Lynch综合征相关妇科肿瘤的临床思考

Lynch综合征(lynch syndrome,LS),又称遗传性非息肉状结直肠癌(hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC),属常染色体显性遗传性疾病,由DNA错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)基因突变引起,其发病率约占结直肠癌的2％ ～5％[1-2].根据有无肠外肿瘤将LS分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型:Ⅰ型仅表现为结直肠癌;Ⅱ型除结直肠癌外,还表现为多样性肠外肿瘤,常见的有子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌.某些Ⅱ型LS患者家族中还发生其他恶性肿瘤,如胃癌、小肠癌、胰腺癌、甲状腺癌、尿道癌、脑肿瘤、皮肤癌等.近年,越来越多的证据显示,女性LS患者一生中发生子宫内膜癌(内膜癌)的风险为40％～60％,已超过结直肠癌(49％).更有意义的是,高达68％的LS患者首发恶性肿瘤为内膜癌.     

林奇综合征相关子宫内膜癌研究进展

林奇综合征（lynch syndrome,LS）是一种常染色体显性遗传病,既往称为遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌（hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC）,是由DNA错配修复（mismatch repair,MMR）基因MLH1、MSH2、MSH6和PMS2的胚系突变引起。LS患者有多种癌变倾向、发病低龄化及家族易感性,可同时或异时发生结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌（endometrial cancer,EC）、卵巢癌、胃癌和乳腺癌等,女性患者中EC与之最为密切,目前我国对于LS相关EC（LS-EC）认识尚不足,并未形成完整的诊疗标准或指南。为提高对LS-EC的认识,综述LS-EC的分子机制、临床病理特征、筛查及诊断、临床治疗手段、预防等。     

林奇综合征与妇科肿瘤

林奇综合征（Lynch syndrome）又称为遗传性非息肉性结直肠癌综合征（HNPCC）,属于常染色体显性遗传性疾病,是最常见的结直肠癌遗传形式。林奇综合征患者常会患有多种肿瘤,其中子宫内膜癌及卵巢癌与其关系最为密切,可以视为林奇综合征的“前哨”肿瘤。在诊断患有林奇综合征的女性中,其患子宫内膜癌的终生风险（60%）会高于患结直肠癌的风险。结合临床表现标准及肿瘤分子学评估可以对其进行高效的诊断。在林奇综合征的女性患者中,应每1～2年（而不是每年）进行子宫内膜活检,在生育结束后行预防性手术可以起到有效的筛查及预防作用。对林奇综合征及其相关的子宫内膜癌及卵巢癌不断有新的研究进展,主要对林奇综合征的诊断、相关的子宫内膜癌及卵巢癌进行综述。     

Lynch综合征与妇科肿瘤

Lynch综合征又称遗传性非息肉性结直肠癌综合征(hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC),属常染色体显性遗传性疾病,由DNA错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)基因突变引起。Lynch综合征根据有无肠外肿瘤分为Ⅰ型（无肠外肿瘤）和Ⅱ型（有肠外肿瘤）,Ⅰ型仅表现为结直肠癌;Ⅱ型除结直肠癌外,还表现为多样性肠外肿瘤,常见有子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌,在某些Lynch综合征Ⅱ型患者的家族中还有其他恶性肿瘤的发生,如输尿管和肾盂的移行细胞癌、胃癌、小肠癌、胰腺癌、甲状腺癌、脑肿瘤、皮肤癌等。在子宫内膜癌患者中,约5％的患者与遗传因素有关,其中Lynch综合征占大多数[1];在卵巢癌患者中,5％～10％的患者与遗传有关,其中BRCA1、BRCA2基因突变引起的遗传性乳腺癌-卵巢癌综合征(HBOCS)和Lynch综合征Ⅱ型占大多数。目前,有关Lynch综合征相关性结直肠癌的发病过程和分子学特征研究较多,而Lynch综合征相关性妇科肿瘤的研究较少。本文对Lynch综合征相关性子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌的诊断、发病风险、临床病理特征、筛查及预防进行综述。     

林奇综合征患者子宫内膜癌及卵巢癌的筛查与预防

患有林奇综合征(Lynch syndrome,LS)的妇女终生患子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌风险大幅增加.而子宫内膜癌或卵巢癌可以是LS患者的首发恶性肿瘤,也可以是第二原发恶性肿瘤.LS相关子宫内膜癌主要类型是子宫内膜样腺癌.近年来,有关LS相关子宫内膜癌及卵巢癌的筛查研究较少,主要是通过门诊子宫内膜活检、微卫星高不稳定性(mi...     

