Clinical and pathological features of different type of dyslipidemia in children with IgA nephropathy

Objective To investigate the impact of different type of dyslipidemia on clinical and pathological characteristics in children with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods A retrospective study was performed at the Children Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between January 2006 to September 2019. Children diagnosed with primary IgAN was divided into dyslipidemia group and normal blood lipid group according to whether the blood lipid is normal, and was divided into the following four groups: hypercholesterolemia group, hypertriglyceridemia group, mixed hyperlipidemia group and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) group according to clinical classification. The clinical and pathological features in different groups were analyzed, and the risk factors of dyslipidemia were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 252 children with IgAN were enrolled in this study, including 169 males and 83 females, with a male/female ratio of 2.04∶1 and an age of (9.3±3.1) years. Among them, 34.5% IgAN children were complicated with hypertension, and 170 cases (67.5%) were in dyslipidemia group, 82 cases (32.5%) in normal blood lipid group. According to clinical classification, the children in dyslipidemia group were divided into hypercholesterolemia group (58 cases, 23.0%), hypertriglyceridemia group (16 cases, 6.3%), mixed hyperlipidemia group (77 cases, 30.6%) and low HDL-C group (19 cases, 7.5%). The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, proportion of hypertension, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and urinary protein in dyslipidemia group were higher than those in normal blood lipid group (all P＜0.05), and the levels of serum albumin, blood IgA and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were less (all P＜0.05). The proportion of IgAN children in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 1 and CKD stage 2-5 with dyslipidemia was 65.0% and 84.4% respectively, and the proportion of IgAN children with CKD stage 2-5 in dyslipidemia group was higher than that in normal group (P＜0.05). The dyslipidemia group had a higher proportion of Lee Ⅲ-V grade than normal blood lipid group (P＜0.01). The results of Oxford pathological classification showed that the proportions of M1 and E1 in dyslipidemia group were higher than those in normal lipid group (all P＜0.05), and there was no significant difference in segmental glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy or interstitial fibrosis and crescent between the two groups (all P＞0.05). The comparison results between groups with different types of dyslipidemia showed that systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum uric acid and urinary protein in the mixed hyperlipidemia group were higher than those in other groups (all P＜0.05), and the serum albumin level was less (P＜0.01). The results of Oxford pathological classification showed that the proportion of E1 in hypercholesterolemia group and mixed hyperlipidemia group was higher (P＜0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension (OR=2.734, 95%CI 1.327-5.632, P=0.006) and low serum albumin (OR=0.838, 95%CI 0.791-0.889, P＜0.001) were the risk factors of dyslipidemia in children with IgAN. Conclusions In our center, 67.5% IgAN children are accompanied by dyslipidemia. The clinical manifestations and pathological changes of these dyslipidemia children are more severe than those with normal blood lipid, and the IgAN children with mixed hyperlipidemia are more notable. Hypertension and low serum albumin are the risk factors of dyslipidemia in children with IgAN.     

Related factors of hyperuricemia in IgA nephropathy patients

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of hyperuricemia in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods A retrospective study was performed in patients with renal biopsy diagnosed as IgAN in the Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2016 to October 2018. According to the blood uric acid level, they were divided into two groups: patients with hyperuricemia and patients without hyperuricemia. The general clinical indicators and renal pathological data were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of hyperuricemia in IgAN patients. Results A total of 125 IgAN patients with age of (35.70±11.16) years old were enrolled, including 63 males and 62 females. The morbidity of hyperuricemia was 44.0%(55/125). Compared with the normal blood uric acid group, the blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and the proportion of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3-5, small arterial wall thickening, fibrous crescents/globules, renal interstitial fibrosis, renal tubular atrophy, glomerular sclerosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in the hyperuric acid group were higher, while the level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was lower. And the differences were statistically significant (all P＜0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the level of serum creatinine was an independent related factor of hyperuricemia in IgAN patients (OR=1.034, 95%CI 1.005-1.064, P=0.021). Conclusions IgAN patients with hyperuricemia presented more severe glomerular, tubular and interstitial lesions, and the level of serum creatinine is an independent related factor of hyperuricemia in IgAN patients. High uric acid level may have an important influence on the progression of IgAN, so good control of serum uric acid may improve the prognosis of patients with IgAN.     

