外源性硫化氢在大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的保护作用

目的 观察不同剂量外源性硫化氢(H2S)供体硫氢化钠对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤( IRI)的保护作用.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠28只随机分为4组,即假手术组( Sham)、肾缺血再灌注(IR)组、硫氢化钠(NaHS)高剂量组、硫氢化钠低剂量组.大鼠右肾切除后,以NaHS作为硫化氢的供体,NaHS高、低剂量组分别经左肾动脉插管,按照1.5 μmol/min、300 nmol/min的剂量连续15 min给药,假手术组及IR组给予同体积生理盐水.停药5 min 后,NaHS组和IR组用无损伤微动脉夹夹闭左侧肾蒂45 min后解除阻断,建立大鼠急性IRI模型,假手术组不夹闭左肾动脉,其他操作同模型组.于肾脏恢复血流24h时留取血和肾组织标本,检测血清尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr);半定量分析肾脏病理损伤;检测肾组织H2S生成率;采用实时定量PCR法检测胱硫醚-β-合成酶(CBS)、胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶(CSE )mRNA表达.结果 与假手术组相比,IR组H2S生成率显著降低(P＜0.01);CBS、CSE mRNA表达显著下降(P＜0.01 );Scr、BUN显著升高(P＜0.01);肾脏病理表现为急性肾小管坏死,且最严重.与IR组相比,NaHS预处理组H2S生成率升高(P＜0.05);CBS、CSE mRNA表达升高(P＜0.01 );Scr、BUN降低(P＜0.01);病理损伤明显减轻.NaHS两个剂量组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 外源性H2S对大鼠IRI具有保护作用.     

Protective effect of emodin on renal interstitial fibrosis in mice of unilateral ureteral obstruction via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of emodin (EM) in renal interstitial fibrosis of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including sham operation group (n=8), UUO operation group (n=8), UUO operation+losartan (LST) group (n=8) and UUO operation+EM group (n=8). The mice in each group were ingested the suspensions by gavage for 14 days after surgery. Mice in UUO+LST and UUO+EM groups were given 10 mg?kg-1?d-1 LST and 20 mg?kg-1?d-1 EM, respectively. LST and EM were mixed with 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Mice in sham group and UUO group were given 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The mice were sacrificed at the 14th day. Interstitial fibrosis was observed by HE, Masson and PAS stain. Real-time PCR was used to detect LC3, Beclin-1 and mTOR mRNA. Protein expressions of TGF-β1, α-SMA, E-cadherin, LC3, Beclin-1, PI3K, p-Akt and mTOR were detected by Western blotting. The autophagy was observed with transmission electron microscopy in the renal tissue. Results Compared with sham mice, UUO mice at the 14th day displayed obvious renal fibrosis. Meanwhile, UUO mice had increased expressions of TGF-β1 and α-SMA (all P＜0.01), and decreased expressions of E-cadherin (P＜0.01). Their renal expressions of PI3K, p-Akt and mTOR were also raised (all P＜0.01). Compared with those in UUO group, in UUO+LST group and UUO+EM group, expressions of autophagy protein LC3 and Beclin-1 were increased (all P＜0.01), and the number of autophagic was increased. Additionally, expressions of TGF-β1 and α-SMA were reduced in UUO+LST group and UUO+EM group (all P＜0.01), while the expression of E-cadherin was increased by emodin treatment (P＜0.05). And expressions of PI3K, p-Akt and mTOR were decreased in UUO+LST group and UUO+EM group (all P＜0.05), meanwhile renal tissue fibrosis significantly reduced. Conclusions Emodin can promote autophagy, ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis and protect renal function through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.     

