The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure is increased and associated with impaired psychological general well-being.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition occurs frequently in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms may lead to reduced food intake, resulting in malnutrition and impaired well-being in these patients. The prevalence of GI symptoms in various chronic renal failure (CRF) groups is unexplored. We assessed the prevalence of GI complaints in patients on either haemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), or in the pre-dialysis stage. Patients with and without diabetic nephropathy were also compared. METHODS: A total of 233 patients with CRF (128 HD, 55 PD, and 50 pre-dialytic patients) completed two self-administered questionnaires: the Psychological General Well-Being (PGWB) index and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), which measures GI symptoms. The values were compared with reference values obtained from the general population. The association between GI symptoms and serum (s-)albumin was also studied. RESULTS: The total GSRS score in patients with CRF was significantly higher than the reference values (HD 2.14 (1.97-2.31), PD 2.24 (2.00-2.48), and pre-dialytic patients 2.03 (1.82-2.25) vs controls 1.53 (1.50-1.55; P<0.001). When comparing CRF subgroups there was no overall difference between the groups, but PD patients had more severe reflux and eating dysfunction. In patients with diabetic nephropathy, only eating dysfunction was significantly more common than in the non-diabetic patients. There was a negative correlation between GI symptoms and psychological general well-being in CRF patients (Rho=-0.46, P<0.001) indicating that patients with a high GI symptom profile have impaired psychological general well-being. A negative correlation was found between eating dysfunction and s-albumin (Rho=-0.33, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of GI symptoms is high in patients with CRF and is associated with impairment in psychological general well-being. Presence of dialysis or not, type of dialysis, and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus seem to have limited impact on GI symptoms.     

肾移植前后妇女的性激素状态

为了解女性尿毒症及肾移植受者性激素状态,作者应用酶联免疫法检测了５０例女性患者肾移植前、后的性激素水平,并以１５例近龄健康妇女对照。结果显示肾移植受者的泌乳素（ＰＲＬ）、促卵泡素（ＦＳＨ）及促黄体素（ＬＨ）较慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）血液透析组明显降低,而雌二醇（Ｅ）和孕酮（Ｐ）值在正常范围。对于ＣＲＦ患者检测发现ＰＲＬ明显升高,而孕酮值显著下降,经给该组闭经患者作克罗米酚刺激试验,结果阳性,说明闭经为下丘脑性功能障碍。作者认为成功肾移植可纠正肾衰患者由于血中肌酐、尿素氮升高造成的下丘脑功能障碍,且能恢复正常月经周期及生育力。透析期间可对症治疗,但不必促排卵,而成功肾移植是最好的治疗方法。     

Adiponectin, leptin and thyroid hormones in patients with chronic renal failure and on renal replacement therapy: are they related?

BACKGROUND: Renal function affects thyroid function and adipocytokines in many ways. We aimed to assess the adipocytokines adiponectin and leptin in relation to thyroid function in patients with chronic renal failure treated conservatively, in haemodialysed patients and in kidney allograft recipients. METHODS: The study was performed on 33 patients with chronic renal failure, 64 haemodialysed patients, 54 kidney allograft recipients and 38 healthy volunteers. Thyroid volume was estimated sonographically, thyroid hormones were determined by Micropartide Enzyme Immunoassay (MEIA), and serum adiponectin and leptin were assessed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 and free T3 were within the normal range. Adiponectin correlated significantly with free T3, haematocrit, haemoglobin, platelet count, body mass index (BMI) and urea in kidney allograft recipients. In haemodialysed patients, adiponectin correlated with free T4 and TSH, whereas leptin correlated with free T3. Multiple regression analysis showed that adiponectin was independently related only to the serum concentration of free T3 and urea in kidney transplant recipients and to free T4 and adequacy of dialysis in haemodialysed patients. In univariate analysis in patients with chronic renal failure, adiponectin correlated with free T3 and platelet count, and in healthy volunteers adiponectin correlated only with free T3 and triglycerides, and leptin correlated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS: We described novel relationships between adiponectin and thyroid hormones in patients with kidney diseases. However, possible pre-existing thyroid dysfunction prior to transplantation (during dialysis therapy) and immunosuppression after transplantation make all these findings relatively complex. Therefore, the relationships between adiponectin and the thyroid axis in patients with chronic renal failure, in haemodialysed subjects or in kidney transplant recipients merit additional studies.     