多发性骨髓瘤合并肾损伤患者的临床特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者肾损伤的临床特征、细胞遗传学特点及其危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年12月武汉大学中南医院肾内科和血液内科收治的113例初诊MM患者的临床资料,以患者确诊时血肌酐是否>177μmol/L为标准分为肾损伤组和非肾损伤组,比较两组患者的一般资料和实验室检查结果,采用二元Logistic回归法分析MM患者发生肾损伤的危险因素,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),评估各危险因素对MM患者发生肾损伤的预测价值。结果113例MM患者中肾损伤的发生率为34.5%。肾损伤组(n=39)白细胞、血尿酸、血尿素氮、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、胱抑素C、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、血磷、尿轻链、骨髓浆细胞比例、国际分期体系(ISS)-III期比例、轻链型比例、尿本周蛋白阳性比例及尿蛋白阳性比例均高于非肾损伤组(n=74),而估算肾小球滤过率、血碳酸氢根浓度、球蛋白低于非肾损伤组(均P<0.05),两组其他临床特征差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。其中42例MM患者对IgH(免疫球蛋白重链)重排、1q21(1号染色体长臂2区1带)扩增、RB1(视网膜母细胞瘤基因1)缺失、D13S319(13号染色体长臂1区4带的D13S319位点)缺失、P53(位于17号染色体短臂1区3带的一种抑癌基因)缺失5种遗传学异常行荧光原位杂交(FISH)检测,29例(69.0%)检测结果异常。肾损伤组RB1缺失发生率高于非肾损伤组(P<0.05),其他基因异常发生率差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。进一步Logistic回归分析结果显示,NLR升高(OR=1.589,95%CI 1.115~2.266,P=0.010)、骨髓浆细胞比例升高(OR=1.053,95%CI 1.008~1.101,P=0.021)、β2-MG升高(OR=22.166,95%CI 2.146~228.927,P=0.009)、轻链型(OR=15.399,95%CI 1.002~236.880,P=0.049)和高尿酸血症(OR=11.707,95%CI 1.580~86.717,P=0.016)是MM患者发生肾损伤的独立危险因素。各危险因素间的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)比较结果显示,β2-MG曲线下面积大于NLR、尿酸(均P<0.05),而其余两两因素间比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。β2-MG预测MM患者发生肾损伤的AUC最大(AUC=0.907,95%CI 0.853~0.962,P<0.001)。结论MM患者中肾损伤发病率较高,肾损伤患者存在RB1缺失者较多。轻链型、高尿酸血症和高NLR、高骨髓浆细胞比例、高β2-MG水平是MM患者发生肾损伤的独立危险因素,其中β2-MG是预测MM肾损伤发生的最佳预测因子。NLR作为一个方便而有效的炎性指标,对预测MM肾损伤有重要意义。     

Study on the prevalence of hyperuricemia and its relationship with chronic kidney disease in the urban residents of Yunnan plateau area

Objective To investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) and its relationship with chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the population of Yunnan Plateau area. Methods Residents aged over 18 years old (n=4581) in the city of Yuxi, a community where original inhabitants were relatively concentrated, were randomly chosen for screening cross-sectional. Fasting blood and urine samples were collected to detect blood and urine parameters. Results The prevalence of HUA in the community residents was 25.91％, of which the prevalence of HUA was 34.15% in male and 15.55% in female. The prevalence of HUA in men was higher than that in women, and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.01). In the age of 30-49 years old, the prevalence of HUA was higher than that in other age groups (P＜0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HUA, age, gender, hyperglycemia, low HDL levels were independently associated with CKD (P＜0.05). In addition, high blood uric acid (≥404 μmol/L) group has a higher risk of CKD than low blood uric acid (≤282 μmol/L) group, when divided into four groups according to the blood uric acid level (OR=3.447, 95%CI 2.218-5.375, P＜0.01). Conclusions HUA is independently associated with CKD. The prevalence of HUA in community residents of Yunnan Plateau (Yuxi) is different from their counterparts in eastern coastal area and the data of developed regions reported by studies in past 10 years.     

血脂与IgA肾病患者肾脏预后的相关性研究

目的了解原发性IgA肾病(IgAN)血脂异常患者的临床、病理特征，探讨血脂对IgAN肾脏预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析2000年1月1日至2018年12月31日在我院肾活检确诊的原发性IgAN患者的资料，随访截止2020年1月1日，随访的终点事件是终末期肾病(ESRD)或估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降≥50%，未达终点事件者随访最少1年。按肾活检时的基线血脂水平并根据血脂异常诊断标准，将IgAN患者分为血脂异常组(450例)及血脂正常组(331例)，血脂异常组包括高胆固醇组(高TC组)、高甘油三酯组(高TG组)、高低密度脂蛋白组(高LDL组)及低高密度脂蛋白组(低HDL组)4个单一指标亚组。参照IgAN牛津分型进行病理评分，Logistic回归和Cox回归模型分析影响IgAN患者预后的风险因素，采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线比较血脂异常组和血脂正常组IgAN患者生存率的差异。 结果血脂异常组年龄、身体质量指数(BMI)、血压、血肌酐、血尿酸、尿蛋白定量高于血脂正常组，而血白蛋白、eGFR低于血脂正常组(P<0.05)。根据牛津分型评分，与其它组比较，低HDL组IgAN患者的肾小管间质病变程度更重(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析提示，年龄大(OR 1.044，95%CI：1.023～1.066，P<0.001)、高平均动脉压(OR 1.025，95%CI：1.008～1.043，P＝0.004)、低血红蛋白(OR 0.963，95%CI：0.950～0.976，P<0.001)、高TG(OR 1.008，95%CI：1.005～1.010，P<0.001)、低HDL(OR 0.546，95%CI：0.311～0.959，P＝0.035)、高24 h尿蛋白定量(OR 1.185，95%CI：1.039～1.352，P＝0.011)和高牛津分型T评分(OR 9.115，95%CI：5.297～15.685，P<0.001)是IgAN基线肾功能下降的风险因素。多因素Cox回归模型分析结果显示，低血红蛋白(OR 0.965，95%CI：0.949～0.980，P<0.001)、低基线eGFR(OR 0.984，95%CI：0.973～0.996，P＝0.008)、高24 h尿蛋白定量(OR 1.151，95%CI：1.043～1.271，P＝0.005)、高牛津分型T评分(OR 1.680，95%CI：1.033～2.732，P＝0.036)和高TG(OR 1.177，95%CI：1.038～1.334，P＝0.011)是IgAN肾脏不良预后的风险因素。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示，随访血脂异常组IgAN患者的肾脏中位生存时间显著短于血脂正常组(χ²＝8.316，P＝0.004)。 结论HDL与肾小管间质病变相关，高TG是IgAN肾脏预后不良的风险因素，临床上应加强对IgAN患者的血脂监测。     