单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾脏转化生长因子β受体亚型表达的变化

目的 探讨转化生长因子β（TGF-β）Ⅰ型受体（RⅠ）、Ⅱ型（RⅡ）受体以及下游Smad蛋白在单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠模型肾脏中表达及意义。 方法 90只雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组（CON组）、假手术组（SOR组）和单侧输尿管梗阻组（UUO组）,分别于术后1、3、7、14、21 d处死,检测各组大鼠肾功能;PAS与Masson染色观察大鼠肾间质病理形态改变;实时定量PCR基因芯片分析正常大鼠和肾间质纤维化大鼠肾组织TGF-βⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型受体及Smad蛋白家族表达。筛选出差异表达的受体亚型,进一步应用实时荧光定量PCR、蛋白免疫印迹法、免疫荧光法检测和验证筛选出的差异受体亚型在不同分期肾间质纤维化大鼠肾组织的分布和表达。 结果 与CON组相比,UUO组大鼠的Scr及BUN于术后3 d开始升高（P < 0.05）,第21天达峰值（P < 0.01）;UUO组术后3 d肾间质可见明显炎性细胞浸润;14 d后出现明显肾小管萎缩;21 d可见明显肾间质纤维化。UUO组肾组织TGF-βⅠ型受体ALK-5、ALK-7和TGF-βRⅡ的mRNA表达于术后3 d上升并随梗阻时间延长逐渐增加（P < 0.05）,于14 d达到峰值（均P < 0.01）;ALK-6的mRNA表达于术后3 d下降（P < 0.05）并随梗阻时间延长逐渐减少,于14 d达谷值（P < 0.01）。ALK-5、ALK-6、ALK-7和TGF-βRⅡ蛋白表达与基因表达一致。Smad2/3及磷酸化（p）-Smad2/3的蛋白表达于术后3 d上升（均P < 0.05）并随梗阻时间延长逐渐增加,于14 d达到峰值（均P < 0.01）。 结论 在肾间质纤维化进展中不同TGF-β受体亚型存在不同的变化规律并与肾间质纤维化进展密切关联。     

Effect of renal fibrosis after macrophage depletion in C3-deficient unilateral ureteral obstruction mice

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of renal fibrosis after macrophage depletion in C3-deficient unilateral ureteral obstruction mice. Methods Renal interstitial fibrosis model was established by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in male C3-deficient mice and age-matched C57BL/6 WT mice (8-12 weeks of age). Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including sham operation in wild type group（WT/sham）(n=18), UUO operation in wild type group（WT/UUO）(n=18), sham operation in C3-deficient group（C3KO/sham）(n=18), and UUO operation in C3-deficient group（C3KO/UUO）(n=18). The expression of complement C3 was detected by immunohistochemical staining and renal interstitial macrophages were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis was observed by both HE staining and Masson staining after 14 days of UUO. Collagen accumulation and score of tubulointerstitial injury were obtained. Wild type and C3-deficient UUO mice were treated by liposome clodronate in early or late stage respectively and then interstitially infiltrated macrophages and renal fibrosis were analysed. Mice were sacrificed randomly at 3,7,14 days after UUO and obstructed kidneys were collected. Macrophage phenotype was detected by double-labeling immunofluorescence with F4/80 and iNOS for the M1, F4/80 and CD206 for the M2 macrophage subpopulation. iNOS, Arg-1 and CD206 were also detected by western blot. Results C3 deficient mice exhibited attenuated renal fibrosis, reduced collagen accumulation and tubulointerstitial injury score compared with WT mice (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, macrophage depletion in early or late stage of UUO reduced renal fibrosis in WT mice, but had no effect on C3-deficient UUO mice. Decreased accumulation of M1 macrophages and expression of iNOS, increased accumulation of M2 macrophages and expression of Arg-1, CD206 were found in C3 deficient mice compared with WT mice in early stage of UUO (P＜0.01). Conclusion Renal fibrosis is not reduced after depletion of macrophages in C3 deficient UUO mice due to the altered macrophage polarization.     

AMPK attenuates inflammation to reduce fibrosis induced by acute ischemia reperfusion injury in mice

Objective To observe the effect of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) on attenuating inflammation in fibrosis induced by acute ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice. Methods Forty eight male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation group (sham group), IRI group, AMPK inhibitor+IRI group (AMPK/IRI group) and normal saline+IRI group (NS/IRI group), 12 mice each group. The mice with renal IRI were occluded for 30 min through clipping bilateral renal pedicle, then released renal perfusion. Mice in sham group were performed the separation of renal pedicle without clipping. Mice in AMPK/IRI group and NS/IRI group were respectively intraperitoneal injected AMPK inhibitor and normal saline before IRI. At the 2 d after operation, 6 randomly-selected mice from each group were blooded by extraction eyeball to detect BUN and Scr. The renal histopathological changes were observed through HE staining. The mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was detected by real time PCR, and the level of AMPK phosphorylation was detected by Western blotting. At the 14 d after operation, Collagen 1 (COL1), α-SMA and fibronectin (FN) were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting in 6 remained mice from each group. The degree of kidney fibrosis was observed through sirus red staining. Results Compared with those in sham group, tubular interstitial damage was aggravated (P＜0.05), BUN and Scr were increased (P＜0.05), the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was increased at the 2 d after operation (all P＜0.05), and the level of AMPK phosphorylation was activated in IRI group and NS/IRI group (all P＜0.05); the degree of kidney fibrosis and the expression of COL1, α-SMA and FN were increased obviously at the 14 d (all P＜0.05). Compared with those in IRI group, in AMPK/IRI group tubular interstitial damage was aggravated (P＜0.05), BUN and Scr were increased (all P＜0.05), the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was increased at the 2 d (all P＜0.05), and the level of AMPK phosphorylation was decreased (P＜0.05). Moreover, the degree of kidney fibrosis and the expression of COL1, α-SMA and FN were increased obviously at the 14 d in AMPK/IRI group (all P＜0.05). Conclusions AMPK can ameliorate the acute renal ischemia reperfusion injury induce fibrosis in mice, and the mechanism may be related to the decrease of inflammatory reaction.     