慢性肾衰竭大鼠肠道通透性及损伤的研究

目的 探讨慢性肾衰竭（CRF）大鼠肠道通透性及损伤的变化。 方法 雄性SD大鼠20只分为CRF组（n=10）和对照组（n=10）,采用5/6肾切除制备CRF大鼠模型,定期监测血生化至模型成功建立。术后第12周,大鼠禁食12 h后灌饲含有1 g乳果糖（L）和0.5 g甘露醇（M）的测试液4 ml,收集大鼠口服测试液后6 h内的全部尿液,采用高压液相色谱-示差法（HPLC-RID）,检测尿液排泄率比值（L/M）,评估大鼠肠黏膜通透性水平;HE染色观察各组大鼠小肠黏膜光镜下的形态（肠黏膜绒毛高度、肌层厚度、绒毛数量）并行组织学损伤评分。 结果 CRF组大鼠尿L/M比值高于对照组（1.75±0.11 比 1.20±0.06,P < 0.01）;其肠黏膜绒毛高度、肌层厚度显著高于对照组（P < 0.01）,绒毛数量显著低于对照组（P < 0.01）。CRF组大鼠肠道病理组织学评分显著高于对照组（1.00±0.71比0,P < 0.01）。 结论 CRF大鼠肠道通透性增加,并且伴有不同程度的肠道损伤。     

Gastrointestinal function in chronic renal failure

Feeding problems, anorexia and vomiting are common in infants and children with chronic renal failure (CRF), and play a major role in the growth failure often found in this condition. However, the gastroenterological and nutritional aspects of CRF in children have received little attention, hence therapeutic interventions are usually empirical and often ineffective. Gastritis, duodenitis and peptic ulcer are often found in adults with CRF on regular haemodialysis and following renal transplantation. Despite persistent hypergastrinaemia, gastric acid secretion is decreased rather than increased in most of these patients, and active peptic disease appears to be promoted by the removal of the acid output inhibition (neutralisation of gastric acid by ammonia) that follows active treatment.Helicobacter pylori, on the other hand, does not seem to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of peptic disease in CRF. Gastro-oesophageal reflux has been found in about 70% of infants and children with CRF suffering from vomiting and feeding problems, and thus appears to be a major problem in these patients. In a number of symptomatic patients with CRF, gastric dysrhythmias and delaved gastric emptying have also been found; hence there appears to be a complex disorder of gastrointestinal motility in CRF. Serum levels of several polypeptide hormones involved in the modulation of gastrointestinal motility [e.g. gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin] and the regulation of hunger and satiety (e.g. glucagon, CCK) are significantly raised as a consequence of renal insufficiency, and can be reverted to normal by renal transplantation. Furthermore, several other humoral abnormalities (e.g. hypercalcaemia, hypokalaemia, acidosis, etc.) are not uncommon in CRF. By directly affecting the smooth muscle of the gut or stimulating particular areas within the central nervous system, all these humoral alterations may well play a major role in the gastrointestinal dysmotility, anorexia, nausea and vomiting in patients with CRF. Specific pharmacological and nutritional interventions should thus be considered for the treatment of vomiting and feeding problems in CRF.     