林奇综合征相关子宫内膜癌研究进展

林奇综合征(lynch syndrome,LS)是一种常染色体显性遗传病,既往称为遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌(hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC),是由DNA错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)基因MLH1、MSH2、MSH6和PMS2的胚系突变引起。LS患者有多种癌变倾向、发病低龄化及家族易感性,可同时或异时发生结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌(endometrial cancer,EC)、卵巢癌、胃癌和乳腺癌等,女性患者中EC与之最为密切,目前我国对于LS相关EC(LS-EC)认识尚不足,并未形成完整的诊疗标准或指南。为提高对LS-EC的认识,综述LS-EC的分子机制、临床病理特征、筛查及诊断、临床治疗手段、预防等。     

曼彻斯特国际共识小组对Lynch综合征相关妇科癌症管理指南的解读

Lynch 综合征是一种常染色体显性遗传性癌症综合征,是由于 DNA 错配修复 (mismatch repair, MMR) 相关基因MLH1、MSH2、MSH6、PMS2的致病性突变所致,包括结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌及卵巢癌等[1-2].对Lynch综合征的诊断不仅可以为患者自身的治疗、随访及监测等提供有效的指导,而且可...     

Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌诊断的思考和化学治疗的进展

Lynch综合征是一种常染色体显性遗传性疾病,是由于DNA错配修复基因MMR的胚系突变导致家系成员具有肿瘤易感性,相关肿瘤包括结直肠癌和子宫内膜癌等。女性Lynch综合征患者终身患子宫内膜癌的风险高达30%～60%。目前广泛接受的是以IHC或MSI检测为中心进行普查,结合基因检测得到确诊。排除MLHI甲基化后,IHC和基因检测常出现结果不一致的情况,这部分患者为Lynch样综合征,主要来源于体细胞MMR突变。Lynch综合征患者除预防性手术外,还可通过阿司匹林、口服避孕药等药物进行预防。近年来免疫检查点抑制剂在MSI-H实体肿瘤中被批准使用,但其对子宫内膜癌患者的效果仍需进一步证实。     

“Lynch综合征相关妇科肿瘤监管的曼彻斯特国际共识”要点解读

正Lynch综合征(Lynch syndrome,LS)是一组常染色体显性遗传的癌症综合征,主要包括结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)、子宫内膜癌(endometrial cancer,EC)以及卵巢癌(ovarian cancer,OC)[1]。LS的发病根源是由于细胞DNA的错配修复(MMR)系统中的MLH1、MSH2、MSH6和PMS2的基因突变,其阻碍了细胞DNA合成过程中的错配修复[2]。早期及时诊断可以对癌症的预测及下一步治疗产生影响。目前,已证实LS患者进行CRC监管可以获得很好的生存获益[3],而国际上LS相关CRC监管的临床指南,并不完全适合妇科肿瘤。在女性中,LS的首发肿瘤多为EC,而且由于子宫内膜癌的前驱症状较明显,临床多早期发现,早     

遗传性乳腺癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌的预防性手术现状

遗传性乳腺癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌是三种常染色体位点遗传性疾病;表现为遗传性乳腺癌综合征（HBC）,遗传怀乳腺－卵巢癌综合征（HBOC）和遗传性非息肉结直肠癌综合征（HNPCC）。对此具有肿瘤家族遗传倾向的高危人群实施预防性手术可降低肿瘤的发生率,提高预后生存率。     

Pathological features and clinical behavior of Lynch syndrome-associated ovarian cancer

Objective

Lynch syndrome (LS) is an inherited tumor predisposition condition caused by mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Mutation carriers are at increased risk of various malignancies, including ovarian cancer (OC). Relatively little is known about the pathological features and clinical behavior of LS associated OC.

Screening and diagnosis of endometrial cancer in Lynch syndrome

Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer predisposition syndrome caused by a mismatch of DNA repair (MMR system). Lifetime risk of developing endometrial and ovarian cancer in LS is higher than in the general population and gynecologic screening appears interesting. Screening is based on several tests: pelvic ultrasound, endometrial biopsy and hysteroscopy for endometrial cancer, pelvic ultrasound and CA125 for ovarian cancer. Those tests appear efficient for the diagnosis of gynecologic cancers in LS. Nevertheless, screening tests have not proved clinical benefit until now, and potential problems of compliance, risk of false negative cases, and interval cancer associated with screening do justify offering prophylactic surgery to patients. Women with LS should be informed of the potential benefits and risks of screening and the importance of evaluation in case of gynecologic symptoms or abnormal bleeding. Chemoprevention by progestin-containing oral contraceptives and the treatment of premalignant lesion are available options for reducing the risk of endometrial cancer in LS population.     