Effect of intermedin on microvascular injury of unilateral ureteral obstruction rats

Objective To observe the effect of intermedin(IMD) on microvascular injury of renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rat model. Methods Seventy-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: the sham - operation group (n=24) underwent the left ureteral dissection, the other 48 rats were made as unilateral ureteral obstruction models and sub - divided into model group(UUO, n=24) and IMD group (n=24). At the 7, 14, 21, 28 day after the operation, 6 randomly - selected rats from each of the three groups respectively were blooded by abdominal arotic and their obstructive kidneys were taken out. The renal histopathological changes were observed through HE and Masson staining, the contents of BUN, Scr and cystatin C (CysC) of the obstructive kidneys were determined, the expressions of transforming growth factor - β1 (TGF - β1), α-SMA, bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), E-cadherin, thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected by RT - PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the sham-operated group, the pathological changes of kidney in the model group showed that the degree of fibrosis was obvious, tubular interstitial damage aggravated, the levels of BUN, Scr, CysC in the model group increased (P＜0.05), the mRNA expression and protein content of TGF-β1, α-SMA, TSP-1 increased (P＜0.05), while the levels of BMP-7, E-cadherin and VEGF decreased (P＜0.05). Compared with the UUO group, renal tubular damage, interstitial fibrosis in the IMD group were lighter, the levels of BUN, Scr, CysC in the IMD group were lower (P＜0.05), the mRNA expression and protein content of TGF-β1, α-SMA,TSP-1 were down-regulated (P＜0.05), while the levels of BMP-7, E-cadherin and VEGF were up-regulated (P＜0.05). Conclusion IMD can ameliorate the renal interstitial fibrosis, and the mechanism may be related to the fact that VEGF mediated by IMD can reduce vascular injury.     

Reduction of renal ischemia reperfusion injury by hydrogen sulfide preconditioning through inhibiting oxidative stress

Objective To investigate the possible role of oxidative stress in the protection of hydrogen sulfide during renal ischemia reperfusion. Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation (Sham) group, renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) group subject to occlusion of left renal pedicle for 45 min then reperfusion for 24 h, and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) preconditioning group with continuous infusion of NaHS (450 nmol/min) by left renal artery for 10 min before ischemia reperfusion. Renal injuries were evaluated by PAS staining. The protein levels of NADPH oxidase (NOX) 4, NOX2 were analyzed by Western blotting. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of renal tissue was determined by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining assay. Renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and Scr, BUN were evaluated by chromatometry assay. Cell apoptosis were evaluated by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Results Compared with Sham group, in IR group the renal NOX4 and NOX2 protein expressions, the existence of acute tubular necrosis and ROS expression were up-regulated (all P＜0.01); MDA, Scr, and BUN were increased and SOD was decreased significantly in IR-treated kidney (all P＜0.01); Moreover, more apoptotic cells presented in the risk zone of IR-treated kindey (P＜0.01). The effects induced by IR were inhibited by NaHS. Compared to that in IR group, NaHS precondition reversed IR-induced damages of renal function and renal tissue, increased SOD activity and decreased MDA expression (all P＜0.05), as well as reduced the expression of NOX4, NOX2 and ROS (all P＜0.05). Moreover, NaHS precondition reduced apoptosis after IR (P＜0.05). Conclusions NaHS alleviates renal ischemia reperfusion injury through inhibiting oxidative stress. Hydrogen sulfide can decrease ROS by inhibiting the activation of NOX, further inhibit the activation of NOD-like receptor, and alleviate kidney damage.     

