高龄孕产妇慢性代谢性疾病的长期管理

目前高龄孕产妇的比例逐渐增加。随着年龄的增长,糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、肥胖等代谢性疾病患病风险增加,而年龄往往是这些疾病的独立危险因素。因此,高龄孕产妇较年轻者将面临更大的风险,对高龄孕产妇的管理要求也更高。但目前对于高龄孕产妇代谢性疾病的关注点主要在于孕期,对于产后的管理与远期康复的关注度较为缺乏,孕期保健及治疗上仍存在不足及局限。为使孕产妇健康生活质量得到保障,现对高龄孕产妇产后常见慢性代谢性疾病的管理进行综述,增强产科医生对年龄因素的关注与重视。建议采用全局随访理念,加强对高龄孕产妇产后的规范管理,注意定期监测血糖、血脂、血压、体质量和腰围等,从而降低远期代谢性疾病的发病风险。     

高龄妊娠对母胎结局的影响

目前高龄孕妇比例越来越高。随着妇女年龄的增长,其生育能力下降,糖、脂代谢异常,内、外科及妇科疾病发病率增加,这些高危因素均可导致高龄孕妇母胎不良结局增加。高龄孕妇的妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病、前置胎盘、胎盘植入、胎儿畸形、流产、早产、巨大儿、胎儿生长受限等并发症升高。另外,剖宫产率增加,子宫破裂、产后出血、羊水栓塞、产后血栓风险也增加。本文通过分析高龄孕妇诸多高危因素,做好产前评估及孕期管理,是保证母婴安全的关键一步。     

重视胎盘植入性疾病规范化管理北大核心CSCD

胎盘植入性疾病(placenta accrete spectrum disorders,PAS)是胎盘绒毛不同程度侵袭子宫肌层这一类疾病,为导致严重产后出血、围产期紧急子宫切除、胎儿医源性早产乃至母胎死亡的主要原因^([1])。随着中国生育政策的变化,高龄孕产妇、瘢痕子宫的增加,如何提高孕期管理水平、优化围手术期管理措施等对降低手术并发症和死亡风险、改善妊娠结局至关重要^([2])。     

妊娠期及产后压力性尿失禁的影响因素研究进展

压力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence, SUI)的发生与妊娠和分娩密切相关, 随着我国"三胎政策"开放, 高龄和肥胖孕产妇人群增加, 妊娠期及产后SUI的患病率渐趋升高, SUI与妊娠及分娩相关的危险因素包括分娩方式、高龄、超重/肥胖、巨大儿、第二产程延长、硬膜外镇痛、母乳喂养等, 正确识别高危因素, 有利于对高危孕产妇进行早期干预, 减少远期SUI的发生。     

子痫前期与母体的远期疾病

子痫前期是妊娠期特发性疾病,影响2%~8%的妊娠,仍然是全世界孕产妇和围生期发病率和死亡率的主要原因,可导致高血压和多器官功能障碍,终止妊娠是唯一有效的治疗措施。尽管产后母体各项临床指标及血管病变会逐渐趋于正常,但这种短暂的、一过性的急性妊娠期并发症存在广泛母体血管内皮损伤和炎症免疫过度激活,越来越多的证据表明子痫前期对母体的影响不仅局限于妊娠及产褥期,多年后罹患子痫前期的妇女患心血管疾病、肾脏疾病、代谢综合征及糖尿病、甲状腺功能减退、血栓栓塞甚至认知障碍、恶性肿瘤等疾病的风险增加。综述子痫前期对母体远期疾病的影响,分析子痫前期是否可导致这些疾病的风险增加,从而有助于对有子痫前期病史的妇女建立合理、全面的产后管理方案,及时进行健康指导及干预,改善远期健康。     

妊娠期糖尿病与代谢综合征的关系研究进展

代谢综合征(MetS)是多重代谢异常聚集的现象,主要包括肥胖、血糖调节异常、高血压和血脂异常。胰岛素抵抗可能是其主要的病理生理机制。孕前存在代谢异常的孕妇孕期发生妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的风险增加,因此MetS可以用来预测GDM的发生。此外,GDM孕妇产后及其子代远期患代谢性疾病的风险也高于正常妊娠孕妇。     

妊娠期体质量管理的标准、方法及评估

正妊娠期体质量管理是孕期保健的重要内容,体质量过轻或增长过少提示孕妇营养及能量储备不足,可能影响胎儿生长发育及产后母乳喂养,并增加早产风险。而体质量过重或增长过多,妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病、巨大儿、难产及产后盆底障碍性疾病风险增加。因此,体质量增长异常将对妊娠结局及母儿近、远期健康状况产生影响。合理的体质量增长将为胎儿的生长发育及母体健康提供保障,以获得良好的母儿结局,并可避免产后体质量滞留,有助于产后     

胎盘植入性疾病诊断和处理指南(2023)