Hereditary Endometrial Cancer: Lynch Syndrome

Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer [HNPCC]), Cowden syndrome (CS), and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) are hereditary diseases with an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Lynch syndrome is the most frequent disease associated with hereditary endometrial cancer. Lynch syndrome is autosomal dominant disorder caused by germ-cell mutation of DNA mismatch repair genes. Patients with Lynch syndrome have a higher risk of endometrial cancer compared with the general population. Thus, these patients and their families may develop malignant tumors, including colon and endometrial cancers. The lifetime risk of endometrial cancer in females with Lynch syndrome is particularly high (28-60 %). Lynch syndrome is a typical hereditary tumor associated with endometrial cancer, and elucidation of the oncogenic mechanism is important to understand the characteristics of endometrial cancer, including sporadic endometrial cancer. The Amsterdam II Criteria are used for screening for Lynch syndrome, but some cases of hereditary endometrial cancer do not meet these criteria (masked Lynch syndrome); therefore, patients with a suspected hereditary predisposition, including juvenile-onset and double cancer, should undergo genetic tests in addition to taking of a family history.     

Lynch综合征相关肿瘤概述

Lynch综合征是一种已被公认的遗传性肿瘤综合征,是引起遗传性结直肠癌最常见的病因,也是目前唯一已知的遗传性子宫内膜癌的病因,Lynch综合征相关肿瘤还包括卵巢癌、胃癌、尿路上皮癌和小肠癌等。虽然已明确Lynch综合征的发病机制是错配修复缺陷和微卫星不稳定性,但是近年来其诊断和分子发病机制方面不断有新的进展,提示不同的错配修复基因缺陷对应着不同的Lynch综合征相关肿瘤及不同的发病率,对患者的监测产生着新的影响,治疗手段也在不断丰富和改进,如利用微卫星不稳定性的免疫效应治疗Lynch综合征相关肿瘤已取得了积极的成果。介绍Lynch综合征的遗传学特征、筛查诊断、其相关肿瘤的临床病理特征及治疗,重点阐述该综合征的最新进展。     

Mismatch repair protein deficiency in endometriosis: Precursor of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer in women with lynch syndrome

ObjectiveWe aimed to elucidate the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer through the loss of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in women with Lynch syndrome (LS) in this report.Case reportTwo women with LS underwent surgery for synchronous endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. In both cases, immunohistochemical examination showed concomitant MMR protein deficiency in endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and contiguous ovarian endometriosis. In Case 1, the macroscopically normal ovary included multiple endometrioses with MSH2 and MSH6 expression, and FIGO grade 1 endometrioid carcinoma and contiguous endometriosis without MSH2 and MSH6 expression. In Case 2, all endometriotic cells contiguous with carcinoma in the lumen of the ovarian cyst showed loss of the expression of MSH2 and MSH6.ConclusionOvarian endometriosis with MMR protein deficiency may progress to endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer in women with LS. Diagnosing endometriosis in women with LS during surveillance is important.     

Double somatic mismatch repair gene pathogenic variants as common as Lynch syndrome among endometrial cancer patients

ObjectiveLynch syndrome is the most common cause of inherited endometrial cancer, attributable to germline pathogenic variants (PV) in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Tumor microsatellite instability (MSI-high) and MMR IHC abnormalities are characteristics of Lynch syndrome. Double somatic MMR gene PV also cause MSI-high endometrial cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequency of Lynch syndrome and double somatic MMR PV.Methods341 endometrial cancer patients enrolled in the Ohio Colorectal Cancer Prevention Initiative at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center from 1/1/13–12/31/16. All tumors underwent immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for the four MMR proteins, MSI testing, and MLH1 methylation testing if the tumor was MMR-deficient (dMMR). Germline genetic testing for Lynch syndrome was undertaken for all cases with dMMR tumors lacking MLH1 methylation. Tumor sequencing followed if a germline MMR gene PV was not identified.ResultsTwenty-seven percent (91/341) of tumors were either MSI-high or had abnormal IHC indicating dMMR. As expected, most dMMR tumors had MLH1 methylation; (69, 75.8% of the dMMR cases; 20.2% of total). Among the 22 (6.5%) cases with dMMR not explained by methylation, 10 (2.9% of total) were found to have Lynch syndrome (6 MSH6, 3 MSH2, 1 PMS2). Double somatic MMR PV accounted for the remaining 12 dMMR cases (3.5% of total).ConclusionsSince double somatic MMR gene PV are as common as Lynch syndrome among endometrial cancer patients, paired tumor and germline testing for patients with non-methylated dMMR tumor may be the most efficient approach for LS screening.     

Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌新进展

子宫内膜癌是女性Lynch综合征患者最常见的肠外肿瘤,与散发性子宫内膜癌不同,该病是常染色体显性遗传病,病因及发病机制是错配修复基因(MLH1、MSH2、MSH6及PMS2)的突变或异常表达。患者发病年龄年轻,病理类型多样,包括子宫内膜样癌、透明细胞癌、浆液性癌、未分化癌或癌肉瘤等。由于该病再次发生肿瘤的风险较高,危害大,因此及时治疗Lynch综合征相关的子宫内膜癌是有效预防该类患者再次发生肿瘤的关键。就Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌的病因、发病机制、临床病理特征及诊断、治疗和筛查新进展进行综述。