根治性同步放化疗前淋巴结清扫在局部晚期宫颈癌诊疗中的意义

宫颈癌是威胁女性健康的第四大肿瘤,分期主要基于临床检查。2018年10月国际妇产科联盟(FIGO对宫颈癌分期进行了修改,强调了盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结的转移情况。对于根治性同步放化疗的患者,淋巴结转移与放疗肿瘤控制率密切相关。由于腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的情况决定了是否扩大放疗照射野,放疗对于较大的淋巴结控制效果不理想,因此在根治性放化疗前手术评估淋巴结情况、切除增大的淋巴结,有助于分期及减瘤,进行个体化的治疗。但手术分期为有创操作,存在相关风险,可能推迟放疗起始时间,缺乏前瞻性的随机对照研究,此治疗方式并未被广泛认可。综述根治性放化疗前手术清扫淋巴结分期的相关文献。     

宫颈癌根治术中加行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除在ⅠB2及ⅡA2期宫颈癌治疗中的临床价值

目的:探讨宫颈癌根治术中加行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除在Ⅰ B2及ⅡA2期宫颈癌治疗中的临床应用价值.方法:选择2006年5月至2011年7月在我院诊治的Ⅰ B2及ⅡA2期宫颈癌患者86例,分成两组.对照组45例,行宫颈癌根治术;观察组41例,宫颈癌根治术中加行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术;两组术后辅以放疗或放化疗.对两组术中、术后情况及复发率、生存率进行比较分析,并分析盆腔淋巴结转移、腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移与临床病理因素的关系.结果:观察组复发6例,复发率为15.0％;48个月总生存率和无瘤生存率均为70.0％.对照组复发17例,复发率为38.6％;48个月总生存率和无瘤生存率分别为68.0％和66.0％.两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组并发症发生率(29.3vs 40.0％)、术中出血量(325.0±58.0ml vs 315.0±50.1 ml)及盆腔淋巴结阳性率(56.1％vs 57.8％)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).观察组中腹主动脉旁淋巴结阳性率为17.1％,盆腔淋巴结转移个数与腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移呈正相关(P＜0.01).单因素分析表明腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移是影响宫颈癌患者预后的因素之一(P＜0.05);多因素分析则表明盆腔淋巴结转移个数及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移是影响宫颈癌患者预后的因素之一(P＜0.05).结论:宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移个数与腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移有关.在宫颈癌根治性手术中加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除并辅以术后治疗,可以降低复发率,提高生存率,且安全可行.     

局部晚期及晚期宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结手术评估的价值

在国内ⅠB2期、ⅡA2期称之为局部晚期宫颈癌(LACC),ⅡB~ⅣA期称为晚期宫颈癌。对于局部晚期及晚期宫颈癌,准确评估腹主动脉旁淋巴结有无转移,可指导是否行延伸野放疗。目前评估手段有影像学评估及手术评估。因影像学不能准确评估腹主动脉旁淋巴结有无转移,对是否行延伸野放疗不能做到精确指导,故建议在无手术禁忌的情况下,对局部晚期及晚期宫颈癌患者,均可行手术评估,以准确指导是否加用延伸野放疗,避免治疗不足或过度治疗。手术途径及手术方式以腹腔镜下腹膜后入路的腹主动脉旁淋巴结取样或切除术为宜,淋巴结切除上界以肠系膜下动脉水平为宜。     

局部晚期宫颈癌临床治疗新进展

宫颈癌是严重威胁女性健康的恶性肿瘤之一,其中局部晚期宫颈癌（LACC）有病灶大、手术困难、预后差等特点,关于其治疗方案争议不断,主要推荐的治疗方案有：盆腔外照射+顺铂同期化疗+阴道近距离放疗,广泛性子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结切除±主动脉旁淋巴结取样,放化疗后进行辅助性子宫切除术。而在临床治疗中,由于各地区放疗水平不同和患者个体化差异,目前对LACC的治疗方案仍存在多样性。预防性半扩展区域调强适形放疗可以在达到与传统扩展区域放疗相似治疗效果的同时减少并发症的发生,同步放化疗同时加局部热疗可以增强患者对治疗的耐受性。腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫或活检不一定改善LACC的预后,但可帮助判断预后,对已有髂总动脉旁淋巴结转移的患者有积极意义。对于腔内放疗技术不成熟地区的患者,盆腔外照射加同步化疗后行Ⅰ型筋膜外子宫切除术是可行的治疗方案。     

腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除在子宫内膜癌手术治疗中的意义

目的:探讨腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除对子宫内膜癌手术病理分期及预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院行系统性盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除的68例子宫内膜癌患者的临床病理资料。结果:15例(22.1%)发生淋巴结转移的患者中,12例(17.6%)发生盆腔淋巴结转移,7例(10.3%)发生腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,其中4例(5.9%)患者同时出现盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,3例(4.4%)为单纯腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移。临床分期与手术病理分期不符合率为22.1%。术后随访6～57个月,平均26个月,获访率100%,1例复发,1例复发并死亡。结论:系统性盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术不仅对进行准确的手术病理分期,指导术后辅助治疗有重要意义,而且能提供预后相关信息。     

宫颈癌淋巴结切除适应证和争议

NCCN和FIGO指南对淋巴结切除适应证做出推荐,但就宫颈癌淋巴结切除仍存在争议点。对于局部晚期宫颈癌行手术分期是安全可行的。前哨淋巴结切除术目前尚不能替代系统性淋巴结切除术。对于ⅠA2~ⅡA2期宫颈癌,建议行腹主动脉旁淋巴结取样术,上界达肠系膜下动脉水平足够。有转移肿大的淋巴结建议手术切除。     

宫颈癌腹腔镜下腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术相关争议

宫颈癌的转移以淋巴转移常见,而腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移可明显影响预后。在宫颈癌的治疗中,对腹主动脉旁淋巴结的评估尤为重要。腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术作为腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移评估的金标准,目前已成为研究热点。综合分析近年关于腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术相关文献,发现其仍存不同方面的争议。腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术的临床价值仍待进一步研究。     

复发性宫颈癌手术治疗

宫颈癌复发后预后不良,进一步治疗的方案取决于复发情况及初次治疗情况,主要分放疗和手术治疗两类。前者可用于初次手术治疗后的盆腔局部复发和主动脉旁淋巴结复发,联合同步化疗有更好效果;后者主要为盆腔脏器廓清术,可用于根治性放疗后的患者,但需严格筛选病例。     

宫颈癌腹膜外盆腔及主动脉旁淋巴结切除术加放疗的存活率观察

宫颈癌目前采用的分期是国际妇产科协会(FIGO)的分期,是根据临床检查和有限的放射线摄影来估计肿瘤的范围。原发肿瘤的体积与邻近组织的扩散无关,盆腔淋巴结和主动脉旁淋巴结转移的存在与否不影响FIGO分期。安全的手术评价方法的益处包括能正确确定原发肿瘤的体积和了解盆腔及主动脉旁淋巴结情况。本文对疾病的自然历史和预后提供了较好的认识,根据病变真实的范围来修改治疗方案和舍弃常规治疗,改善高危病人的治愈率是手术分期的目的。对一些活组织检查确诊有主动脉旁淋巴结转移     

腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术后肠梗阻：一项前瞻性研究

系统性腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术普遍用于原发妇科肿瘤及复发肿瘤分期和治疗。对术中及术后并发症的相关影响、术后恢复时间及生活质量进行评价。为比较行系统腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术（PALN）与只行盆腔淋巴结切除术（PLN）术后患者出现胃肠道症状的情况，前瞻性对51例行系统开腹式腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术的妇科恶性肿瘤患者进行研究（切除主动脉旁淋巴结数量≥10个）。     

Para-aortic lymph node evaluation in cervical cancer: the impact of staging upon treatment decisions and outcome