曲美他嗪对慢性肾衰竭大鼠心肌能量代谢及超微结构的影响

目的 观察曲美他嗪(TZM)对慢性肾衰竭大鼠心肌能量代谢及病理结构的影响。 方法 40只雄性SD大鼠行5/6肾切除术,将成模大鼠随机分为手术对照组、曲美他嗪小剂量（3 mg/kg）组、中剂量（6 mg/kg）组和大剂量（9 mg/kg）组,并设假手术组（雄性SD大鼠10只）。各治疗组大鼠每日灌胃给药,假手术组和手术对照组则予生理盐水,持续17周。实验结束时,测量各组大鼠左心室/体质量、全心/体质量比值;监测平均动脉压及心率;观察心脏超声检查和病理形态学改变,并测定尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）、三磷酸腺苷（ATP）、二磷酸腺苷（ADP）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)α。 结果 （1）曲美他嗪中剂量组、大剂量组左室收缩末内径、左室舒张末期前壁厚度、左室收缩末期前壁厚度、左室舒张末期后壁厚度均显著低于手术对照组（均P < 0.05）。（2）曲美他嗪中剂量组、大剂量组左心室/体质量、全心/体质量均显著低于手术对照组（P < 0.05）。（3）光镜可见手术对照组心肌细胞排列紊乱、肥大,部分心肌纤维化;电镜可见手术对照组心肌组织大片心肌纤维溶解,线粒体增多、肿胀、空泡化,膜断裂。各治疗组心肌病理形态学改变均比手术对照组轻,且随曲美他嗪剂量增大有好转趋势。（4）各组大鼠心率差异无统计学意义,5/6肾切除各组收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压均显著高于假手术组（P <0.01）,而5/6肾切除各组间收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。（5）曲美他嗪3个剂量组ATP、ADP均显著高于手术对照组（均P < 0.05）,且大剂量组、中剂量组ATP、ADP均显著高于小剂量组（均P < 0.05）。（6）曲美他嗪大剂量组、中剂量组剂量IL-6、TNF-α、MDA均显著低于手术对照组（均P < 0.05）,而SOD均显著高于手术对照组（均P < 0.05）。 结论 曲美他嗪可以改善慢性肾衰竭大鼠心肌能量代谢、微炎性反应和氧化应激状态,从而防治慢性肾衰竭大鼠心肌细胞纤维化及左心室肥厚。     

慢性肾衰竭患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后血管并发症的临床研究

探讨慢性肾衰竭(CRF)合并冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后穿刺部位血管并发症的影响因素.方法 在2 977例接受PCI治疗的冠心病患者中,其中CRF患者53例,肾功能正常患者2924例,比较2组穿刺部位血管并发症的发生率.在CRF患者中,按有、无穿刺部位血管并发症分为2组,比较2组性别、年龄、体质量指数、穿...     

慢性疲劳综合征的胃肠道症状和对胃排空影响的调查

目的调查慢性疲劳综合征（CFS）患者胃肠道症状的发生情况与胃排空功能的相关性。方法采用问卷调查43例CFS患者胃肠道症状的发生情况并对胃部症状进行评分，通过同位素测定其液相和固相胃排空功能，与38例健康对照者比较。结果CFS患者胃肠道症状的发生率较健康对照组显著升高。胃部症状评分与固相（r=0．81）和液相（r=0．65）胃排空减慢显著相关（P〈0．001）。结论CFS患者的胃部症状与胃动力异常有关。     

爱西特灌肠联合口服治疗慢性肾功能衰竭疗效观察

目的 观察爱西特灌肠联合口服治疗慢件肾功能衰竭(CRF)的疗效.方法 70例CRF病人随机分为两组,对照组36例口服爱西特,治疗组34例爱西特灌肠联合口服治疗.观察治疗前后病人病情的改善情况,有无治疗中及治疗后的不适,治疗前后血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)、血尿酸(UA)及血红蛋白(Hb)、血清总蛋白(TP)、血清白蛋白(ALb)的变化.结果 治疗前后两组间的BUN、Scr、UA下降有显著性差异(p<0.05).结论 爱西特灌肠结合口服治疗慢性肾功能衰竭疗效显著,且优于单纯口服爱西特组.     