Analysis of incidence and risk factors of renal insufficiency in solitary kidney patients

Objective To investigate the incidence of renal insufficiency in solitary kidney patients and analyze the risk factors. Methods Patients with solitary kidney who were admitted to the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2012 to January 2019 were retrospectively selected as subjects. According to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level, the patients were divided into two groups: eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 group and eGFR≥60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 group. The data of the general information, laboratory examinations and kidney size were collected, and the differences of the above indicators between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of renal function decline. Results (1) A total of 323 solitary kidney patients with age of (53.8±15.8) years and median duration of 10.0 years were enrolled in the study, including 203 males (62.8%). There were 150 cases (46.4%) with hypertension, 136 cases (42.1%) with proteinuria, and 134 cases (41.5%) with renal insufficiency, even 29 cases(9.0%) had developed into end-stage renal disease. (2) Compared with those in eGFR≥60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1group, patients in eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 group had higher age, mean arterial pressure, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, fasting blood glucose, and higher proportion of hypertension and proteinuria, but had lower proportion of congenital solitary kidney, hemoglobin, plasma albumin and residual kidney diameter. The differences of above indicators were statistically significant ( all P＜0.05). (3) Logistic regression analysis showed that increasing age (every ten years, OR=1.752, 95%CI 1.455-2.109, P＜0.001), anemia (OR=2.327, 95%CI 1.356-3.994, P=0.002), hyperuricemia (OR=5.097, 95%CI 2.873-9.042, P＜0.001) and high urine protein level (every 1+, OR=1.515, 95%CI 1.197-1.919, P=0.001) were independent risk factors for renal dysfunction in solitary kidney patients. Conclusions The incidence of renal insufficiency in solitary kidney patients is 41.5%. Patients with solitary kidney may perform varying degrees of kidney damage, such as hypertension, proteinuria and eGFR decline. Increasing age, anemia, hyperuricemia and high urine protein level are independent risk factors for renal insufficiency in solitary kidney patients.     

帕立骨化醇对慢性肾脏病患者肾小球滤过率及尿蛋白影响的Meta分析

目的 系统评价帕立骨化醇对非透析慢性肾脏病患者估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)及尿蛋白的影响.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane、Embase、万方、CNKI、维普等数据库,检索时限均为建库至2014年3月;手工检索美国肾脏病学会、世界肾脏病大会、中华医学会肾脏病学分会年会的会议论文、摘要等.纳入帕立骨化醇对非透析肾脏病患者eGFR及尿蛋白影响的临床随机对照试验研究.由两名评价员独立对纳入的文献进行质量评价和数据提取,用Rev Man 5.2软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入7项随机对照试验,共834例患者(其中试验组508例,安慰剂组326例).Meta分析结果显示,与安慰剂组比较,小剂量组(帕立骨化醇＜2 μg/d)对慢性肾脏病患者eGFR的影响差异无统计学意义[标准均数差(SMD)为-0.10,95％CI:-0.28 ～ 0.07,P=0.26];大剂量组(帕立骨化醇2μg/d)eGFR下降差异有统计学意义[SMD=-0.45,95％CI:-0.63-0.27,P＜0.01].与安慰剂组比较,大小剂量组均有降尿蛋白作用[OR(95％CI):2.09(1.52～2.58),P＜0.01],大小剂量组组间降尿蛋白作用的差异无统计学意义[OR(95％CI):1.09(0.62～ 1.91),P=0.77].与安慰剂组比较,小剂量组[OR (95％CI):0.93 (0.57～1.52),P=0.76]和大剂量组[0R(95％CI):2.08 (0.70～ 6.18),P=0.19]均未显著增加不良事件发生率.结论 小剂量帕立骨化醇可减少非透析慢性肾脏病患者尿蛋白,同时对eGFR无影响.大剂量帕立骨化醇(2μg/d)无进一步减少尿蛋白的疗效,且可能带来eGFR下降风险.     