胎盘植入性疾病是孕期子宫破裂、严重产后出血、产科紧急子宫切除乃至孕产妇死亡的重要原因。中华医学会妇产科学分会产科学组联合中国医师协会妇产科分会母胎医师专委会制订了本指南, 详细阐述了胎盘植入性疾病的定义、高危因素、诊断、临床管理、终止妊娠的时机、围手术期和围分娩期的管理要点等, 以指导胎盘植入性疾病的临床诊治及管理。     

多囊卵巢综合征孕期代谢特点及其管理

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是育龄女性内分泌和代谢紊乱性疾病,对孕期与非孕期育龄妇女均可能产生不利影响。近年来,随着对PCOS孕妇的相关研究不断深入,发现其妊娠期母儿并发症的发生率升高,且与胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、糖脂代谢、高雄激素血症等相关,做好孕前、孕期及产后的管理对近远期并发症的预防可能均有重要作用。文章对PCOS孕期代谢特点及其管理等内容进行阐述。     

瘢痕子宫妊娠的孕期保健与分娩期处理

近年来,二孩政策全面开放,剖宫产术后再次妊娠以及高龄孕产妇人数快速增长,随之而来的是母儿不良妊娠结局的增加。明确瘢痕子宫再次妊娠所存在的风险,孕前咨询评估,加强孕期管理及分娩期处理,是保障母儿安全,提高产科质量的关键。     

高龄孕妇剖宫产产后出血危险因素分析

目的探讨高龄孕妇剖宫产产后出血的主要危险因素。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年6月期间在北京民航总医院剖宫产分娩的623例高龄孕妇（年龄≥35岁）的临床资料,分为产后出血组（胎儿娩出后2h内出血量≥400ml或至胎儿娩出后24h内出血量≥500ml）和非产后出血组,对可能影响术后出血的因素进行单因素分析与Logistic回归分析。结果 623例高龄孕妇剖宫产产后出血52例,发生率为8.35%。单因素分析有妊娠高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、流产病史、经产妇、巨大儿、宫缩乏力和前置胎盘7种指标与高龄孕妇产后出血相关。非条件多因素分析结果筛选出3个主要的危险因素：宫缩乏力、前置胎盘、妊娠高血压疾病。结论高龄孕妇剖宫产产后出血的发生率较高。宫缩乏力、前置胎盘、妊娠高血压疾病是高龄孕妇剖宫产发生产后出血的主要危险因素。     

辅助生殖技术单胎妊娠结局分析

目的:研究辅助生殖技术(ART)与自然受孕两种不同受孕方式单胎妊娠的妊娠结局。方法:回顾分析2009年1月1日至2017年12月31日在广州医科大学附属第三医院住院分娩的妊娠≥20周的单胎妊娠病例资料。按受孕方法分为ART组及自然妊娠组,分析两组母儿结局,再按是否为高龄妊娠,比较ART组及自然妊娠组的母儿结局。结果:ART组孕妇的平均年龄、初产妇、定期产检、非足月胎膜早破(PPROM)、羊水量异常、子痫前期、妊娠期高血压、妊娠合并血小板减少症、妊娠期糖尿病、糖尿病合并妊娠、前置胎盘、胎盘植入/粘连、产后出血、剖宫产分娩、产钳/吸引产助产、人工剥离胎盘、药物/机械性引产、流产、胎儿窘迫及胎儿为男性发生率均高于自然妊娠组,ART组的住院天数更长,分娩孕周更低,转诊重症监护病房(ICU)、急性器官衰竭发生风险较低,ART组围产儿平均体重高于自然受孕组。高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组的妊娠期糖尿病、剖宫产分娩发生风险增加。非高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组子痫前期、妊娠期高血压、妊娠期糖尿病、糖尿病合并妊娠、流产、PROM、羊水量异常、前置胎盘、胎盘植入/粘连、产后出血、胎儿窘迫、人工剥离胎盘、药物/机械性引产发生风险增加。ART组较自然妊娠组钳产/吸引产风险均增加,产妇转诊ICU及非规律产检发生风险均降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:ART受孕单胎妊娠并发症及新生儿不良结局发生率高于自然妊娠组孕妇,但其更注重孕期产检;在非高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组母儿不良结局风险增加,而高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组母儿不良结局风险增加不明显。     

高龄孕妇的血糖筛查和管理

随着社会工业化程度提高和全面二孩政策实施,高龄妊娠孕妇数量逐年增加。高龄为孕前及妊娠期糖尿病的独立危险因素,可导致母儿不良妊娠结局和近远期并发症发生。本文仅就高龄孕妇的血糖筛查和干预管理问题进行分析讨论。     