Analysis of cardiovascular disorder related factorsin non-dialysis patients with chronic renal failure

Objective To retrospectively analyze the changes of cardiovascular disorder and explore the risk factors in non-dialysis patients with chronic renal failure(CRF). Methods A total of 106 patients with CRF were enrolled in the cross-sectional study. The patients were divided into four groups by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): ≥45, 30-44, 15-29, ＜15 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1. Clinical data and biochemical indicators were collected. Cardiac ultrasound measurement of cardiac lumen diameter parameters and function were assessed by echocardiography. The associations of different stages of eGFR with changes of cardiac structure and function were analyzed. Results A negative linear correlation was observed by liner regression between eGFR(MDRD) and left ventricular mass index (r=-0.345, P＜0.01). Logistic regressive analysis revealed that categories of eGFR(MDRD) [β=0.940, OR=2.561, 95%CI (1.380, 4.755), P＜0.01], the history of cardiovascular diseases[β=2.156, OR=8.639, 95%CI(1.991, 37.476), P＜0.01], urinary protein/creatinine ratio[β=0.001, OR=1.001，95%CI(1.000, 1.001), P＜0.01] correlated with left ventricular hypertrophy in the chronic renal failure without renal replacement therapy. The prevalence of concentric hypertrophy in eGFR(MDRD)≥45 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 was 3/3, while in eGFR(MDRD)=15-29 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 the prevalence was 3/12. The difference between two groups was significant(P＜0.01). There were no significant difference among the four groups in left ventricular diastolic function and systolic function. Left ventricular mass index had a linear correlation with eGFR measured by creatinine and Cystatin C(r=-0.378, P＜0.01). Conclusions Reduced kidney function is associated with increased left ventricular mass index. The type of left ventricular hypertrophy is mainly concentric hypertrophy at early stage of chronic renal failure. Categories of eGFR (MDRD), the history of cardiovascular diease, urinary protein /creatinine ratio may be important risk factors ofleft ventricular hypertrophy in the patients with chronic renal failure without renal replacement therapy.     

慢性肾功能衰竭维持性透析患者合并结核分枝杆菌感染的诊断

慢性肾功能衰竭维持性透析患者由于免疫力降低,极易感染结核分枝杆菌。研究显示,透析患者结核分枝杆菌的感染率为普通人群的4．6～15．5倍,而且主要是肺外结核,占40．0％～87．5％,其中最为常见的是淋巴结结核。透析患者感染结核分枝杆菌后的症状极不典型,甚至无明显的感染症状,且结核菌素试验常为阴性（阳性率仅为20％）,普通的诊断方法较难发现。本文就广州市红十字会医院透析中心经严格筛查并诊断为结核分枝杆菌感染的9例透析患者相关情况进行报道。     

慢性肾衰竭患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进外科治疗进展

随着透析技术的进步,慢性肾衰竭患者的生存时间逐渐延长,但影响患者生活质量甚至严重威胁患者生命的许多并发症也随之出现.继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)是血液透析患者的常见并发症之一,并且有一定的发病率和病死率,特征性表现主要有:低钙、高磷和高甲状旁腺激素.大多数患者可以通过药物治疗而痊愈,然而,药物治疗并不是都能很好地调节甲状旁腺功能的紊乱,部分患者需要外科干预.本文对慢性肾衰竭血透患者SHPT外科治疗的现状做一综述.

Abstract：

With the development of the dialysis technology,the survival time of patients with chronic renal failure is prolonged,while more complications which affect the quality of life or even threat the life of patients are followed.Secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT)with a certain incidence and mortality is one of the common complications,and its main characteristic performances ale hyperphosphatemia,hypocalcemia and high level of parathyroid hormone.Most patients Can be cured by the treatment of medicine while surgical treatment is still required by some cases in which the disorder of the parathyroid function can not be well regulated through medicine treatment.The purpose of this paper is to make a review of the recent studies of surgical treatment in patients with SHPT.     