Elevated serum uric acid is an independent risk factor for the loss of renal function

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum uric acid level and renal function decline by retrospective cohort study. Methods Through the physical examination system of the First People's Hospital of Foshan, the physical examination data from 2015 to 2018 of a public institution in Foshan city were obtained. The gender, age, blood cell analysis, liver function, serum creatinine, uric acid, fasting blood glucose were obtained. The change of eGFR (ΔeGFR=eGFR2018-eGFR2015) was analyzed. Results A total of 2505 subjects were followed up for four years. The subjects were divided into ΔeGFR ≥0 group and ΔeGFR＜0 group. There were 845 subjects in ΔeGFR ≥0 group, and 1660 subjects in ΔeGFR＜0 group. Compared with that in ΔeGFR＜0 group, the base-level of uric acid in ΔeGFR ≥ 0 group was higher [(349.48±87.62) μmol/L vs (325.72±82.58) μmol/L, t=6.669, P＜0.001], but the rate of uric acid decline was greater [-15.00(-53.50, 17.00) μmol/L vs 15.50(-18.00, 49.00) μmol/L, Z=-13.470, P＜0.001]. According to the levels of uric acid in 2015 and 2018, then the subjects were divided into four groups, normal to normal group (N-N, 1551 cases), normal change into high uric acid group (N-H, 299 cases), high uric acid drop to normal group (H-N, 238 cases), and high to high uric acid group (H-H, 417 cases). The ΔeGFR was -1.58(-4.17, 1.01) ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 in N-N group, and -3.60(-7.24, -0.98）ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 in N-H group, -0.20(-3.14, 3.27) ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 in H-N group, -0.96(-4.07, 1.93) ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 in H-H group, respectively. The ΔeGFR decreased most significantly in N-H group than the other three groups (χ2=103.130, P＜0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that elevated uric acid was an independent risk factor for eGFR decline (OR=1.739, 95%CI 1.587-1.906, P＜0.001), while elevated indirect bilirubin (OR=0.968, 95%CI 0.943-0.993, P=0.013), elevated red blood cells (OR=0.815, 95%CI 0.680-0.976, P=0.026) were independent protective factors for eGFR decline. Conclusion Elevated uric acid is an independent risk factor for the decline of renal function. Good control of hyperuricemia is beneficial to the protection of renal function.     

慢性肾脏病3期合并高尿酸血症的临床分析

目的探讨慢性肾脏病3期高尿酸血症与慢性肾脏病及相关危险因素的关系。方法对178例慢性肾脏病3期患者进行回顾性研究,根据血尿酸水平,将其分为高尿酸组和尿酸正常组,分析蛋白尿、肾功能及相关危险因素的差异。结果178例慢性。肾脏病3期患者中发生高尿酸血症137例（高尿酸组）,发生率为76．9％;尿酸正常者41例（尿酸正常组）。女性患者高尿酸发生率为85．6％,较男性患者高尿酸发病率高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。高尿酸组与尿酸正常组的蛋白尿、肾功能、血压、血脂比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论高尿酸血症在慢性肾脏病3期患者中发生率高,但高尿酸血症在肾功能受损患者中的致病性有待进一步研究。     

不同类型血脂异常对IgA肾病临床及病理特征的影响

目的探讨不同类型血脂异常对IgA肾病临床及病理特征的影响。 方法共纳入283例原发性IgA肾病患者,收集临床资料及病理资料进行回顾性分析。将患者分为：高胆固醇(H－TC)组48例( TC≥ 6.22 mmol/L,TG<1.7 mmol/L);高甘油三脂(H－TG)组48例(TG≥2.26 mmol/L,TC<5.18 mmol/L);低高密度脂蛋白(L－HDL)组34例(HDL－C<1.04 mmol/L,TC<5.18 mmol/L,TG<1.7 mmol/L],同时收集IgAN血脂正常者(153例,TG<1.7 mmol/L、TC<5.18 mmol/L、HDL－C>1.04 mmol/L)作为对照组。对各组患者的一般情况、临床指标及病理分型(牛津分型)进行比较,并采用逐步回归分析方法进行多重线性回归分析探讨影响患者肾小球滤过率(eGFR)的因素。 结果H-TC组24 h尿蛋白量高于血脂正常组(Z＝－2.979, P＝0.003),血清白蛋白低于血脂正常组(t＝2.606,P<0.001)。H-TG组,身体质量指数(BMI)、血清尿酸高于血脂正常组(t＝3.982,t＝5.056;P<0.001), eGFR低于血脂正常组(t＝2.011,P＝0.045)。L-HDL组BMI高于血脂正常组(t＝2.946,P＝0.004),eGFR低于血脂正常组(t＝2.498,P＝0.013),肾小管萎缩/间质纤维化程度高于血脂正常组(χ²＝8.284,P<0.017)。回归方程结果显示年龄、收缩压、尿酸与eGFR呈负相关关系(P<0.05),血清TC与eGFR亦呈负相关关系(95%CI：－5.228～－0.312,t＝－2.220,P＝0.027)。血清HDL与eGFR呈正相关关系( 95%CI：1.469～7.468,t＝2.935,P＝0.004),该模型经检验有统计学意义(F＝11.838,P<0.001)。 结论H-TC、H-TG、L-HDL血症均可能加重IgA肾病的临床损害,且L-HDL血症者肾小管间质受损更严重。降低血清TC,提高血清HDL可能有助于IgA肾病患者改善预后。     