超声胎盘血流检查在胎盘植入性疾病中的作用

胎盘植入性疾病是指胎盘绒毛侵入子宫肌层,达到或穿透子宫浆膜层,甚至累及膀胱和直肠,可导致严重产后出血、育龄妇女子宫切除,甚至孕产妇死亡。常见的高危因素有前置胎盘、剖宫产史、高龄等。近年来,随着剖宫产率的上升,胎盘植入性疾病的发病率不断升高,依靠超声征象及胎盘血流检查,判断胎盘植入的凶险程度,规范孕妇管理,减少胎盘植入并发症具有重要价值。     

高龄妊娠的产前咨询

高龄妊娠是指孕妇妊娠年龄≥35岁,近年来其发生率不断增高,已经逐步成为目前我国围产医学关注的热点问题。针对高龄妊娠中的生殖遗传问题,需特别关注女性的生育力下降的情况,其自然流产发生率升高,胎儿染色体异常和胎儿结构畸形的发生率增加,这就更加强调了产前筛查和诊断的重要性,以及需要关注常常与高龄妊娠相伴随的男性高龄生育的问题。做好上述问题的咨询和管理是完成高质量高龄妊娠围产保健的关键。     

高龄孕妇的孕期管理

近年来,高龄孕产妇人数快速增长,随之而来的是孕产妇及新生儿发病率与死亡率增高。明确高龄孕产妇所存在的风险,完善孕前咨询评估,加强出生缺陷的筛查、诊断,加强对凶险性前置胎盘的管理,加强剖宫产术后阴道分娩(VBAC)的管理,是保障高龄孕产妇健康,降低出生缺陷儿发生率,提高产科质量的关键。     

A systematic review of factors influencing uptake of invasive fetal genetic testing by pregnant women of advanced maternal age

Women of advanced maternal age have a higher risk of having a child affected by a chromosomal disorder than younger childbearing women and are frequently offered invasive testing during pregnancy. The aim of our systematic review was to identify and analyse the current evidence base regarding factors that influence the uptake of invasive fetal testing by pregnant women of advanced maternal age.     

Pregnancy resolutions among pregnant teens: termination,parenting or adoption?

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their offsprings are at increased risk of future type 2 diabetes and metabolic abnormalities. Early diagnosis and proper management of GDM, as well as, postpartum follow-up and preventive care is expected to reduce this risk. However, no large scale prospective studies have been done particularly from the developing world on this aspect. The objective of this study is to identify and follow a cohort of pregnant women with and without GDM and their offspring to identify determinants and risk factors for GDM, for various pregnancy outcomes, as well as, for the development of future diabetes and metabolic abnormalities. This is a prospective cohort study involving pregnant women attending prenatal clinics from urban, semi-urban and rural areas in the greater Chennai region in South India. Around 9850 pregnant women will be screened for GDM. Socio-economic status, demographic data, obstetric history, delivery and birth outcomes, perinatal and postnatal complications, neonatal morbidity, maternal postpartum and offsprings follow-up data will be collected. Those diagnosed with GDM will initially be advised routine care. Those unable to reach glycaemic control with diet alone will be advised to take insulin. Postpartum screening for glucose abnormalities will be performed at months 3 and 6 and then every year for 10 years. The offsprings will be followed up every year for anthropometric measurements and growth velocity, as well as, plasma glucose, insulin and lipid profile. In addition, qualitative research will be carried out to identify barriers and facilitators for early GDM screening, treatment compliance and postpartum follow-up and testing, as well as, for continued adherence to lifestyle modifications. The study will demonstrate whether measures to improve diagnosis and care of GDM mothers followed by preventive postpartum care are possible in the routine care setting. It will also map out the barriers and facilitators for such initiatives and provide new evidence on the determinants and risk factors for both GDM development and occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and development of future diabetes and metabolic abnormalities in the GDM mother and her offspring.     

Pregnancy and myelodysplastic syndrome: an analysis of the clinical characteristics,maternal and fetal outcomes

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, management, maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 25 pregnant women with MDS between June 1998 and January 2013. The clinical data were summarized. These patients were divided into poor outcome group and control group, and regression analysis was conducted to find the risk factors for maternal and fetal outcomes.

Results: Five patients developed premature birth, five patients developed postpartum hemorrhage, one patient developed postpartum acute cardiac failure and one patient developed postpartum cerebral infarction. Twenty out of the 25 patients underwent complete follow-up and 17 newborns were normal during follow-up. The regression analysis shows anemia and gestational hypertension are the primary risk factors for poor outcomes, whereas age, first onset of hematological disease, WBC count and platelet count are not significantly associated with the outcomes.

Discussion: Anemia and gestational hypertension may be the primary risk factors for poor maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant patients with MDS. To avoid maternal and neonatal complications, a minimum of hemoglobin level >70?g/L, platelet count >30?×?10⁹/L and WBC count >3?×?10⁹/L, are recommended. Close monitoring on blood routine, maternal complications and active supportive treatment are recommended.