Petereit DG, Hartenbach EM, Thomas GM. Para-aortic lymph node evaluation in cervical cancer: the impact of staging upon treatment decisions and outcome. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1998; 8 :353–364.
This article reviews both surgical and nonsurgical staging options for cervical cancer and determines the ultimate impact of these staging pathways. Surgical staging is the most sensitive method for detecting para-aortic lymph node metastases; however, a negative lymphangiogram precludes surgical staging since it is a highly sensitive and specific radiographic study. CT and MRI are not as sensitive for detecting para-aortic disease, therefore a false negative study would ultimately result in the loss of about 4 stage IIB and 5 stage IIIB patients out of 100. Judicious use of existing staging options will enhance the ultimate benefit to individual patients, rather than surgically staging all patients prior to radiotherapy.     

Laparoskopie in der gynäkologischen Onkologie

Background

Laparoscopy is increasingly being used for operative treatment of gynecological malignancies.

Aim

This article supplies answers to the following questions: what are the indications in gynecological oncology for laparoscopic operations? Does one of the open surgical procedures offer comparable oncological safety?

Material and methods

An analysis of the literature was carried out with respect to prospective randomized trials. This article summarizes the important publications on endoscopic operative procedures for endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer as well as borderline ovarian tumors.

Results

Operative treatment of early stage endometrial and cervical cancer can be carried out using laparoscopy, including pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. The current data suggest that there is comparable oncological safety between laparoscopy and laparotomy. Surgical staging can be used to assess the retroperitoneal para-aortic lymph node status before chemoradiation of locally advanced cervical cancer. Operative treatment of early stage ovarian cancer should be carried out via midline incision laparotomy because of a superior evaluation of the bowels, retroperitoneum and upper abdomen. Laparoscopy plays an important role in the diagnostics of cancer of unknown primary (CUP) syndrome and to acquire tissue biopsies before neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Borderline ovarian tumors can be treated laparoscopically without impairing patient prognosis.

Conclusions

Laparoscopy of early stage endometrial and cervical cancer and borderline ovarian tumors can be performed with oncological safety and comparable prognosis to open surgery. Invasive ovarian cancer should be treated via open surgery. In cases of advanced stage gynecological malignancies laparoscopy provides a diagnostic tool facilitating the assessment of the para-aortic lymph node status before chemoradiation of cervical cancer and allows acquisition of tissue biopsies of ovarian cancer before neoadjuvant chemotherapy.     

The influence of staging laparotomy for cervical cancer on patterns of recurrence and survival

A matched paired study of surgically staged and non-surgically staged patients with stage II and III cervical carcinoma from October 1974 through August 1987 was retrospectively performed. Eight of 55 (13.8%) had para-aortic lymph node involvement. After tailored extended field radiation 2/8 (25%) remain alive without evidence of disease. Patient survival although slightly in favor of the unstaged group was similar. Patterns of recurrence were similar amongst treatment groups. Para-aortic nodal recurrence, despite tailored radiation therapy, was identical (5.4%) in the staged and unstaged groups. Only one patient (not surgically staged) had an isolated para-aortic recurrence. With the morbidity of an operative procedure and similar survival rates and para-aortic nodal recurrence rates, the value of staging laparotomy in improved patient survival is questioned. Pelvic failure and other distant metastases continue to be the major sites of recurrences.     

Residual pelvic lymph node involvement after concomitant chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE: Concomitant chemoradiation (and brachytherapy) has become the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancers (FIGO stage IB2 to IVA). Adjuvant surgery is optional. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of residual positive pelvic lymph nodes after chemoradiation. METHODS: From February 1988 to August 2004, 113 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer have been treated by chemoradiation followed by an adjuvant surgery with a pelvic lymphadenectomy performed (study group). A para-aortic lymphadenectomy had also been performed in 85 of them. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 48.4 years (27-74). FIGO stage was: IB2 in 17.7% (20/113), II in 44.2% (50/113), III in 21.2% (24/113) and IVA in 16.8% of the patients (19/113). The mean number of removed nodes was 11.5 (median 11) in pelvic, and 7.5 (median 7) in para-aortic basins. A pelvic lymph node involvement was present in 15.9% (18/113) of the patients after chemoradiation. In 11 patients, only one node was positive. 11.7% (10/85) of the patients had a para-aortic lymph node involvement. A residual pelvic lymph node disease has been observed in 6.3% (4/63) of the cases with no residual cervical disease (or microscopic) versus 26.5% (13/49) of the cases with macroscopic residual cervical tumor (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our experience shows that a pelvic lymph node involvement persists in about 16% of the patients after chemoradiation. We can make the assumption that performing a pelvic lymphadenectomy along with the removal of the primary tumor after chemoradiation could reduce the rate of latero-pelvic recurrences, whatever the para-aortic lymph node status.     