Inhibition of Src kinase can ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction mice

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of Src kinase in renal interstitial fibrosis of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including sham operation group (n=8), sham operation+PP2 group (n=8), UUO operation group (n=8) and UUO operation+PP2 group (n=8). The mice were injected 2 mg/kg PP2 by intraperitoneal everyday after surgery in sham+PP2 group and UUO+PP2 group. PP2 dissolved in 1% DMSO (formulated with normal saline). Sham and UUO group were given equal 1% DMSO. The mice were sacrificed at 7th day. Renal collagen was observed with Sirius red stain. The activities of Src, protein kinase B (PKB, AKT), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the protein expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin (FN) were detected by Western blotting. The expression of collagen I (COLⅠ) was detected by immunohistochemistry and the expressions of matrix metalloprotein 9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by ELISA. Results Compared with sham mice, UUO mice on 7th day displayed obvious renal fibrosis. Meanwhile, UUO mice had increased expressions of COLⅠ and FN, and activities of AKT, ERK and p38 MAPK (all P＜0.05). Their renal expressions of α-SMA, TGF-β1, MMP-9, TIMP-1, MCP-1 and IL-6 were also raised (all P＜0.05). Compared with those in UUO group, in UUO+PP2 group the activities of Src, AKT, p38 MAPK and ERK, and expressions of TGF-β1, MCP-1 and IL-6 decreased (all P＜0.05). Additionally, expressions of COLⅠ, FN and α-SMA, collagen deposition and renal fibrosis receded in UUO+PP2 group (all P＜0.05). However, the expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were not influenced by PP2 treatment. Conclusions Src kinase promotes myofibroblasts accumulation and inflammatory reaction through activating its downstream signaling pathway in the progressing of renal interstitial fibrosis.     

上调肾组织intermedin表达抑制单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾间质纤维化

目的观察上调肾组织intermedin(IMD)表达对单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠肾间质纤维化的影响。 方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、UUO组、IMD＋UUO组、空质粒＋UUO组。IMD＋UUO组和空质粒＋UUO组在输尿管结扎前分别将IMD-pcDNA3.1真核表达质粒和空质粒转入肾组织,real-time RT-PCR及免疫组化法检测转染效率。各组分别于术后7 d、14 d留取梗阻侧肾组织。HE、Masson染色观察肾组织病理变化;real-time RT-PCR检测肾组织中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、纤连蛋白(Fn1)的mRNA表达;Western印迹法检测Fn1的蛋白表达;免疫组化法检测TGF-β1的蛋白表达。 结果与假手术组相比,UUO组肾脏出现明显的病理改变,肾间质纤维化程度随梗阻时间延长加重(与假手术组比较,7 d, t＝11.927,P＝0.0003;14 d, t＝8.891,P＝0.0009);IMD＋UUO组肾脏病理改变及肾间质纤维化程度较同时间点UUO组明显减轻(7 d, t＝3.892,P＝0.018;14 d, t＝4.047,P＝0.016),而空质粒＋UUO组与UUO组无显著差别(7 d, t＝0.562,P＝0.604;14 d, t＝0.035,P＝0.974)。与同时间点假手术组相比,UUO组TGF-β1、Fn1的表达明显升高(TGF-β1 mRNA水平7 d, t＝4.432,P＝0.011;14 d, t＝4.873,P＝0.006;蛋白质水平7 d, t＝5.312,P＝0.006;14 d, t＝4.482,P＝0.011;Fn1 mRNA水平7 d, t＝6.053,P＝0.004;14 d, t＝7.345,P＝0.002;蛋白质水平7 d, t＝8.791,P＝0.009;14 d t＝8.027,P＝0.001);转染IMD质粒后Fn1的表达较同时间点UUO组明显下降(mRNA水平7 d, t＝3.103,P＝0.036;14 d, t＝2.913,P＝0.044;蛋白质水平7 d, t＝2.955,P＝0.042;14 d, t＝2.991,P＝0.040);而转染空质粒后Fn1的表达无明显变化(mRNA水平7 d, t＝0.095,P＝0.929;14 d, t＝0.158,P＝0.882;蛋白质水平7 d, t＝0.159,P＝0.881;14 d, t＝0.170,P＝0.874)。转染IMD和空质粒对TGF-β1的表达均无明显影响(转染IMD质粒mRNA水平7 d, t＝0.176,P＝0.869;14 d, t＝0.126,P＝0.906;蛋白质水平7 d, t＝0.198,P＝0.853;14 d, t＝0.196,P＝0.854;转染空质粒mRNA水平7 d, t＝0.100,P＝0.925;14 d, t＝0.097,P＝0.928;蛋白质水平7 d, t＝0.042,P＝0.968; 14 d, t＝0.060,P＝0.955)。 结论上调肾组织IMD的表达能明显减轻肾间质纤维化,但其作用不是通过直接抑制TGF-β1的表达实现的。     

