠左室肥厚及其对c-fos表达的影响

目的 :观察丹参预防自发性高血压大鼠左室肥厚的作用 ,并研究其对心肌c fos的影响。方法 :18只 8周龄的自发性高血压大鼠随机分成 3组 ,每组 6只。对照组于 8周处死 ,丹参组及高血压组分别经腹腔注射丹参或蒸馏水 (1g·kg-1·d-1) ,共 10周。测量大鼠尾动脉收缩压 (SBP)及左心室重量指数 (LVMI)。应用HE和VG染色、免疫组织化学的方法 ,结合计算机图像分析技术 ,检测心肌细胞的直径和面积、心肌组织胶原体积比例 (CVF)、血管周围胶原面积和管腔面积比例 (PVCA)以及c fos表达。结果 :与 8周龄的自发性高血压大鼠相比 ,18周龄大鼠的SBP、LVMI、心肌细胞的直径、面积、CVF、PV CA显著增加 ,c fos表达明显 ,丹参治疗可抑制LVH的发展和心肌组织c fos的表达 ,但对收缩压无明显改变。结论 :长期应用丹参治疗可预防自发性高血压大鼠左室肥厚的形成 ,其机制可能与丹参降低了心肌细胞c fos的表达有关     

黄连解毒胶囊对大鼠血液流变学的影响

目的探索黄连解毒胶囊对大鼠血液流变学的影响及对高胆固醇血症小白鼠血清胆固醇影响。方法 5 0只大鼠随机分为 5组 ,用不同剂量的黄连解毒胶囊 (0 68、1 3 5、2 7g·kg-1)给大鼠给药 7d ,用MVIS— 2 0 0 0全自动血液流变学分析系统测定全血黏度 (BV)、血浆黏度 (PV)、纤维蛋白原 (FIB)、血细胞比容积 (HCT)、血沉 (ESR)、血沉方程k(TK)、红细胞电泳时间 (t) ;小白鼠 60只随机分为 6组 ,用不同剂量的黄连解毒胶囊 (1、2、4g·kg-1)连续灌胃 7d,第 7天给药后禁食 3h后小白鼠眼眶静脉采血取血清 ,测定血清胆固醇 ;60只大鼠随机分为 6组 ,皮下注射异丙肾上腺素 ,建立血瘀模型 ,再观察血液流变学的指标。结果黄连解毒胶囊能显著降低正常及血瘀模型大鼠全血黏度 (高、中、低均降低 ) ,降低血浆黏度 ,降低纤维蛋白原的含量 ,并能显著降低红细胞比容积 ,减慢血沉速度 ,降低血沉方程k值 (TK) ,显著加快红细胞电泳时间 ,与对照组比较差异显著或非常显著 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1 ) ;黄连解毒胶囊能明显降低高胆固醇血症小白鼠的血清胆固醇。与空白对照组比较 ,差异显著或非常显著 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1 )。结论黄连解毒胶囊对正常及血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学具有明显的改善作用 ,能明显降低高胆固醇血症小白鼠的?     

Effect of chronic treatment with trandolapril or enalapril on brain ACE activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the new ACE inhibitor trandolapril was able to inhibit brain ACE activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Therefore, we have measured ex vivo ACE activity in discrete brain areas of SHRs after a 2-week oral treatment with trandolapril (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg/day). The effects of trandolapril were compared to those of enalapril (10 mg/kg/day), used as a reference compound. Enalapril induced a decrease in ACE activity in brain areas not protected by the blood brain barrier (subfornical organ and median eminence) and in cerebral cortex. Conversely, trandolapril at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg/day and above induced a dose-dependent inhibition of ACE activity in all brain areas assayed, including the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, septum, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellar and cerebral cortex, nucleus of the tractus solitary and caudate nucleus. The inhibition was roughly similar in all brain areas studied. These data suggest that after chronic oral administration in SHRs, trandolapril or its metabolite, in contrast to enalapril or enalaprilat, was able to reach all brain areas of SHRs, including those protected by the blood brain barrier.     

Pubertal administration of antiserum against nerve growth factor regresses renal vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats

To investigate the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the development of hypertensive renal vascular remodeling, antiserum against NGF (anti‐NGF) or vehicle was injected at 3 weeks of age in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats (n = 9 for each treatment in each strain). Flow‐pressure (F‐P) and pressure‐glomerular filtration rate (P‐GFR) relationships at vasodilated perfused kidneys were determined at 10 weeks of age. In the vehicle rats, blood pressure, renal noradrenaline content, the gradient of F‐P (minimal vascular resistance at pre‐ and post‐glomerular vasculature) and the X‐intercept of P‐GFR (preglomerular : postglomerular vascular resistance ratio) were greater in SHR than in WKY rats, although the gradient of P‐GFR (glomerular filtration capacity) did not differ significantly between the strains. Blood pressure and renal noradrenaline content were lower in SHR receiving anti‐NGF than in SHR receiving vehicle, although such difference was not observed in WKY rats. The gradient of F‐P was less but the gradient of P‐GFR was greater in SHR receiving anti‐NGF compared with SHR receiving vehicle, although the similar differences did not occur in WKY rats. Blood pressure and renal noradrenaline content remained greater in SHR treated with anti‐NGF compared with WKY rats treated with vehicle; however, the gradient of F‐P did not differ significantly between them. Contrary, anti‐NGF did not affect the X‐intercept of P‐GFR in either strain. In conclusion, NGF could contribute to the genesis of renal vascular remodeling, at least in part, through modification of renal sympathetic activity and blood pressure in SHR.     