Serum uric acid level is positively related to albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients

Objective To investigate association between serum uric acid (SUA), albuminuria and glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods A total of 220 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. According to urinary albumin excretion rates, patients were divided into 3 groups: normoalbuminuria (NAU) group, microalbuminuria (MAU) group, and macroalbumnuria group (MAAU). The first two groups were subdivided at SUA＞420 μmol/L (＞357 μmol/L, female) into normouricemia group and hyperuricemia group, at eGFR＞90 ml/min into high and low renal function groups. General information, blood biochemical results were collected to analyze the association between serum uric acid, eGFR, UAER and urine albumin quantification among different groups. Results The difference of SBP, duration of diabetes (DD), Scr, SUA and eGFR between every two groups were significant (P＜0.05). SBP, DD, Scr and SUA were highest in subjects with macroalbumnuria, second in microalbuminuria group, and lowest in normoalbuminuria group, while eGFR was lowest in macroalbumnuria group and highest in normoalbuminuria group. Prevalence of hyperuricemia in macroalbumnuria group (56.9%) and microalbuminuria group (51.2%) were also significantly higher than that in normoalbuminuria group (17.5%) (all P＜0.01). The difference of UAER in the subgroups of normouricemia and hyperuricemia was more significant in microalbuminuria group than in normoalbuminuria group. eGFR was significantly lower in hyperuricemia subgroups (P＜0.01). Age and SUA were significantlg higher in subjects with low renal function compared with high eGFR (P＜0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated SUA was negatively correlated with eGFR after adjusted age, DD and UAER (β＝-0.430, P＜0.01). Binary logistic regression analysis found that increased age, DD and SUA were risk factors of microalbuminuria [β＝1.092, 95％CI(1.025, 1.163), P＜0.01; β＝1.005, 95%CI(1.001, 1.009), P＜0.05; β＝1.407, 95％CI(1.052, 1.881), P＜0.05)] andSUA, age were risk factors of early renal function decline [β＝1.015, 95％CI(1.00, 1.023), P＜0.01; β＝1.098, 95％CI(1.006, 1.199), P＜0.05]. Conclusion SUA is independently associated with albumnuria and renal function decline in type 2 DM patients.     

Effect of urate-lowering therapy with febuxostat on oxidative stress in hyperuricemic patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5

Objective To estimate the effect of urate-lowering therapy with febuxostat on oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-5 patients with hyperuricemia (HUA). Methods The study was a prospective cohort study. The patients of CKD stages 3-5 with HUA between June 2015 and June 2018 in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were prospectively analyzed. The patients were assigned to febuxostat (A) group, allopurinol (B) group and non-hyperuricemia (C) group according to the level of serum uric acid and the choice of urate-lowering drugs. Serum uric acid, hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were measured at baseline, 1 month and 3 months after treatment and the changes of the values of inflammation and oxidative stress before or after treatment were compared. According to the level of serum uric acid, patients were divided into attainment group and nonattainment group, and the correlation between uric acid and oxidative stress was analyzed at baseline and 3 months after treatment respectively. Results There was no significant difference in baseline levels of serum uric acid, inflammation and oxidative stress between group A and group B (P＞0.05). The levels of serum uric acid, hs-CRP, MDA and ET-1 of group A and group B were significantly higher than those of group C, but the level of SOD of group A and group B was significantly lower than that of group C at baseline (P＜0.001). After treatment for 1 month and 3 months, the values of serum uric acid, hs-CRP, MDA and ET-1 in group A were significantly lower than those in group B, while the level of SOD in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (P＜0.001). Compared with pre-treatment period, both the serum uric acid, hs-CRP, MDA and ET-1 levels of group A and group B were declined significantly while SOD had a significant rise after 3 months treatment (P＜0.001). The changes of group A were significantly higher than those of group B (P＜0.001). At baseline and 3 months after treatment, serum uric acid was positively related to hs-CRP, MDA and ET-1, but negatively related to SOD in nonattainment group (| r |＞0.50, P＜0.001); serum uric acid was positively related to hs-CRP, MDA and SOD (| r |＞0.70, P＜0.001), and there was no correlation between serum uric acid and ET-1 in attainment group (P＞0.05). Conclusions Febuxostat performed better than allopurinol in lowering urate and inhibiting oxidative stress in CKD stages 3-5 patients with HUA, thus reducing vascular endothelial injury. Elevated serum uric acid may be one of the important factors that promote oxidative stress and increase endothelial damage in CKD patients.     