Chylous ascites following treatment for gynecologic malignancies

BACKGROUND: Chylous ascites is a rare complication following abdominal radiation or para-aortic lymph node dissection in the management of gynecologic malignancies. Treatment options include dietary restriction with addition of medium-chain triglycerides, serial paracenteses, total parenteral nutrition, and somatostatin. Current opinion advocates that surgical exploration and peritoneo-venous shunts be reserved for refractory cases. CASES: Two patients developed chylous ascites, one after completion of surgical staging and chemoradiation for stage IIB squamous carcinoma of the cervix and one following para-aortic lymph node dissection for recurrent malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the endometrium. In both cases resolution of the chylous ascites followed placement of a peritoneo-venous shunt. CONCLUSIONS: Chylous ascites should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ascites in patients with gynecologic malignancy treated with radiation or para-aortic lymph node dissection.     

The impact of pre-therapy extraperitoneal surgical staging on the evaluation and treatment of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The use of extraperitoneal surgical staging prior to treatment in patients with bulky or locally advanced cervical cancer allows the detection and treatment of disease beyond the standard pelvic radiation fields. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of extraperitoneal surgical staging in the treatment and outcome of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. METHODS: 51 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated between 1985 and 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. Information on morbidity, usefulness, and results of surgery and patterns of disease recurrence were obtained. Survival distributions were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and compared with the log-rank test. RESULTS: All 51 women were surgically staged by an extra-peritoneal approach. Preoperative CT scans (n=27) when compared with surgical findings showed sensitivity for pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastasis of 39%, specificity of 88%, positive predictive value of 39% and negative predictive value of 88%. Lymph node metastases were found in 30/51 patients (59%). There were no significant treatment delays or surgical morbidity as a result of extra-peritoneal surgical staging. In 21 patients (41%), the highest level of involved nodes was in the pelvis and they were treated with pelvic radiation. The para-aortic nodes were involved in nine patients (18%) and were treated with extended field radiation. All patients also received concurrent radiosensitization with chemotherapy. The estimated survival for the entire group was 60% at 5 years. For node negative patients, estimated 5-year survival was 67% while it was 54% for all node positive patients (p=0.17). Analysis according to anatomic site of involved nodes showed that the estimated 2-year and 5-year survival for those with pelvic nodal involvement was 81% and 64%, respectively. However, in the group of nine patients with para-aortic nodal disease, the estimated 2-year survival was 44%. Five (56%) were dead of disease with a median time to death of 16.0 months and four patients (44%) were alive with a median duration of follow up of 16.1 months. There was a statistically significant difference in survival for the group of patients with positive pelvic nodes only compared to the group with positive para-aortic nodes (p=0.03). The estimated 5-year survival by FIGO stage was 80%, 70% and 51% for stages Ib, II, III, disease, respectively. Factors that did not significantly affect survival included age, histology and type of chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-therapy extra-peritoneal surgical staging resulted in treatment modification in 18% of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. The morbidity from surgery and subsequent radiation therapy was acceptable. The procedure is recommended to allow for individualization of treatment in patients with local-regional cervical cancer.     