Effects of dopaminergic and adrenergic blockade on amphetamine-induced extravasation of protein into the brain of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats

Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats were given saline or amphetamine sulfate (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg). The amphetamine caused an increased extravasation of ¹¹³I-labelled serum albumin (RISA) into the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which was associated directly with the change in the systemic blood pressure. Premedication with the dopaminergic blocking agents, haloperidol (2 mg/kg) or domperidone (6 mg/kg) blocked both the extravasation of the RISA and the elevation of the blood pressure caused by amphetamine. Premedication with the alpha adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine (3 mg/kg), or with the beta adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol (2 mg/kg) both greatly increased the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to RISA and decreased the blood pressure in hypertensive animals only. Both of these blocking agents also prevented the increased extravasation of RISA caused by amphetamine. These results indicate that movement of large molecules, such as RISA, across the blood-brain barrier can be increased independent of increases in the systemic blood pressure in hypertensive rats.     

盐酸埃他卡林对自发性高血压大鼠肾组织KATP通道基因表达的影响

目的:从分子生物学水平探讨盐酸埃他卡林(iptakalimhydrohloride,Ipt)对自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneouslyhypertensiverats,SHR)肾组织KATP亚型表达的影响。方法:SHR于第12周龄进入实验,实验设Ipt1、3和9mg·kg-1·d-13个剂量组,盐酸苯那普利(benazepril)3mg·kg-1·d-1治疗组及SHR空白对照组,另设同周龄同种属正常血压大鼠(wistarKyotorat,WKY)为正常对照组,灌胃给药每天1次,连续12周,观察盐酸埃他卡林对血压和肾组织KATP亚型表达的影响。结果:SHR肾组织SUR2、Kir6.1、Kir1.1mRNA表达较WKY大鼠明显升高,盐酸埃他卡林1、3、9mg·kg-1·d-13个剂量组治疗后均可明显降低血压同时下调肾脏高表达的Kir6.1、Kir1.1mRNA水平,而对SUR2表达无明显影响。结论:盐酸埃他卡林对SHR降压治疗对肾脏的保护作用可能与其影响Kir6.1、Kir1.1基因表达有关。     

降钙素基因相关肽介导吴茱萸次碱的降压作用

目的研究吴茱萸次碱在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)的降压作用,并探讨其效应是否由降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)介导。方法灌胃给予不同剂量吴茱萸次碱(10、20和40 mg.kg-1.d-1),连续给药14 d。测量大鼠动脉尾收缩血压,分离血浆检测CGRP浓度(放免分析法),切取胸腰段背根神经节检测CGRP mRNA的表达水平(RT-PCR法)。结果吴茱萸次碱能显著降低SHR血压,且呈剂量依赖性[对照组与3个剂量吴茱萸次碱组的血压分别为(187±4)、(168±6)、(153±2)和(143±5)mmHg]。吴茱萸次碱能同时剂量依赖性增加血浆CGRP浓度及上调背根神经节中CGRP mRNA的表达。氯沙坦也显著降低SHR动脉压[(187±4)vs(131±2)mmHg],但增加CGRP血浆浓度及上调CGRP mRNA的表达作用弱于吴茱萸次碱。结论吴茱萸次碱能显著降低SHR的血压,其机制与促进CGRP的合成与释放有关。     

缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏核因子-κB蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)肾组织NF-κB原位表达变化以及AT1受体阻断剂缬沙坦对其的影响。方法:16只SHR随机分成SHR组和SHR加缬沙坦药物干预组(1 mg.kg-1.d-1),另8只WKY大鼠为正常对照组。分别在实验第2、4、6、8周末测定大鼠尾动脉收缩压(SBP);实验结束取各组大鼠血浆测定血浆中肾素、血管紧张素II(AngII)水平;取出各组大鼠两侧肾脏组织,分别运用免疫组化原位测定肾组织中NF-κB蛋白表达,并进行半定量分析。结果:SHR组SBP和血浆中肾素活性以及AngII水平与WKY大鼠相比显著增高,缬沙坦治疗组SBP显著降低,但血浆中肾素活性以及AngII水平明显高于SHR组和WKY组。在蛋白水平,WKY组大鼠肾组织中NF-κB表达较低,SHR组肾小球和肾小管中NF-κB高度表达;使用缬沙坦干预后,NF-κB表达显著降低。结论:在蛋白水平对NF-κB表达的调控可能参与缬沙坦的降血压效应和肾保护作用。