红细胞生成素对慢性肾衰竭大鼠肾小球内皮细胞功能的影响

目的 探讨红细胞生成素（EPO）对慢性肾衰竭（CRF）大鼠肾小球内皮细胞功能的影响。 方法 采用分阶段5/6肾切除术制备大鼠慢性肾衰竭动物模型。实验动物按数字随机法分为4组：假手术组（对照组）、慢性肾衰竭组（模型组）及EPO干预的两个剂量组（小剂量组EPO用量30 U/kg,大剂量组EPO用量50 U/kg）。慢性肾衰竭大鼠皮下注射EPO 6周后处死。检测各组大鼠血肌酐（Scr）、血尿素氮（BUN）、尿蛋白、血红蛋白（Hb）和血压的变化,并观察肾组织病理改变。免疫组化法检测肾小球CD34、CD31表达;RT-PCR检测肾组织内皮素1（ET-1）、内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）和血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF） mRNA的表达。 结果 与模型组比较,EPO治疗能显著增加大鼠肾小球CD34、CD31的表达（均P < 0.05）;下调肾组织ET-1 mRNA的表达（P < 0.05）;上调肾组织eNOS和 VEGF mRNA的表达（均P < 0.05）。此外,EPO治疗还能使大鼠Scr、BUN、尿蛋白和血压水平显著降低（均P < 0.05）,Hb水平显著增高（P < 0.05）,肾组织病理损害明显减轻。 结论 EPO能减轻慢性肾衰竭大鼠肾脏的病理损害,改善肾功能。这种作用可能与其促进肾小球内皮细胞的修复和改善内皮功能有关。     

别嘌呤醇对慢性肾衰竭患者肾脏保护作用及机制

目的观察别嘌呤醇对慢性肾衰竭（CRF）患者肾功能的保护作用。方法将入选的86例CRF（除外尿酸性肾病）患者分成对照组和治疗组,对照组给予CRF常规非透析疗法治疗;治疗组则在对照组基础上加用别嘌呤醇治疗;观察4周。测定2组治疗前后患者的尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（SCr）、血尿酸、一氧化氮（NO）,内皮素1（ET-1）,血栓素B2（TXB2）、6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-keto-PGF-1α）及超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）。结果治疗组治疗后,BUN、SCr及血尿酸较同组治疗前显著降低（P〈0．05）,与对照组比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;ET-1和NO分别较同组治疗前降低和升高（P〈0．05）,TXB2和6-keto-PGF-1α分别较治疗前降低和升高（P〈0．05）,hs-CRP较同组治疗前下降（P〈0．05）,与对照组比较均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论别嘌呤醇对CRF患者肾功能具有保护作用,其可能是通过抗微炎症状况和改善血管内皮功能的作用。     

慢性肾衰竭患者血清骨保护素浓度与心脏瓣膜钙化的关系

目的探讨慢性肾衰竭（CRF）患者血清骨保护素（OPG）水平与心脏瓣膜钙化的关系。方法以75例CRF患者[非透析组（ND）25例,腹透组（PD）28例,血透组（HD）22例1和10例健康人（对照组）为研究对象,采用酶联免疫复合物法测定患者血清OPG水平,分析其与心脏瓣膜钙化之间的关系。结果各组CRF患者血清中OPG水平[ND组（4.77±1.74）μg/L、PD组（5.22±1.57）μg/L、HD组（5.35±1.72）μg/L]显著高于对照组[（2.04±0.57）μg/L,P〈0.01]。OPG水平与年龄（r=0.311,P〈0.05）和C反应蛋白水平（r=0.353,P〈0.01）呈正相关。根据有无心脏瓣膜钙化分组后发现,存在瓣膜钙化的CRF患者OPG水平较无瓣膜钙化组显著升高[（6.28±1.66）μg/L比（4.59±1.40）μg/L,P〈0.01]。Logistic回归分析显示血清OPG水平是CRF患者心脏瓣膜钙化发生的一项独立危险因素（P〈0.01）。结论在CRF患者中,血清OPG水平与心脏瓣膜钙化相关。     