Clinical and pathological significance of circadian blood pressure rhythm change in IgA nephropathy patients with hypertension

Objective To investigate whether the clinical and pathological injury of kidney in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients with hypertension is associated with circadian blood pressure rhythm change, particularly with elevated nocturnal blood pressure (BP). Methods This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Clinic and renal histopathological injury data were obtained from 83 IgAN patients with hypertension. First, 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) data were analyzed. Second, all these IgAN patients were divided into two groups, elevated nocturnal BP group and nocturnal normotensive BP group, and the clinical and pathological differences between this two groups were analyzed. Third, logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of renal tubulointerstitial injury in IgAN patients with hypertension. At last, all these IgAN patients were divided into two groups according to the level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), group of patients with eGFR≥60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 and the other group with eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1, and the 24 h ABPM data were compared. Results (1) The proportion of non-dipper circadian rhythm of BP in IgAN patients with hypertension was 79.5%. (2) Compared with nocturnal normotensive BP group, patients in elevated nocturnal BP group had significantly higher levels of 24-hour urinary protein quantity and blood uric acid (both P＜0.05), and lower eGFR and urine osmotic pressure clinically (both P＜0.05). Index of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy was significantly higher in nocturnal normotensive BP group (P＜0.05), while the proportion of glomerular ischemia lesion was not significantly different between two groups. (3) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that elevated nocturnal BP was an independent risk factor for severe tubulointerstitial injury of IgAN (OR=1.113, 95%CI 1.038-1.192, P=0.002). (4) Compared with the group of eGFR≥60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1, 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), daytime SBP and DBP, nocturnal SBP and DBP were significantly higher in group of eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 (all P＜0.05). Conclusion The proportion of non-dipper circadian rhythm of BP in IgAN patients with hypertension is as high as 79.5%. Elevated nocturnal BP is associated with the severity of renal damage, and elevated nocturnal BP is an independent risk factor for severe tubulointerstitial injury in IgAN patients with hypertension. Therefore, 24 h ABPM should be emphasized, and elevated nocturnal BP should be well controlled to slow the progression of IgAN.     

身体成分与慢性肾脏病患者心血管疾病的相关因素分析

目的:探讨慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者身体成分与心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease,CVD）的相关关系。方法:纳入2017年1月至2019年12月于重庆市人民医院肾脏内科住院治疗且临床生化资料完整的CKD患者,根据病史及相应辅助检查分为CKD伴CVD组、C...     

IgA肾病患者糖代谢异常和胰岛素抵抗的研究

目的:研究原发性IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy,IgAN)患者中糖代谢异常及胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)的发生率及相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析107例IgAN患者(IgAN组)和106例健康对照者(对照组)的口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)结果,并收集一般临床及实验室资料,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI),评估糖代谢异常及胰岛素抵抗发生率。结果:IgAN组糖代谢异常的发生率高于对照组;IgAN组血压、血清肌酐、尿酸、三酰甘油、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、血糖(空腹及OGTT2h)、血清胰岛素(空腹及OGTT2h)、HOMA-IR均高于对照组,血清白蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、ISI低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。年龄(OR=1.061)、24h尿蛋白定量(OR=1.387)、三酰甘油(OR=2.553)是IgAN患者发生糖代谢异常的独立危险因素。与糖代谢正常的IgAN患者相比,合并糖代谢异常的IgAN患者年龄、BMI、24h尿蛋白定量、三酰甘油、空腹血糖、OGTT2h血糖及血清胰岛素、HOMA-IR均较高(P<0.05),而高密度脂蛋白、ISI较低(P<0.05)。IgAN合并IR的患者BMI、24h尿蛋白定量、三酰甘油、空腹血糖、空腹血胰岛素、OGTT2h血糖及血清胰岛素水平均显著高于不伴IR的IgAN患者(P<0.05),血肌酐、高密度脂蛋白、ISI则较低(P<0.05);BMI(OR=0.059,P<0.05)、血清白蛋白(OR=0.033,P<0.01)、24h尿蛋白定量(OR=0.077,P<0.05)为IgAN患者发生胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因素。结论:IgAN患者糖代谢异常的发生率高于正常人,存在明显的高胰岛素血症及胰岛素抵抗;年龄、24h尿蛋白定量、三酰甘油是IgAN患者发生糖代谢异常的独立危险因素;BMI、血清白蛋白、24h尿蛋白定量为IgAN患者发生胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因素。     

Effect of serum uric acid level on renal function in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study