intermedin预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤修复和再生过程的作用

目的 探讨intermedin （IMD）预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注（IR）损伤修复和再生过程的作用。 方法 将Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法分为4组：假手术组（sham）、IR组、转空质粒组和转IMD组。在切除右肾后,转IMD组用超声微泡造影剂介导的基因转染方法将IMD真核质粒转染到大鼠肾组织,用RT-PCR和Western印迹法检测转染效率。转染成功后,制作肾脏IR损伤模型,分别于再灌注后1 d、2 d、3 d、4 d、7 d和14 d 6个时间点各取6只大鼠,留取血清及肾组织标本,常规检测血清BUN和Scr;HE和PAS染色观察肾组织的病理变化;免疫组化法观察肾小管上皮细胞的增殖程度。 结果 （1）转IMD组比转空质粒组的IMD蛋白和mRNA表达均增多（均P < 0.05）,且转IMD组7 d时表达最多,与转IMD组4 d时差异无统计学意义;（2）与sham组相比,IR组1 d和2 d时Scr和BUN均显著增高（P < 0.05）;与IR组相比,转IMD组显著下降（P < 0.05）;转空质粒组与IR组相比差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。（3）IR组、转空质粒组和转IMD组大鼠的肾小管均受损,但转IMD组的损伤较轻,均以2 d时病理损伤最重。（4）sham组肾小管和肾小球内几乎没有增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）阳性细胞的表达;IR组和转空质粒组的PCNA阳性数在IR损伤1 d时开始增加,7 d时最多;转IMD组的PCNA阳性细胞数在IR损伤1 d时开始增加,3 d时最多。与IR组1~4 d相比,转IMD组的PCNA阳性细胞数显著增加（P < 0.05）;与IR组7 d相比,转IMD组7 d的PCNA阳性细胞数显著减少（P < 0.05）。 结论 IMD预处理可以促进肾小管上皮细胞增殖,加速肾脏IR损伤修复和再生。     

Triptolide inhibits the tubulointerstitial fibrosis in rats of unilateral ureteral obstruction by up-regulating Ski expression

Objective To investigate the effects of triptolide on tubulointerstitial fibrosis in rats kidneys with the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) by examining the expression of collagen type Ι (Col-Ι), Ski, Smad3, TGF-β1. Methods Sixty male SD rats were divided into three groups: Sham operation group (Sham group), UUO group and triptolide (0.2 mg•kg-1•d-1) treatment group. The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), pathological changes were measured. Col-Ι, Ski and Smad3 expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Protein and mRNA expressions of Ski, Smad3, TGF-β1 were assessed by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Results Compared with Sham group, Scr and BUN increased significantly in UUO group (P＜0.05). Interstitial fibrosis was prominent and renal interstitial injury score increased significantly in UUO group (P＜0.05). The expressions of Col-Ι and Smad3 were increased in UUO group (P＜0.05). Compared with Sham group, the protein expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad3 were increased, the Ski protein was decreased in UUO group (P＜0.05). In triptolide group, the morphological changes were notably reduced (P＜0.05). Comparison with UUO group, triptolide could increase the protein and mRNA expressions of Ski significantly, and decreased the protein and mRNA expressions of Smad3 and TGF-β1 (P＜0.05). Conclusion Triptolide can reduce the tubulointerstitial fibrosis by up-regulating Ski, and down-regulating TGF-β1 and Smad3.     