慢性肾衰竭患者药物性脑病91例临床分析

目的 探讨引起慢性肾衰竭患者发生药物性脑病的常见抗生素种类、危险因素、临床特点、治疗及转归.方法 对发生药物性脑病的91例慢性肾衰竭患者所使用的药物种类、发病后的临床特点、治疗及转归进行分析.结果 91例慢性肾衰竭患者引起药物性脑病发生的抗生素包括:头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮钠、拉氧头孢、头孢呋辛钠、加替沙星、哌拉两林.药物性脑病的发生与抗生素剂量有明显关系.结论 各种抗生素致慢性肾衰竭患者发生药物性脑病如能及早发现、及早停药及对症治疗如强化血液透析,绝大多数病人预后良好.     

慢性肾衰竭患者药物性脑病91例临床分析

目的 探讨引起慢性肾衰竭患者发生药物性脑病的常见抗生素种类、危险因素、临床特点、治疗及转归.方法 对发生药物性脑病的91例慢性肾衰竭患者所使用的药物种类、发病后的临床特点、治疗及转归进行分析.结果 91例慢性肾衰竭患者引起药物性脑病发生的抗生素包括:头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮钠、拉氧头孢、头孢呋辛钠、加替沙星、哌拉两林.药物性脑病的发生与抗生素剂量有明显关系.结论 各种抗生素致慢性肾衰竭患者发生药物性脑病如能及早发现、及早停药及对症治疗如强化血液透析,绝大多数病人预后良好.     

慢性肾衰竭患者药物性脑病91例临床分析

目的 探讨引起慢性肾衰竭患者发生药物性脑病的常见抗生素种类、危险因素、临床特点、治疗及转归.方法 对发生药物性脑病的91例慢性肾衰竭患者所使用的药物种类、发病后的临床特点、治疗及转归进行分析.结果 91例慢性肾衰竭患者引起药物性脑病发生的抗生素包括:头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮钠、拉氧头孢、头孢呋辛钠、加替沙星、哌拉两林.药物性脑病的发生与抗生素剂量有明显关系.结论 各种抗生素致慢性肾衰竭患者发生药物性脑病如能及早发现、及早停药及对症治疗如强化血液透析,绝大多数病人预后良好.     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者的高同型半胱氨酸血症

目的 研究慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Ｈｃｙ）水平、影响因素以及与心、脑血管疾病的关系。方法 采用荧光偏振免疫分析法测定１６０例ＣＲＦ患者血浆总同型半胱氨酸（ｔＨｃｙ）水平，以３１例冠心病患者和４５例正常人为对照。结果 以正常组血浆ｔＨｃｙｘ±２ｓ为９５％可信度上限，ＣＲＦ患者高同型半胱氨酸血症的发生率为８２．５０％，明显高于冠心病组（２２．５８％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血液透析（ＨＤ）组血浆ｔＨｅｙ水平［（２４．１３±１２．６８）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝７３］明显高于持续性非卧床腹膜透析（ＣＡＰＤ）组［（１６．４３ ±５．５８）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝１９］、冠心病组［（１１．１３±４．９７）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝３１］以及正常组（７．９７±２．６５）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝４５，Ｐ均＜０．０１。９２例透析治疗的ＣＲＦ患者中有明确心、脑血管病者的血浆ｔＨｃｙ水平［（２７．１２±１５．９４）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝３０］明显高于无此类病史的患者［（２０．１７±８．７１）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝６２］。未经透析的 ＣＲＦ患者血浆 ｔＨｃｙ水平与内生肌酐清除率呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．３７４，Ｐ＜０．０１），与患者年龄、血葡萄糖、血脂及血浆白