Objective To explore the relationship of serum uric acid level with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of elderly patients with hypertention based on a retrospective cohort study. Method The subjects included 465 cases who had a readmission after 3 years of follow-up in an original cohort of 1648 patients with diagnosis of essential hypertension in Fujian Provincial Hospital from August 2007 to September 2009. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of serum uric acid level on renal function. Results Four hundred and sixty-five subjects were followed up for an average of 3.9 years. Mean patient age was 68.3±9.7 years. There was no significant difference in uric acid between the baseline and 3 years later (P＞0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that after adjustment for age, gender, diabetes, body mass index, blood pressure etc, each 100 μmol/L-higher uric acid at baseline was associated with 4.40 ml•min-1•(1.73m2)-1 decrease in eGFR[95% confidence interval (CI): -6.25--2.55, P＜0.01]. According to the alteration of the serum uric acid, all patients were divided into the group with decreased uric acid and the group with increase uric acid. The eGFR was lower in patients with increased uric acid than that in patients with decreased uric acid 3 years later [(70.63±21.54) ml•min-1•(1.73m2)-1 vs (79.62±21.16) ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1, P＜0.01] and there was no significant difference at baseline between the two groups (P＞0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for aging, gender, diabetes, alteration of blood pressure etc, baseline uric acid was associated with a higher risk for eGFR decreasing more than 10 ml•min-1•(1.73m2)-1 3 years later [hazard ratio (HR)=2.11, 95%CI: 1.24-3.59, P＜0.01]; increased uric acid 3 years later resulted in a higher risk for renal function deterioration (HR=2.60, 95%CI: 1.67-4.07, P＜0.01). Conclusions Elderly hypertensive patients with baseline hyperuricemia have a lower eGFR, resulting an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. While the patients with declined uric acid had a lesser imparied renal function. It suggests that the improvement of uric acid may help to slow down the deterioration of renal function in elderly hypertensive patients.     

Effects of serum uric acid level on all-cause death and cardiovascular death in patients of maintaining peritoneal dialysis

Objective To investigate the effects of serum uric acid (SUA) on all-cause death and cardiovascular death in patients of maintaining peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods One thousand and sixty-three PD patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College were included. The SUA levels at 6 months after PD start were measured. Patients with SUA≥420 μmol/L were grouped in hyperuricemia group (492 cases) and patients with SUA＜420 μmol/L were grouped in normal uric acid group (571 cases). The effects on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were retrospectively analyzed. Results The median age of the patients was 51(41, 62) years; 557 cases were male (52.40%); the median follow-up time was 33(20, 54) months (6-96 months); 167 cases (15.71%) died during the follow-up period, including 64 cases (6.02%) with cardiovascular causes. The mortality in hyperuricemia group was 19.11%(94/492) and the cardiovascular mortality was 7.93%(39/492), both rates were higher than those in normal uric acid group, and the differences were statistically significant (P=0.005, P=0.015, respectively). Hyperuricemia (SUA≥420 μmol/L) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.572, 95%CI 1.155-2.141, P=0.004), high uric acid level (continuous variable) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.002, 95%CI 1.001-1.004, P=0.008), and age≥65 years (HR=3.571, 95%CI 2.556-4.990, P＜0.001), serum albumin≤30 g/L (HR=1.907, 95%CI 1.278-2.845, P=0.002), high Charlson comorbidity index (HR=1.209, 95%CI 1.032-1.417, P=0.019) at the beginning of PD start were independent risk factors for all-causes death in PD patients. Hyperuricemia (SUA≥420 μmol/L) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.734, 95%CI 1.033-2.912, P=0.037) and age≥65 years (HR=1.761, 95%CI 1.024-3.209, P=0.041), with diabetes (HR=2.775, 95%CI 1.358-5.671, P=0.005) at the beginning of PD start were independent risk factors for cardiovascular death in PD patients. Conclusions SUA at 6 months after PD is an independent risk factor for all-cause death and cardiovascular death in PD patients.     

Clinical features and influence factors of pregnancy-induced hypertension with renal impairment at high altitude

Objective To investigate the incidence and clinical features of women with hypertension disorders of pregnancy complicated with renal impairment at high altitude, and explore the impact of proteinuria, renal insufficiency and preexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD) on these patients. Methods A pool of 1790 pregnant women admitted to Yunnan Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital from September 2017 to September 2018. Data of 123 patients who met the criteria of hypertension disorders in pregnancy were collected and retrospectively studied. Their clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed. Patients with hypertension and renal impairment, simple hypertension patients as well as normal pregnant women were compared. Hypertensive patients with proteinuria, renal insufficiency (Scr＞70 μmol/L) and preexisting CKD were also compared with simple hypertension patients. The impact of proteinuria, renal insufficiency and preexisting CKD on patients with hypertension disorders of pregnancy was assessed by multivariate logistic analysis. Results Of these 123 patients, 61 cases (49.6%) had renal impairment, 57 cases (46.3%) had proteinuria, 15 cases (12.2%) had renal insufficiency and 6 cases (4.9%) had preexisting CKD. Compared with normal pregnant women and simple hypertension patients, patients with hypertension and renal impairment had higher blood pressure, Scr, primipara rate and caesarean section rate (all P＜0.05), lower gestational age, neonatal Apgar scores and plasma albumin level (all P＜0.05), as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes, including premature birth, stillbirth/neonatal death, intrauterine growth restriction, infants of low-birth weight and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (all P＜0.05). The clinical features and pregnancy outcomes of 57 patients with proteinuria correlated with the proteinuria. Compared with non-nephrotic syndrome patients and patients without proteinuria, patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) had lower plasma albumin level and higher rates of premature birth, infants of low-birth weight and admission to NICU (all P＜0.05). Among 15 patients with renal insufficiency, there were 13 mild abnormal cases (70 μmol/L＜Scr≤123 μmol/L, 86.7%). Compared with those with normal renal function, patients with renal insufficiency had higher Scr, uric acid and rates of preeclampsia/eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, infants of low-birth weight and admission to NICU, while lower plasma albumin level (all P＜0.05). Among 6 patients with preexisting CKD, 4 had NS, 2 had renal insufficiency, 5 delivered before 37 weeks, and 2 infants died. Logistic regression analysis showed that NS (OR=4.863, P=0.032), renal insufficiency (OR=7.550, P=0.017) and systolic pressure (OR=1.061, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes among patients with hypertension disorders in pregnancy. Conclusions Renal impairment is common among patients with hypertension disorders in pregnancy at high altitude and has adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes. Massive proteinuria, renal insufficiency and systolic pressure are risk factors for these patients.     

Association between obesity and absolute renal risk factors in patients with IgA nephropathy

Objective To investigate the influence of obesity on renal lesion in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients by analyzing the association between obesity and absolute renal risk factors (ARR). Method Clinical-pathological data of IgAN patients diagnosed by renal biopsy in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University were collected retrospectively. According to the body mass index (BMI), patients were divided into non-obese group (BMI＜28, N-OB group) and obese group (BMI≥28, OB group). Their clinical characteristics, pathological index and ARR scores were compared. The relationship of BMI and ARR was analyzed by ordinal logistic regression models. Results (1) A total of 674 IgAN patients with mean age of 35.5±11.3 years were enrolled, including 94 in OB group and 580 in N-OB group respectively. Compared with those in the N-OB group, the proportion of male, age, mean arterial pressure, blood uric acid, blood triglyceride, diabetes mellitus and hypertension increased in OB group (all P＜0.01). Patients in OB group had lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and higher ARR score than those in N-OB group (all P＜0.05). (2) More severe thickening renal small artery wall and hyaline degeneration were observed in the OB group than in the N-OB group (all P＜0.01). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in Lee classification, Oxford classification, mesangial cell proliferation, glomerular sclerosis, crescent formation, renal tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammatory cell in filtration and endothelial cell proliferation. (3) After adjusting for age, sex, blood uric acid, serum albumin, eGFR, low density lipoprotein, glomerular sclerosis, interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, renal tubular atrophy and vascular wall thickening, BMI was still an independent risk factors for ARR in IgAN patients (OR=1.09, 95%CI 1.03-1.14). Conclusions BMI is an independent risk factors for ARR in IgAN patients. Early prevention and control of obesity and its associated risk factors may improve outcomes of IgAN patients.     

Pregnancy in patients with IgA nephropathy: a retrospective study for 20 years

Objective To analyze prognosis of pregnancy and kidney disease, and evaluate effects of renal pathology on pregnant outcomes and clinical risk factors of adverse outcomes of pregnancy in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients. Methods IgAN patients with more than 20 weeks of pregnancy were included, by retrieving the medical database in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 1996 to December 2015. Their detailed information during hospitalization and follow-up was recorded, and outcomes of pregnancy and kidney diseases in IgAN patients were assessed. According to Lee's renal pathological grade system, patients were divided into gradeⅣ&Ⅴ group and below grade Ⅳ group to compare their pregnant prognosis. IgAN patients were divied into fetus survival group and fetus death group according to their pregnancy outcomes. The fetal survival factors were analyzed by single factor and multivariate regression. Results A total of 64 pregnancies in 62 patients were included with a mean age of (30.31±4.05) years. The fetus survival rate was 87.5% and the average gestational periods was (35.41±5.10) weeks (ranging from 20-40 weeks). The incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome is 17.2% (11 cases). The preterm birth rate was 24.1% (14 cases) among the live births. Serum creatinine increased in 18 cases (28.1%) during pregnancy with median increment of 38.5 μmol/L, and 72.2% patients completely recovered to the level before pregnancy in the postpartum period of 6 months. The incidence of fetus death (38.1% vs 0.0%, P＜0.01), low birth weight infant (46.2% vs 11.1%, P＜0.05) and pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (33.3% vs 11.1%, P＜0.05) in Lee's grade Ⅳ&Ⅴ group was higher than those in below grade Ⅳ group. The serum creatinine, urine protein excretion, renal hypertension before pregnancy and renal segmental glomerular sclerosis were significantly increased in fetus death group as compared with those in fetus survival group (all P＜0.05). Logistic regression showed that in all patients an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 (OR=76.978, 95%CI 3.327-1780.939, P=0.007) and renal hypertension (OR=14.464,95%CI 1.245-168.053, P=0.033) before pregnancy were the independent risk factors for fetus death, while multipara was a protective factor (OR=0.063, 95%CI 0.005-0.876, P=0.040). Conclusions The fetus survival and kidney prognosis in IgAN patients are closely related to the severity of clinical and pathological changes before pregnancy. Reduced eGFR and complication of renal hypertension are the independent risk factors for adverse prognosis of pregnancy.