STAT3抑制剂S3I－201对实验性肾小管间质纤维化的保护作用

目的探讨STAT3抑制剂S3I－201对小鼠实验性肾小管间质纤维化的保护作用。 方法采用单侧输尿管梗阻手术的方法建立肾小管间质纤维化模型。将实验小鼠随机分为药物假手术组(Sham＋S3I－201),安慰剂假手术组(Sham＋Vehicle),药物造模组(UUO＋S3I－201),安慰剂造模组(UUO＋Vehicle)4组,通过腹腔注射S3I－201溶液(药物)或0.05%DMSO PBS(安慰剂)给药,每天给药一次。造模第7天时留取肾脏标本,用Masson染色和颜色面积测算法评估胶原蛋白沉积的情况。用qRT－PCR法检测肾组织内趋化因子配体16(CXCL16),白介素－1β(IL－1β),细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM－1),转化生长因子－β(TGF－β),肿瘤坏死因子(TNF－α)的mRNA表达,用免疫组化法染色和免疫印迹法检测PDGFRβ蛋白在梗阻肾脏内的表达。 结果UUO＋Vehicle小鼠的肾间质胶原蛋白沉积显著高于Sham＋Vehicle组(P<0.05)。UUO＋Vehicle小鼠肾组织CXCL16,IL－1β,ICAM－1,TGF－β,TNF－α的mRNA表达显著高于Sham＋Vehicle组(P<0.05),UUO＋Vehicle小鼠肾组织血小板来源生长因子受体β(PDGFRβ)蛋白表达显著高于Sham＋Vehicle组(P<0.05)。经过S3I－201治疗7 d后,UUO＋S3I－201小鼠的上述各项指标均显著低于UUO＋Vehicle(P<0.05)。 结论S3I－201通过抑制多种细胞因子的mRNA表达,以及降低PDGFRβ蛋白的表达,减轻实验性肾小管间质纤维化小鼠的肾间质炎症反应,从而发挥肾脏保护作用。     

Effect and mechanism of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor in renal fibrosis mice model

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHI) for NF-κB pathway and cell circle arrest of tubular epithelial cell in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice model. Methods Thirty-two healthy C57BL/6 male mice performed UUO surgery to induce renal interstitial fibrosis. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham group (n=8), sEHI (1 mg?kg-1?d-1) group (n=8), UUO group (n=8) and UUO+sEHI (1 mg?kg-1?d-1) group (n=8). Daily sEHI [1-(1-methylsulfonyl-piperidin-4-yl)-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-urea, TUPS] or 2% DMSO was applied to mice by oral gavage from day 1 to day 14 after surgery. All mice were sacrificed at day 14 and kidneys were harvested for further analysis. The changes of renal tissue morphology and pathology were observed by Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and sirius red staining. The expressions of sEH, nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and IκB were measured by Western blotting. The expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, TGF-β, CTGF, collagen-IV and α-SMA were analyzed by real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence staining of phospho-histone H3 (p-HH3) and Ki67 was performed to determine the stage of cell cycle G2/M arrest. Results The expression and activity of sEH increased in UUO group (P﹤0.05). Administration of sEHI inhibited activity of sEH and infiltration of inflammatory cell in tubular interstitial, as well as attenuated tubular damage and tubular interstitial fibrosis. Western blotting analysis revealed administration of sEHI inhibited up-regulated NF-κB p65 and down-regulated IκB in UUO group (P﹤0.05). Real-time PCR demonstrated that administration of sEHI obviously decreased the mRNA expression of cytokines and fibrosis markers, including of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, TGF-β, CTGF, Collagen-IV, α-SMA (P﹤0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that there were much more p-HH3 and Ki67 double positive nuclear tubular epithelial cells and interstitial cells in UUO group, compared with Sham group (P﹤0.05). Administration of sEHI reduced the number of double positive nuclear cell only in tubular epithelial cells (P﹤0.05), but not in interstitial cells. Conclusions In UUO tubular interstitial fibrosis model, sEHI inhibits the activation of NF-κB pathway by down-regulating p65 and up-regulating IκB and ameliorates the infiltration of inflammatory cells. In addition, sEHI plays anti-fibrosis effect by moderating cell cycle G2/M arrest and reducing the excrete of pro-fibrosis factors of tubular epithelial cells.     

Astragaloside IV attenuates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling

Objective To investigate the effect of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and its regulation on p38 MAPK signaling. Methods In vivo, UUO model with renal tubulointerstitial injury was constructed. Mice in AS-IV group were orally administrated AS-IV 20 mg•kg-1•d-1 for 7 days after operation, and mice in other groups were administrated the equal volume vehicle. Bilateral kidneys were collected in 7 and 14 days after operation. Transverse kidney slices were stained with Masson trichrome to evaluate the severity of renal tubule injury. In vitro, normal human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were stimulated with recombinant TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) and simultaneously treated with different concentrations of AS-IV (0, 50, 100, 200 μg/ml) for 24 h. SB203580 (10 μmol/L) was also ultilized to pre-treat HK-2 cells for 1 h to inhibit phosphorylation of p38 MAPK signaling. The expression of FN, Col IV, and α-SMA were investigated by western blotting and real-time PCR. The expression of p-p38 MAPKs were also observed by Western Blotting. Results Astragaloside IV morphologically ameliorated renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The proteins and mRNA expression of FN, Col IV, α-SMA, and TGF-β1 were also increased significantly in UUO kidney tissues (all P＜0.05), which could be reversed by AS-IV administration (all P＜0.05). In vitro, the expression of FN, Col IV, and α-SMA were up-regulated by TGF-β1 after stimulating for 24 h (all P＜0.05), which were decreased by AS-IV. The inhibition effect on FN and α-SMA were similar between AS-IV and MAPK inhibitor SB203580. AS-IV inhibited p-p38 MAPK signals both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions AS-IV could attenuate renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by UUO and TGF-β1 through reducing FN、Col IV、α-SMA expression in renal tubular cells. The mechanism of AS-IV protective effect might be associated with inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation.     