Laparoscopic surgical staging of locally advanced cervix cancer (IB2 to IVA): initial experience

Introduction and objectives

Cervical cancer incidence worldwide is about 500,000 new cases per year with most of them being detected at a locally advanced stage. Many studies have shown the need to look for extra-pelvic disease when planning appropriate therapy. We performed surgical staging by laparoscopy in 43 cases of cervical cancer at stages IB2 to IVa and evaluated our initial results.

Materials and methods

Between February 2008 and May 2010, we selected 43 patients with histologically confirmed cervical cancer at stages IB2 to IVA with a Karnosfsky index > 70. We classified the tumors according to the FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage and performed tomographic evaluations of the abdomen to select patients without signs of peritoneal or para-aortic tumor spread. We performed a laparoscopic evaluation of the peritoneal cavity and para-aortic lymph nodes by an extra-peritoneal route. We did not use tweezers or disposable energy seals.

Results

The mean surgical time was 130.8 min. The mean blood loss was 111.5 ml. There was no conversion to laparotomy for any case. We describe a case with peritoneal implants that was classified as IVB.We removed an average of 16.4 lymph nodes; nine cases had para-aortic lymph node metastases.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic surgical staging diagnosed 23.3% of cases with peritoneal spread of the tumor or extra-pelvic lymph node metastases. In this study, we could better define the lymph node status through laparoscopic surgical staging and could therefore recommend more suitable adjuvant therapy for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer.     

Lymphadenectomy in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer Study (LiLACS): Phase III Clinical Trial Comparing Surgical With Radiologic Staging in Patients With Stages IB2–IVA Cervical Cancer

Radiation treatment planning for women with locally advanced cervical cancer (stages IB2–IVA) is often based on positron emission tomography (PET). PET, however, has poor sensitivity in detecting metastases in aortocaval nodes. We have initiated a study with the objective of determining whether pre-therapeutic laparoscopic surgical staging followed by tailored chemoradiation improves survival as compared with PET/computed tomography (CT) radiologic staging alone followed by chemoradiation. This international, multicenter phase III trial will enroll 600 women with stages IB2–IVA cervical cancer and PET/CT findings showing fluorodeoxyglucose-avid pelvic nodes and fluorodeoxyglucose-negative para-aortic nodes. Eligible patients will be randomized to undergo either pelvic radiotherapy with chemotherapy (standard-of-care arm) or surgical staging via a minimally invasive extraperitoneal approach followed by tailored radiotherapy with chemotherapy (experimental arm). The primary end point is overall survival. Secondary end points are disease-free survival, short- and long-term morbidity with pre-therapeutic surgical staging, and determination of anatomic locations of metastatic para-aortic nodes in relationship to the inferior mesenteric artery. We believe this study will show that tailored chemoradiation after pre-therapeutic surgical staging improves survival as compared with chemoradiation based on PET/CT in women with stages IB2–IVA cervical cancer.     

Usefulness of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to detect para-aortic lymph nodal metastasis in advanced cervical cancer with negative computed tomography findings

OBJECTIVE: In advanced cervical cancer, it has been reported that progression-free survival is significantly related to para-aortic lymph node metastasis. Computed tomography (CT) has been widely used for clinical staging, but its sensitivity for lymph nodal metastasis is low. Therefore, this prospective study was undertaken to evaluate (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in detecting para-aortic lymph nodal metastasis in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma when CT findings were negative. METHODS: Fifty women with advanced cervical cancer confined to the pelvis with negative abdominal CT findings were included in this study. After 10 mCi of FDG was administered intravenously, the abdomens were scanned by PET. Para-aortic lymph node metastases were diagnosed as present or absent according to a standardized staging procedure. RESULTS: Retroperitoneal surgical exploration revealed 14 patients with para-aortic lymph nodal metastasis. Two patients had false-negative FDG-PET findings and the other two patients had false-positive FDG-PET findings. CONCLUSION: Overall, FDG-PET imaging had a sensitivity of 85.7%, a specificity of 94.4%, and an accuracy of 92%. When abdominal CT findings are negative, the use of FDG-PET can accurately detect para-aortic lymph nodal metastatis in patients with advanced cervical cancer.