肾缺血再灌注损伤后miR-210及其靶基因的变化

目的 观察缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)对小鼠肾脏mir-210及其靶基因Ephrin-A3表达的影响.方法 将10只成年昆明雌鼠随机分为缺血再灌注组(IR)、假手术组(Sham),每组5只.IR组完全阻断双肾蒂40 min后恢复血流,Sham组暴露左右双肾40 min后关闭腹腔.每组在手术4 h后取肾组织标本,采用实时定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测mir-210表达水平;RT-PCR和酶标免疫组织化学染色法检测Ephrin-A3基因和蛋白的表达情况.结果 IR组miR-210表达水平明显上升(P<0.05).因miR-210对靶基因Ephrin-A3的负向调节作用,PCR结果显示IR组Ephrin-A3基因表达水平明显高于Sham组(P<0.01).Ephrin-A3蛋白主要表达在肾小管上皮细胞胞质中,Sham组Ephrin-A3蛋白表达水平较IR组明显升高(P<0.01).结论 肾缺血再灌注损伤明显影响miR-210及其靶基因Ephrin-A3的表达,miR-210表达的变化可能与肾缺血再灌注损伤的修复有关.     

Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction

Objective To observe the influence of renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) on renal interstitial fibrosis and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1) and microRNA-21 (miR-21) in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO). Methods 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into UUO group (A group, n=10), sham UUO group (B group, n=10), RSD+UUO group (C group, n=10) and RSD+sham UUO group (D group, n=10). Rats in A group and C group underwent unilateral ureteral ligation, while those in B group and D group underwent sham operation. Rats in C group and D group were followed by RSD. Rats were sacrificed at 21 days after the operation to evaluate the fibrosis by Masson staining. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting were used to detect the expressions of collagen I (COL-I), collagen Ⅲ(COL-Ⅲ) and TGF-β1 in four groups. The expression of miR-21 was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Results A large amount of collagen deposition was observed in the renal interstitial area in A and C group compared to either B or D group (P＜0.05), but the change in C group was decreased significantly than that in A group (P＜0.05). Similarly, the expressions of COL-I, COL-Ⅲ, TGF-β1 and miR-21 were obviously higher in A and C group compared to either B or D group (P＜0.05), but those change in C group were decreased significantly than those in A group (P＜0.05). The above indexes were not significantly different between B group and D group (P＞0.05). Conclusion RSD may relieve the renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO rats, and down-regulate the expression of TGF-β1 and miR-21.     

A porcine model of relief of 3 days unilateral ureteral obstruction: study on the damage and self-repairing capability of the kidney

Objective To explore the reversibility of early stage tubular interstitial injury as well as the timing of reparation through the pig relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction (R-UUO) model. Methods Eight three-month-old female Guangxi BA-MA mini pigs were selected for the construction of R-UUO models. Five time points were set which were UUO 0 day, UUO 3 days, R-UUO 7 days, R-UUO 14 days, and R-UUO 21 days. Renal function, histological structure, and protein expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin and E-cadherin were evaluated at different time points. Results After 3 days of UUO, compared with UUO 0 day, serum creatinine levels were increased obviously and the kidney tissues presented varying degrees of damage. The expressions of α-SMA and vimentin were increased and E-cadherin expression was decreased (P＜0.05). Following R-UUO after 3 days of UUO, compared to UUO, serum creatinine levels were significantly decreased. Renal pathological tissue damage was repaired. The expressions of α-SMA and vimentin were decreased and E-cadherin expression was increased (P＜0.05). Conclusions The pig R-UUO animal model may provide a good platform to study the kidney injury and repair. The tubular injury may be fully reversed and repaired when removing the pathogenic factors if the renal tubular injury was at an earlier stage.     

丙泊酚预处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中自噬潮的影响

目的 研究丙泊酚预处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)期间自噬潮的影响及其机制. 方法 采用大鼠在体心肌I/R损伤模型,将90只雄性SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为5组(每组18只):①假手术组(Sham组),只穿线不结扎;②I/R组;③丙泊酚预处理组(P+I/R组);④Ⅰ型磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)抑制剂A66预处理组(A+I/R组);⑤丙泊酚+A66预处理组(P+A+I/R组).采用结扎冠状动脉左前降支的方法制备心肌I/R模型.除Sham组外,其余各组均缺血30 min,再灌注120 min.缺血前15 min,P+I/R组通过股静脉输注丙泊酚15 mg·kg1·h1;A+I/R组缺血前1h腹腔注射A66溶液10 mg/kg;P+A+I/R组在缺血前1h腹腔注射A66溶液10 mg/kg,缺血前15 min再通过股静脉输注丙泊酚15 mg·kg1·h-1.模型制备后取心肌,2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyhetrazolium chloride,TTC)法染色并计算梗死面积百分比,酶标法测定乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydwgenase,LDH)活性,Western bolt法检测微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3,LC3)-Ⅱ、P62蛋白的表达量,电子显微镜定性观察自噬体、自噬溶酶体的数量.结果 与I/R组比较,P+I/R组与P+A+I/R组梗死面积[(50.1±-3.9)％比(26.5±1.3)％、(42.6±1.9)％]显著减小(P＜0.05),血清LDH活性降低,LC3-Ⅱ表达水平降低,P62表达水平升高(P＜0.05),自噬体、自噬溶酶体明显减少.与P+I/R组比较,P+A+I/R组梗死面积[(26.5±1.3)％比(42.6±1.9)％]显著增加(P＜0.05),血清LDH活性升高,LC3-Ⅱ表达水平升高,P62表达水平降低(P＜0.05),自噬体、自噬溶酶体增加. 结论 丙泊酚预处理激活PI3K/蛋白激酶B(pmtein kinase B,Akt)通路,抑制I/R心肌中自噬潮进行,对大鼠心肌I/R损伤产生保护作用.     

Interleukin 10 knockout increases renal fibrosis of ischemia-reperfusion injury model mice

Objective To study the effect of interleukin (IL)-10 knockout (IL-10-/-) on renal repair after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Methods Eighteen IL-10-/- mice (KO) aged 8-10 weeks and 18 C57BL/6 wild type mice (WT) aged 8-10 weeks were divided into control group (Sham) and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) group. The renal tissue morphology change was observed by Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining. The expressions of IL-18, Ki67 and TGF-β1 were detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of TGF-beta1 and IL-18 were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with that in WT-IRI group, in KO-IRI group renal pathological damage was more severe, renal interstitial fibrosis was visible, Ki67 expression of renal tubular epithelial cells decreased distinctly (P＜0.01), the expression of TGF-beta1 increased significantly (P＜0.01). Conclusion Repair slows down significantly after kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury and fibrosis occurs gradually in IL-10-/- mice, eventually progressing to chronic kidney disease.     

Selectins mediate macrophage infiltration in obstructive nephropathy in newborn mice

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract obstruction during development leads to tubular atrophy and causes interstitial fibrosis. Macrophage infiltration into the interstitium plays a central role in this process. Selectins, a family of three adhesion molecules, are involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation and immune activity. We investigated the role of selectins in obstructive nephropathy in newborn mice. METHODS: Triple selectin-deficient mice (EPL-/-), L-selectin deficient mice (L-/-) and wild type mice (WT) were subjected to complete unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or sham operation within the first 48 hours of life, and were sacrificed 5 and 12 days later. Kidneys were removed, and sections were stained for macrophage infiltration (mAb F4/80), apoptosis (TUNEL), tubular atrophy (periodic acid-Schiff) and interstitial fibrosis (Masson trichrome). RESULTS: Selectin deficient mice showed a marked reduction in macrophage infiltration into the obstructed kidney compared to WT at day 5 and day 12 after UUO. Tubular apoptosis was strongly reduced in EPL-/- at day 5 after UUO, and in EPL-/- and L-/- at day 12 after UUO when compared to WT. The number of apoptotic tubular cells was correlated with macrophage infiltration, suggesting that macrophages stimulate tubular apoptosis in obstructive nephropathy. In addition, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were significantly diminished in EPL-/- and L-/- compared to WT at day 12 after UUO. CONCLUSION: Following UUO, selectins mediate macrophage infiltration into the obstructed kidney, which in turn may induce tubular apoptosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis.